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Mealey NE, O’Sullivan DE, Peters CE, Heng DYC, Brenner DR. Mutational signatures among young-onset testicular cancers. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:280. [PMID: 34819066 PMCID: PMC8611954 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of testicular cancer is highest among young adults and has been increasing dramatically for men born since 1945. This study aimed to elucidate the factors driving this trend by investigating differences in mutational signatures by age of onset. METHODS We retrieved somatic variant and clinical data pertaining to 135 testicular tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We compared mutational load, prevalence of specific mutated genes, mutation types, and mutational signatures between age of onset groups (< 30 years, 30-39 years, ≥ 40 years) after adjusting for subtype. A recursively partitioned mixture model was utilized to characterize combinations of signatures among the young-onset cases. RESULTS Mutational load was significantly higher among older-onset tumors (p < 0.05). There were no highly prevalent driver mutations among young-onset tumors. Mutated genes and types of nucleotide mutations were not significantly different by age group (p > 0.05). Signatures 1, 8 and 29 were more common among young-onset tumors, while signatures 11 and 16 had higher prevalence among older-onset tumors (p < 0.05). Among young-onset tumors, clustering of signatures resulted in four distinct tumor classes. CONCLUSIONS Signature contributions differ by age with signatures 1, 8 and 29 were more common among younger-onset tumors. While these signatures are connected with endogenous deamination of 5-methylcytosine, late replication errors and chewing tobacco, respectively, additional research is needed to further elucidate the etiology of young-onset testicular cancer. Large studies of mutational signatures among young-onset patients are required to understand epidemiologic trends as well as inform targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Mealey
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 382B, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3310 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Dylan E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 382B, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3310 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Cheryl E. Peters
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 382B, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3310 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, CancerControl Alberta, Calgary, AB Canada
- CAREX Canada, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Daniel Y. C. Heng
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 382B, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3310 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 382B, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3310 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, CancerControl Alberta, Calgary, AB Canada
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Pader J, Basmadjian RB, O'Sullivan DE, Mealey NE, Ruan Y, Friedenreich C, Murphy R, Wang E, Quan ML, Brenner DR. Examining the etiology of early-onset breast cancer in the Canadian Partnership for Tomorrow's Health (CanPath). Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:1117-1128. [PMID: 34173131 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer incidence among younger women (under age 50) has increased over the past 25 years, yet little is known about the etiology among this age group. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and early-onset breast cancer among three prospective Canadian cohorts. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted using data from Alberta's Tomorrow Project, BC Generations Project, and the Ontario Health Study. Participants diagnosed with breast cancer before age 50 were identified through provincial registries and matched to three control participants of similar age and follow-up. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between factors and risk of early-onset breast cancer. RESULTS In total, 609 cases and 1,827 controls were included. A body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 was associated with a lower risk of early-onset breast cancer (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.47-0.90), while a waist circumference ≥ 88 cm was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.18-2.11). A reduced risk was found for women with ≥ 2 pregnancies (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.59-0.99) and a first-degree family history of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.47-2.57). CONCLUSIONS In this study, measures of adiposity, pregnancy history, and familial history of breast cancer are important risk factors for early-onset breast cancer. Evidence was insufficient to conclude if smoking, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity are meaningful risk factors. The results of this study could inform targeted primary and secondary prevention for early-onset breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Pader
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robert B Basmadjian
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole E Mealey
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christine Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Murphy
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Practice, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Lynn Quan
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3300 Hospital Dr NW, Room 382B, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Mealey NE, O'Sullivan DE, Pader J, Ruan Y, Wang E, Quan ML, Brenner DR. Mutational landscape differences between young-onset and older-onset breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:212. [PMID: 32164620 PMCID: PMC7068998 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of breast cancer among young women (aged ≤40 years) has increased in North America and Europe. Fewer than 10% of cases among young women are attributable to inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, suggesting an important role for somatic mutations. This study investigated genomic differences between young- and older-onset breast tumours. Methods In this study we characterized the mutational landscape of 89 young-onset breast tumours (≤40 years) and examined differences with 949 older-onset tumours (> 40 years) using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We examined mutated genes, mutational load, and types of mutations. We used complementary R packages “deconstructSigs” and “SomaticSignatures” to extract mutational signatures. A recursively partitioned mixture model was used to identify whether combinations of mutational signatures were related to age of onset. Results Older patients had a higher proportion of mutations in PIK3CA, CDH1, and MAP3K1 genes, while young-onset patients had a higher proportion of mutations in GATA3 and CTNNB1. Mutational load was lower for young-onset tumours, and a higher proportion of these mutations were C > A mutations, but a lower proportion were C > T mutations compared to older-onset tumours. The most common mutational signatures identified in both age groups were signatures 1 and 3 from the COSMIC database. Signatures resembling COSMIC signatures 2 and 13 were observed among both age groups. We identified a class of tumours with a unique combination of signatures that may be associated with young age of onset. Conclusions The results of this exploratory study provide some evidence that the mutational landscape and mutational signatures among young-onset breast cancer are different from those of older-onset patients. The characterization of young-onset tumours could provide clues to their etiology which may inform future prevention. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Mealey
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joy Pader
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Lynn Quan
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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