1
|
Blaustein-Rejto D, Soltis N, Blomqvist L. Carbon opportunity cost increases carbon footprint advantage of grain-finished beef. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295035. [PMID: 38091302 PMCID: PMC10718409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beef production accounts for the largest share of global livestock greenhouse gas emissions and is an important target for climate mitigation efforts. Most life-cycle assessments comparing the carbon footprint of beef production systems have been limited to production emissions. None also consider potential carbon sequestration due to grazing and alternate uses of land used for production. We assess the carbon footprint of 100 beef production systems in 16 countries, including production emissions, soil carbon sequestration from grazing, and carbon opportunity cost-the potential carbon sequestration that could occur on land if it were not used for production. We conduct a pairwise comparison of pasture-finished operations in which cattle almost exclusively consume grasses and forage, and grain-finished operations in which cattle are first grazed and then fed a grain-based diet. We find that pasture-finished operations have 20% higher production emissions and 42% higher carbon footprint than grain-finished systems. We also find that more land-intensive operations generally have higher carbon footprints. Regression analysis indicates that a 10% increase in land-use intensity is associated with a 4.8% increase in production emissions, but a 9.0% increase in carbon footprint, including production emissions, soil carbon sequestration and carbon opportunity cost. The carbon opportunity cost of operations was, on average, 130% larger than production emissions. These results point to the importance of accounting for carbon opportunity cost in assessing the sustainability of beef production systems and developing climate mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Soltis
- California Council on Science and Technology, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Linus Blomqvist
- The Breakthrough Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caseys C, Shi G, Soltis N, Gwinner R, Corwin J, Atwell S, Kliebenstein DJ. Quantitative interactions: the disease outcome of Botrytis cinerea across the plant kingdom. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:jkab175. [PMID: 34003931 PMCID: PMC8496218 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a fungal pathogen that causes necrotic disease on more than a thousand known hosts widely spread across the plant kingdom. How B. cinerea interacts with such extensive host diversity remains largely unknown. To address this question, we generated an infectivity matrix of 98 strains of B. cinerea on 90 genotypes representing eight host plants. This experimental infectivity matrix revealed that the disease outcome is largely explained by variations in either the host resistance or pathogen virulence. However, the specific interactions between host and pathogen account for 16% of the disease outcome. Furthermore, the disease outcomes cluster among genotypes of a species but are independent of the relatedness between hosts. When analyzing the host specificity and virulence of B. cinerea, generalist strains are predominant. In this fungal necrotroph, specialization may happen by a loss in virulence on most hosts rather than an increase of virulence on a specific host. To uncover the genetic architecture of Botrytis host specificity and virulence, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed and revealed up to 1492 genes of interest. The genetic architecture of these traits is widespread across the B. cinerea genome. The complexity of the disease outcome might be explained by hundreds of functionally diverse genes putatively involved in adjusting the infection to diverse hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Nicole Soltis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Raoni Gwinner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus 69010-970, Brazil
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jing B, Ishikawa T, Soltis N, Inada N, Liang Y, Murawska G, Fang L, Andeberhan F, Pidatala R, Yu X, Baidoo E, Kawai‐Yamada M, Loque D, Kliebenstein DJ, Dupree P, Mortimer JC. The Arabidopsis thaliana nucleotide sugar transporter GONST2 is a functional homolog of GONST1. Plant Direct 2021; 5:e00309. [PMID: 33763627 PMCID: PMC7980081 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylinositolphosphorylceramides (GIPCs) are the predominant lipid in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Characterized GIPC glycosylation mutants have severe or lethal plant phenotypes. However, the function of the glycosylation is unclear. Previously, we characterized Arabidopsis thaliana GONST1 and showed that it was a nucleotide sugar transporter which provides GDP-mannose for GIPC glycosylation. gonst1 has a severe growth phenotype, as well as a constitutive defense response. Here, we characterize a mutant in GONST1's closest homolog, GONST2. The gonst2-1 allele has a minor change to GIPC headgroup glycosylation. Like other reported GIPC glycosylation mutants, gonst1-1gonst2-1 has reduced cellulose, a cell wall polymer that is synthesized at the plasma membrane. The gonst2-1 allele has increased resistance to a biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces orontii but not the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Expression of GONST2 under the GONST1 promoter can rescue the gonst1 phenotype, indicating that GONST2 has a similar function to GONST1 in providing GDP-D-Man for GIPC mannosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jing
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversityJapan
| | | | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Biological SciencesNAISTNaraJapan
- Present address:
Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesOsaka Prefecture UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Gosia Murawska
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
- Present address:
Chemistry DepartmentBaselSwitzerland
| | - Lin Fang
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
- Present address:
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Fekadu Andeberhan
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Ramana Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edward Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Dominique Loque
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gómez S, Gonda-King L, Orians CM, Orwig DA, Panko R, Radville L, Soltis N, Thornber CS, Preisser EL. Interactions between invasive herbivores and their long-term impact on New England hemlock forests. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|