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Kerdidani D, Papaioannou NE, Nakou E, Alissafi T. Rebooting Regulatory T Cell and Dendritic Cell Function in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Biomarker and Therapy Discovery under a Multi-Omics Lens. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092140. [PMID: 36140240 PMCID: PMC9495698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a group of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders with constantly increasing prevalence in the modern world. The vast majority of IMIDs develop as a consequence of complex mechanisms dependent on genetic, epigenetic, molecular, cellular, and environmental elements, that lead to defects in immune regulatory guardians of tolerance, such as dendritic (DCs) and regulatory T (Tregs) cells. As a result of this dysfunction, immune tolerance collapses and pathogenesis emerges. Deeper understanding of such disease driving mechanisms remains a major challenge for the prevention of inflammatory disorders. The recent renaissance in high throughput technologies has enabled the increase in the amount of data collected through multiple omics layers, while additionally narrowing the resolution down to the single cell level. In light of the aforementioned, this review focuses on DCs and Tregs and discusses how multi-omics approaches can be harnessed to create robust cell-based IMID biomarkers in hope of leading to more efficient and patient-tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kerdidani
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos E. Papaioannou
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nakou
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Themis Alissafi
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Birmpilis AI, Vitsos P, Kostopoulos IV, Williams L, Ioannou K, Samara P, Karachaliou CE, Voutsas IF, Alyfanti E, Angelis N, Gavalas NG, Gkraikou T, Kappa N, Klagkou E, Klimentzou P, Nikou S, Papaioannou NE, Skopeliti M, Toukli D, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A, Livaniou E, Kalbacher H, Tsitsilonis OE, Voelter W. Prothymosin α and Its C-Terminal Immunoreactive Decapeptide Show no Evidence of Acute Toxicity: A Preliminary in Silico, in Vitro and in Vivo Investigation. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:6463-6478. [PMID: 34789121 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211117093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the α-thymosin family have long been studied for their immunostimulating properties. Among them, the danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) prothymosin α (proTα) and its C-terminal decapeptide proTα(100-109) have been shown to act as immunomodulators in vitro, due to their ability to promote T helper type 1 (Th1) responses. Recently, we verified these findings in vivo, showing that both proTα and proTα(100-109) enhance antitumor-reactive T cell-mediated responses. METHODS In view of the eventual use of proTα and proTα(100-109) in humans, we investigated their safety profile in silico, in human leukocytes and cancer cells lines in vitro, and in immunocompetent mice in vivo, in comparison to the proTα derivative thymosin alpha 1 (Τα1), a 28-mer peptide extensively studied for its safety in clinical trials. RESULTS In silico prediction via computational tools showed that all three peptide sequences likely are non-toxic or do not induce allergic regions. In vitro, proTα, proTα(100-109) and Tα1 did not affect the viability of human cancer cell lines and healthy donor-derived leukocytes, did not promote apoptosis or alter cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, mice injected with proTα, proTα(100-109) and Tα1 at doses equivalent to the suggested dose regimen of Tα1 in humans, did not show signs of acute toxicity, whereas proTα and proTα(100-109) increased the levels of proinflammatory and Th1-type cytokines in their peripheral blood. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings suggest that proTα and proTα(100-109), even at high concentrations, are non-toxic in vitro and in an acute toxicity model in vivo; moreover, we show that the two peptides retain their immunomodulatory properties in vivo and, eventually, could be considered for therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios I Birmpilis
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Panagiotis Vitsos
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Ioannis V Kostopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Lillian Williams
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Kyriaki Ioannou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Pinelopi Samara
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens. Greece
| | - Ioannis F Voutsas
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Elena Alyfanti
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Gavalas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens. Greece
| | - Themis Gkraikou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Niki Kappa
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Eleftheria Klagkou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Persefoni Klimentzou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens. Greece
| | - Spiridoula Nikou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Nikos E Papaioannou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Margarita Skopeliti
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - David Toukli
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens. Greece
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens. Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens. Greece
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen. Germany
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens. Greece
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen. Germany
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Salei N, Rambichler S, Salvermoser J, Papaioannou NE, Schuchert R, Pakalniškytė D, Li N, Marschner JA, Lichtnekert J, Stremmel C, Cernilogar FM, Salvermoser M, Walzog B, Straub T, Schotta G, Anders HJ, Schulz C, Schraml BU. The Kidney Contains Ontogenetically Distinct Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Subtypes throughout Development That Differ in Their Inflammatory Properties. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:257-278. [PMID: 31932472 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), are phagocytic cells with important roles in immunity. The developmental origin of kidney DCs has been highly debated because of the large phenotypic overlap between macrophages and DCs in this tissue. METHODS We used fate mapping, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and histo-cytometry to assess the origin and phenotypic and functional properties of renal DCs in healthy kidney and of DCs after cisplatin and ischemia reperfusion-induced kidney injury. RESULTS Adult kidney contains at least four subsets of MPs with prominent Clec9a-expression history indicating a DC origin. We demonstrate that these populations are phenotypically, functionally, and transcriptionally distinct from each other. We also show these kidney MPs exhibit unique age-dependent developmental heterogeneity. Kidneys from newborn mice contain a prominent population of embryonic-derived MHCIInegF4/80hiCD11blow macrophages that express T cell Ig and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4) and MER receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK). These macrophages are replaced within a few weeks after birth by phenotypically similar cells that express MHCII but lack TIM-4 and MERTK. MHCII+F4/80hi cells exhibit prominent Clec9a-expression history in adulthood but not early life, indicating additional age-dependent developmental heterogeneity. In AKI, MHCIInegF4/80hi cells reappear in adult kidneys as a result of MHCII downregulation by resident MHCII+F4/80hi cells, possibly in response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). RNA sequencing further suggests MHCII+F4/80hi cells help coordinate the recruitment of inflammatory cells during renal injury. CONCLUSIONS Distinct developmental programs contribute to renal DC and macrophage populations throughout life, which could have important implications for therapies targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Salei
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Stephan Rambichler
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Johanna Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Nikos E Papaioannou
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Ronja Schuchert
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Dalia Pakalniškytė
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Na Li
- Division of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shen Zhen, China.,Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Stremmel
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | | | - Melanie Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | | | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, .,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
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Papaioannou NE, Pasztoi M, Schraml BU. Understanding the Functional Properties of Neonatal Dendritic Cells: A Doorway to Enhance Vaccine Effectiveness? Front Immunol 2019; 9:3123. [PMID: 30687326 PMCID: PMC6335269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases is a hallmark of the neonatal period of life that is generally attributed to a relative immaturity of the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune sentinels with vital roles in the initiation and orchestration of immune responses, thus, constituting a promising target for promoting neonatal immunity. However, as is the case for other immune cells, neonatal DCs have been suggested to be functionally immature compared to their adult counterparts. Here we review some of the unique aspects of neonatal DCs that shape immune responses in early life and speculate whether the functional properties of neonatal DCs could be exploited or manipulated to promote more effective vaccination in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos E Papaioannou
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Pasztoi
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Salvermoser J, van Blijswijk J, Papaioannou NE, Rambichler S, Pasztoi M, Pakalniškytė D, Rogers NC, Keppler SJ, Straub T, Reis e Sousa C, Schraml BU. Clec9a-Mediated Ablation of Conventional Dendritic Cells Suggests a Lymphoid Path to Generating Dendritic Cells In Vivo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:699. [PMID: 29713321 PMCID: PMC5911463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are versatile activators of immune responses that develop as part of the myeloid lineage downstream of hematopoietic stem cells. We have recently shown that in mice precursors of cDCs, but not of other leukocytes, are marked by expression of DNGR-1/CLEC9A. To genetically deplete DNGR-1-expressing cDC precursors and their progeny, we crossed Clec9a-Cre mice to Rosa-lox-STOP-lox-diphtheria toxin (DTA) mice. These mice develop signs of age-dependent myeloproliferative disease, as has been observed in other DC-deficient mouse models. However, despite efficient depletion of cDC progenitors in these mice, cells with phenotypic characteristics of cDCs populate the spleen. These cells are functionally and transcriptionally similar to cDCs in wild type control mice but show somatic rearrangements of Ig-heavy chain genes, characteristic of lymphoid origin cells. Our studies reveal a previously unappreciated developmental heterogeneity of cDCs and suggest that the lymphoid lineage can generate cells with features of cDCs when myeloid cDC progenitors are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Salvermoser
- Walter-Brendel-Centre for Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany.,Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Rambichler
- Walter-Brendel-Centre for Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany.,Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Pasztoi
- Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dalia Pakalniškytė
- Walter-Brendel-Centre for Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany.,Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Neil C Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selina J Keppler
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany.,Core Facility Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter-Brendel-Centre for Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany.,Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
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Samara P, Karachaliou CE, Ioannou K, Papaioannou NE, Voutsas IF, Zikos C, Pirmettis I, Papadopoulos M, Kalbacher H, Livaniou E, Tsitsilonis OE, Voelter W. Prothymosin Alpha: An Alarmin and More... Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:1747-1760. [PMID: 28521686 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170518110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Prothymosin alpha (proTα) is a ubiquitous polypeptide first isolated by Haritos in 1984, whose role still remains partly elusive. We know that proTα acts both, intracellularly, as an anti-apoptotic and proliferation mediator, and extracellularly, as a biologic response modifier mediating immune responses similarly to molecules termed as "alarmins". Our research team pioneered the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the observed activities of proTα. RESULTS We were the first to demonstrate that proTα levels increase during normal and abnormal cell proliferation. We showed that proTα acts pleiotropically, inducing immunomodulatory effects on immune cell populations. We revealed that the immunoreactive region of proTα is the carboxyterminal decapeptide proTα(100-109) and both molecules stimulate innate immune responses, signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR-4. We reported that proTα and proTα(100-109) bind on the surface of human neutrophils on sites involving TLR-4, and cell activation is complemented by cytoplasmic calcium ion influx. Further, we showed that proTα and proTα(100-109) act as adjuvants upstream of lymphocyte stimulation and, in the presence of antigen, promote the expansion of antigen-reactive effectors. Most recently, we reported that proTα(100-109) may accumulate in experimentally inflamed sites and can serve as a surrogate biomarker in severe bacterial infections, proposing that extracellular release of proTα or proTα(100- 109) alerts the immune system during conditions of danger. CONCLUSION We, therefore, suggest that proTα, and likely proTα(100-109), act as alarmins, being important immune mediators as well as biomarkers, and could eventually become targets for new therapeutic/diagnostic approaches in immune-related diseases like cancer, inflammation, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Samara
- Section of Animal & Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Ioannou
- Section of Animal & Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Nikos E Papaioannou
- Section of Animal & Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Ioannis F Voutsas
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Av., Athens 11522, Greece
| | - Christos Zikos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pirmettis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Minas Papadopoulos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Section of Animal & Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy uses the immune system and its components to mount an anti-tumor response. During the last decade, it has evolved from a promising therapy option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic modalities are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating cancer patients and many others are in the pipeline for approval as standalone or combinatorial therapeutic interventions, several also combined with standard treatments in clinical studies. The two main axes of cancer immunotherapeutics refer to passive and active treatments. Prominent examples of passive immunotherapy include administration of monoclonal antibodies and cytokines and adoptive cell transfer of ex vivo "educated" immune cells. Active immunotherapy refers, among others, to anti-cancer vaccines [peptide, dendritic cell (DC)-based and allogeneic whole cell vaccines], immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses, whereas new approaches that can further enhance anti-cancer immune responses are also widely explored. Herein, we present the most popular cancer immunotherapy approaches and discuss their clinical relevance referring to data acquired from clinical trials. To date, clinical experience and efficacy suggest that combining more than one immunotherapy interventions, in conjunction with other treatment options like chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted or epigenetic therapy, should guide the way to cancer cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos E Papaioannou
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania V Beniata
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Vitsos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Tsitsilonis
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Samara
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
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Papaioannou NE, Voutsas IF, Samara P, Tsitsilonis OE. A flow cytometric approach for studying alterations in the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions in immune cells following stimulation with thymic peptides. Cell Immunol 2016; 302:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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