1
|
Pekkonen P, Alve S, Balistreri G, Gramolelli S, Tatti-Bugaeva O, Paatero I, Niiranen O, Tuohinto K, Perälä N, Taiwo A, Zinovkina N, Repo P, Icay K, Ivaska J, Saharinen P, Hautaniemi S, Lehti K, Ojala PM. Lymphatic endothelium stimulates melanoma metastasis and invasion via MMP14-dependent Notch3 and β1-integrin activation. eLife 2018; 7:e32490. [PMID: 29712618 PMCID: PMC5929907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis correlate with poor clinical outcome in melanoma. However, the mechanisms of lymphatic dissemination in distant metastasis remain incompletely understood. We show here that exposure of expansively growing human WM852 melanoma cells, but not singly invasive Bowes cells, to lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) in 3D co-culture facilitates melanoma distant organ metastasis in mice. To dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms, we established LEC co-cultures with different melanoma cells originating from primary tumors or metastases. Notably, the expansively growing metastatic melanoma cells adopted an invasively sprouting phenotype in 3D matrix that was dependent on MMP14, Notch3 and β1-integrin. Unexpectedly, MMP14 was necessary for LEC-induced Notch3 induction and coincident β1-integrin activation. Moreover, MMP14 and Notch3 were required for LEC-mediated metastasis of zebrafish xenografts. This study uncovers a unique mechanism whereby LEC contact promotes melanoma metastasis by inducing a reversible switch from 3D growth to invasively sprouting cell phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirita Pekkonen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanni Alve
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Silvia Gramolelli
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Otso Niiranen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Krista Tuohinto
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina Perälä
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Adewale Taiwo
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nadezhda Zinovkina
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pauliina Repo
- Genome-Scale BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Katherine Icay
- Genome-Scale BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Wihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Kaisa Lehti
- Genome-Scale BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of MicrobiologyTumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Päivi M Ojala
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shirokova V, Jussila M, Hytönen MK, Perälä N, Drögemüller C, Leeb T, Lohi H, Sainio K, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Expression of Foxi3 is regulated by ectodysplasin in skin appendage placodes. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:593-603. [PMID: 23441037 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foxi3 is a member of the large forkhead box family of transcriptional regulators, which have a wide range of biological activities including manifold developmental processes. Heterozygous mutation in Foxi3 was identified in several hairless dog breeds characterized by sparse fur coat and missing teeth. A related phenotype called hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is caused by mutations in the ectodysplasin (Eda) pathway genes. RESULTS Expression of Foxi3 was strictly confined to the epithelium in developing ectodermal appendages in mouse embryos, but no expression was detected in the epidermis. Foxi3 was expressed in teeth and hair follicles throughout embryogenesis, but in mammary glands only during the earliest stages of development. Foxi3 expression was decreased and increased in Eda loss- and gain-of-function embryos, respectively, and was highly induced by Eda protein in embryonic skin explants. Also activin A treatment up-regulated Foxi3 mRNA levels in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Eda and activin A were identified as upstream regulators of Foxi3. Foxi3 is a likely transcriptional target of Eda in ectodermal appendage placodes suggesting that HED phenotype may in part be produced by compromised Foxi3 activity. In addition to hair and teeth, Foxi3 may have a role in nail, eye, and mammary, sweat, and salivary gland development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Shirokova
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perälä N, Sariola H, Immonen T. More than nervous: the emerging roles of plexins. Differentiation 2011; 83:77-91. [PMID: 22099179 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plexins are the receptors for semaphorins, a large family of axon guidance cues. Accordingly, the role of plexins in the development of the nervous system was the first to be acknowledged. However, the expression of plexins is not restricted to neuronal cells, and recent research has been increasingly focused on the roles of plexin-semaphorin signalling outside of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, plexins regulate the development of many organs, including the cardiovascular system, skeleton and kidney. They have also been shown to be involved in immune system functions and tumour progression. Analyses of the plexin signalling in different tissues and cell types have provided new insight to the versatility of plexin interactions with semaphorins and other cell-surface receptors. In this review we try to summarise the current understanding of the roles of plexins in non-neural development and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Perälä
- Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ola R, Jakobson M, Kvist J, Perälä N, Kuure S, Braunewell KH, Bridgewater D, Rosenblum ND, Chilov D, Immonen T, Sainio K, Sariola H. The GDNF target Vsnl1 marks the ureteric tip. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:274-84. [PMID: 21289216 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is indispensable for ureteric budding and branching. If applied exogenously, GDNF promotes ectopic ureteric buds from the Wolffian duct. Although several downstream effectors of GDNF are known, the identification of early response genes is incomplete. Here, microarray screening detected several GDNF-regulated genes in the Wolffian duct, including Visinin like 1 (Vsnl1), which encodes a neuronal calcium-sensor protein. We observed renal Vsnl1 expression exclusively in the ureteric epithelium, but not in Gdnf-null kidneys. In the tissue culture of Gdnf-deficient kidney primordium, exogenous GDNF and alternative bud inducers (FGF7 and follistatin) restored Vsnl1 expression. Hence, Vsnl1 characterizes the tip of the ureteric bud epithelium regardless of the inducer. In the tips, Vsnl1 showed a mosaic expression pattern that was mutually exclusive with β-catenin transcriptional activation. Vsnl1 was downregulated in both β-catenin-stabilized and β-catenin-deficient kidneys. Moreover, in a mouse collecting duct cell line, Vsnl1 compromised β-catenin stability, suggesting a counteracting relationship between Vsnl1 and β-catenin. In summary, Vsnl1 marks ureteric bud tips in embryonic kidneys, and its mosaic pattern demonstrates a heterogeneity of cell types that may be critical for normal ureteric branching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Ola
- Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saarikangas J, Mattila PK, Varjosalo M, Bovellan M, Hakanen J, Calzada-Wack J, Tost M, Jennen L, Rathkolb B, Hans W, Horsch M, Hyvönen ME, Perälä N, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Esposito I, Wolf E, de Angelis MH, Frilander MJ, Savilahti H, Sariola H, Sainio K, Lehtonen S, Taipale J, Salminen M, Lappalainen P. Missing-in-metastasis MIM/MTSS1 promotes actin assembly at intercellular junctions and is required for integrity of kidney epithelia. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1245-55. [PMID: 21406566 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.082610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MIM/MTSS1 is a tissue-specific regulator of plasma membrane dynamics, whose altered expression levels have been linked to cancer metastasis. MIM deforms phosphoinositide-rich membranes through its I-BAR domain and interacts with actin monomers through its WH2 domain. Recent work proposed that MIM also potentiates Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced gene expression. Here, we generated MIM mutant mice and found that full-length MIM protein is dispensable for embryonic development. However, MIM-deficient mice displayed a severe urinary concentration defect caused by compromised integrity of kidney epithelia intercellular junctions, which led to bone abnormalities and end-stage renal failure. In cultured kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells, MIM displayed dynamic localization to adherens junctions, where it promoted Arp2/3-mediated actin filament assembly. This activity was dependent on the ability of MIM to interact with both membranes and actin monomers. Furthermore, results from the mouse model and cell culture experiments suggest that full-length MIM is not crucial for Shh signaling, at least during embryogenesis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that MIM modulates interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and plasma membrane to promote the maintenance of intercellular contacts in kidney epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Saarikangas
- Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 56, University of Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ola R, Jakobson M, Perälä N, Kuure S, Braunewell KH, Bridgewater D, Rosenblum ND, Chilov D, Sainio K, Sariola H. P110. Visinin like 1 is differentially expressed in ureteric tips upon induction or disruption of branching. Differentiation 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Perälä N, Jakobson M, Ola R, Fazzari P, Penachioni JY, Nymark M, Tanninen T, Immonen T, Tamagnone L, Sariola H. P114. Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates ureteric branching in developing kidney. Differentiation 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Perälä N, Jakobson M, Ola R, Fazzari P, Penachioni JY, Nymark M, Tanninen T, Immonen T, Tamagnone L, Sariola H. Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates ureteric branching in developing kidney. Differentiation 2010; 81:81-91. [PMID: 21035938 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins, originally identified as axon guidance molecules, have also been implicated in angiogenesis, function of the immune system and cancerous growth. Here we show that deletion of Plexin B2 (Plxnb2), a semaphorin receptor that is expressed both in the pretubular aggregates and the ureteric epithelium in the developing kidney, results in renal hypoplasia and occasional double ureters. The rate of cell proliferation in the ureteric epithelium and consequently the number of ureteric tips are reduced in the kidneys lacking Plexin B2 (Plxnb2-/-). Semaphorin 4C, a ligand for Plexin B2, stimulates branching of the ureteric epithelium in wild type and Plxnb2+/- kidney explants, but not in Plxnb2-/- explants. As shown by co-immunoprecipitation Plexin B2 interacts with the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase, the receptor of Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf), in embryonic kidneys. Isolated Plxnb2-/- ureteric buds fail to respond to Gdnf by branching, but this response is rescued by Fibroblast growth factor 7 and Follistatin as well as by the metanephric mesenchyme. The differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme, its morphology and the rate of apoptosis in the Plxnb2-/- kidneys are normal. Plexin B2 is co-expressed with Plexin B1 (Plxnb1) in the kidney. The double homozygous Plxnb1-Plxnb2-deficient mice show high embryonic lethality prior to onset of nephrogenesis. The only double homozygous embryo surviving to E12 showed hypoplastic kidneys with ureteric branches and differentiating mesenchyme. Taken together, our results show that Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling regulates ureteric branching, possibly through modulation of Gdnf signalling by interaction with Ret, and suggest non-redundant roles for Plexin B1 and Plexin B2 in kidney development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Perälä
- Institute of Biomedicine/Medical Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perälä N, Peitsaro N, Sundvik M, Koivula H, Sainio K, Sariola H, Panula P, Immonen T. Conservation, expression, and knockdown of zebrafish plxnb2a and plxnb2b. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2722-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
Kerosuo L, Fox H, Perälä N, Ahlqvist K, Suomalainen A, Westermarck J, Sariola H, Wartiovaara K. CIP2A increases self-renewal and is linked to Myc in neural progenitor cells. Differentiation 2010; 80:68-77. [PMID: 20447748 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic transcription factor Myc has an established role in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, the regulation of Myc activity or expression in stem and progenitor cells is not thoroughly understood. We studied the expression and function of the Myc stabilizing protein and a newly found oncogene, cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We found intensive CIP2A expression in the neurogenic areas of the developing E13 as well as of the adult mouse brain. Here we also show that retroviral overexpression of CIP2A increases and siRNA silencing of CIP2A decreases NPC self-renewal and proliferation. Differentiation of the NPCs correlates with diminished CIP2A expression although overexpression of CIP2A does not prevent differentiation of neurons and astrocytes. Lastly, we demonstrate that both Myc and CIP2A enhance each other's expression and siRNA against CIP2A in Myc-overexpressing NPCs significantly reduces the ability of Myc to increase self-renewal and proliferation thus indicating a functional connection between CIP2A and Myc in NPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kerosuo
- Medical Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heikkilä E, Juhila J, Lassila M, Messing M, Perälä N, Lehtonen E, Lehtonen S, Sjef Verbeek J, Holthofer H. beta-Catenin mediates adriamycin-induced albuminuria and podocyte injury in adult mouse kidneys. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2437-46. [PMID: 20237062 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular slit diaphragm (SD) represents a modified adherens junction composed of molecules belonging to both immunoglobulin and cadherin superfamilies. Cadherins associate with the cytosolic scaffolding protein beta-catenin, but the precise role of beta-catenin in mature or injured podocytes is not known. METHODS The conditional podocyte-specific beta-catenin-deficient mouse line was generated using the doxycycline-inducible Cre-loxP system. Expression of the beta-catenin-deficient gene was turned off at the age of 8 weeks by doxycycline treatment and the kidney phenotype was analysed. In addition, beta-catenin-deficient and control mice were treated with adriamycin (ADR) and analysed for albuminuria and morphological alterations. RESULTS Deletion of beta-catenin in mature podocytes did not change the morphology of podocytes nor did it lead to albuminuria. However, lack of beta-catenin attenuated albuminuria after ADR treatment. Electron microscopic examination showed increased podocyte foot process effacement associated with SD abnormalities in ADR-treated control mice compared to beta-catenin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS These results show that beta-catenin in podocytes is dispensable for adult mice, but appears to be important in modulating the SD during ADR-induced perturbation of the filtration barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eija Heikkilä
- Haartman Institute, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Perälä N, Jakobson M, Nymark M, Penachioni J, Tanninen T, Immonen T, Tamagnone L, Sariola H. 13-P064 Sema4C–plexin B2-signalling modulates morphogenesis of the ureteric epithelium. Mech Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|