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Mahlangeni N, Kapwata T, Laban T, Wright CY. Health risks of exposure to air pollution in areas where coal-fired power plants are located: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e084074. [PMID: 38508645 PMCID: PMC10952927 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coal-fired power plants are major sources of air pollution which impact human health. Coal combustion byproducts released into the air include particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. Exposure to fine particulate matter is associated with increased risk of mortality. This scoping review will examine and summarise the current literature on the health risks of exposure to air pollution in areas in which coal-fired power plants exist. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This scoping review will be conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological framework and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Five electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) will be searched for relevant articles. Studies will be included up until 31 January 2024. There will be no restriction on geographical area. The searches will be limited to studies published in English. Title, abstract, full-text screening and data extraction of relevant articles will be done by two independent reviewers. Discrepancies will be resolved by group discussion. The findings will be presented in tables with a narrative summary. This review will consider epidemiological studies and grey literature that report on the health risks of exposure to air pollution in areas where coal-fired power plants exist. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION All data will be collected from published and grey literature. Ethics approval is therefore not required. We will submit our findings for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Johannesburg - Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandi Kapwata
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Johannesburg - Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tracey Laban
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Johannesburg - Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caradee Yael Wright
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Nkambule S, Johnson R, Mathee A, Mahlangeni N, Webster C, Horn S, Mangwana N, Dias S, Sharma JR, Ramharack P, Louw J, Reddy T, Surujlal-Naicker S, Mdhluli M, Gray G, Muller C, Street R. Wastewater-based SARS-CoV-2 airport surveillance: key trends at the Cape Town International Airport. J Water Health 2023; 21:402-408. [PMID: 37338319 PMCID: wh_2023_281 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater has revealed the role of mobility in the transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and the surveillance of airport wastewater in cities across the world has demonstrated how travel entry points can give an indication of trends in transmission. This study undertook wastewater surveillance at the Cape Town International Airport (CTIA) to assess the use of a WBE approach to provide supplementary information on the presence of COVID-19 at a key air travel entry point in South Africa. Grab wastewater samples (n = 55) were collected from the CTIA wastewater pump station and analysed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The study found a correlation between the wastewater data and clinical cases reported in the City of Cape Town during various time periods and during the peak of a COVID-19 wave. Highly elevated viral loads in the wastewater were observed at times there was increased mobility through the airport. The study also revealed elevated viral load levels at the airport despite the stricter restrictions and through the lower restrictions. The study findings indicate wastewater surveillance and airports can provide supplementary information to airport authorities to assess the impacts of imposed travel restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe Nkambule
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa E-mail: ; Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Candice Webster
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Suranie Horn
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa E-mail: ; Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Noluxabiso Mangwana
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Dias
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Jyoti Rajan Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Swastika Surujlal-Naicker
- Scientific Services, Water and Sanitation Department, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- Chief Research Operations Office, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7050, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7050, South Africa
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Renee Street
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa E-mail: ; Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mahlangeni N, Street R, Horn S, Mathee A, Mangwana N, Dias S, Sharma JR, Ramharack P, Louw J, Reddy T, Surujlal-Naicker S, Nkambule S, Webster C, Mdhluli M, Gray G, Muller C, Johnson R. Using Wastewater Surveillance to Compare COVID-19 Outbreaks during the Easter Holidays over a 2-Year Period in Cape Town, South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:162. [PMID: 36680203 PMCID: PMC9863979 DOI: 10.3390/v15010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown to be an important approach to determine early outbreaks of infections. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is regarded as a complementary tool for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 trends in communities. In this study, the changes in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in wastewater during Easter holidays in 2021 and 2022 in the City of Cape Town were monitored over nine weeks. Our findings showed a statistically significant difference in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load between the study weeks over the Easter period in 2021 and 2022, except for study week 1 and 4. During the Easter week, 52% of the wastewater treatment plants moved from the lower (low viral RNA) category in 2021 to the higher (medium to very high viral RNA) categories in 2022. As a result, the median SARS-CoV-2 viral loads where higher during the Easter week in 2022 than Easter week in 2021 (p = 0.0052). Mixed-effects model showed an association between the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral loads and Easter week over the Easter period in 2021 only (p < 0.01). The study highlights the potential of WBE to track outbreaks during the holiday period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Renée Street
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Suranie Horn
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Noluxabiso Mangwana
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Dias
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Jyoti Rajan Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Swastika Surujlal-Naicker
- Scientific Services, Water and Sanitation Department, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Sizwe Nkambule
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Candice Webster
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- Chief Research Operations Office, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7050, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7050, South Africa
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Shelembe B, Mahlangeni N, Moodley R. Biosynthesis and bioactivities of metal nanoparticles mediated by Helichrysum aureonitens. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBiosynthesis of nanoparticles is the preferred route for the fabrication of biocompatible and cheaper drugs. In this study, the extract and major secondary metabolite from Helichrysum aureonitens, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, were used to synthesize silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques confirmed the formation of the nanoparticles. The flavone alone showed higher DPPH radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 487.1 μg mL−1) relative to the control, butylated hydroxytoluene. In addition, silver nanoparticles synthesized using the flavone had higher ferric reducing potential (Fe3+ to Fe2+) compared to the other test samples. The cytotoxic activity of the plant extract, the flavone, and their biosynthesized nanoparticles was also investigated using the MTT assay against the cancerous MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma)), and non-cancerous HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cell lines. The plant extract decreased the cell viability of A549 (IC50 = 68.6 μg mL−1) without being cytotoxic against HEK293, even at high concentrations. Silver nanoparticles significantly decreased cell viability of A549 and moderately decreased cell viability of MCF-7 but induced cell death of HEK293 even at low concentrations. This study provides a green synthesis route for silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles and confirms the therapeutic effectiveness of H. aureonitens, thereby validating its use in ethnomedicine.
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Johnson R, Sharma JR, Ramharack P, Mangwana N, Kinnear C, Viraragavan A, Glanzmann B, Louw J, Abdelatif N, Reddy T, Surujlal-Naicker S, Nkambule S, Mahlangeni N, Webster C, Mdhluli M, Gray G, Mathee A, Preiser W, Muller C, Street R. Tracking the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa using wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1182. [PMID: 35064174 PMCID: PMC8783013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study uses wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to rapidly and, through targeted surveillance, track the geographical distribution of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha, Beta and Delta) within 24 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Western Cape of South Africa. Information obtained was used to identify the circulating variant of concern (VOC) within a population and retrospectively trace when the predominant variant was introduced. Genotyping analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed that 50% of wastewater samples harbored signature mutations linked to the Beta variant before the third wave, with the Delta variant absent within the population. Over time, the prevalence of the beta variant decreased steadily. The onset of the third wave resulted in the Delta variant becoming the predominant variant, with a 100% prevalence supporting the theory that the Delta variant was driving the third wave. In silico molecular docking analysis showed that the signature mutations of the Delta variant increased binding to host proteins, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism that increased viral infectivity of the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Jyoti R Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Noluxabiso Mangwana
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Craig Kinnear
- Genomics Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amsha Viraragavan
- Genomics Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Glanzmann
- Genomics Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Nada Abdelatif
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Swastika Surujlal-Naicker
- Scientific Services, Water and Sanitation Department, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sizwe Nkambule
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Candice Webster
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7050, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7050, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology at NHLS Tygerberg Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Renee Street
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
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Street R, Mathee A, Mangwana N, Dias S, Sharma JR, Ramharack P, Louw J, Reddy T, Brocker L, Surujlal-Naicker S, Berkowitz N, Malema MS, Nkambule S, Webster C, Mahlangeni N, Gelderblom H, Mdhluli M, Gray G, Muller C, Johnson R. Spatial and Temporal Trends of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Wastewater Treatment Plants over 6 Weeks in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:12085. [PMID: 34831841 PMCID: PMC8618134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific trends have revealed that the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence and fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater may serve as an early warning system for COVID-19. In South Africa, the first COVID-19 epicenter emerged in the Western Cape Province. The City of Cape Town, located in the Western Cape Province, has approximately 4 million inhabitants. This study reports on the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater of the City of Cape Town's wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during the peak of the epidemic. During this period, the highest overall median viral RNA signal was observed in week 1 (9200 RNA copies/mL) and declined to 127 copies/mL in week 6. The overall decrease in the amount of detected viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA over the 6-week study period was associated with a declining number of newly identified COVID-19 cases in the city. The SARS-CoV-2 early warning system has now been established to detect future waves of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Street
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (A.M.); (M.S.M.); (S.N.); (C.W.); (N.M.)
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (A.M.); (M.S.M.); (S.N.); (C.W.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Noluxabiso Mangwana
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Stephanie Dias
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Jyoti Rajan Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa;
| | - Ludwig Brocker
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Swastika Surujlal-Naicker
- Scientific Services, Water and Sanitation Department, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Cape Town 8000, South Africa;
| | - Natacha Berkowitz
- Community Services and Health, City Health, City of Cape Town, Hertzog Boulevard, Cape Town 8001, South Africa;
| | - Mokaba Shirley Malema
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (A.M.); (M.S.M.); (S.N.); (C.W.); (N.M.)
| | - Sizwe Nkambule
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (A.M.); (M.S.M.); (S.N.); (C.W.); (N.M.)
| | - Candice Webster
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (A.M.); (M.S.M.); (S.N.); (C.W.); (N.M.)
| | - Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (A.M.); (M.S.M.); (S.N.); (C.W.); (N.M.)
| | - Huub Gelderblom
- COVID-19 Prevention Network (COVPN), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7050, South Africa;
| | - Glenda Gray
- Chief Research Operations Office, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7050, South Africa;
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (S.D.); (J.R.S.); (P.R.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (R.J.)
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Street R, Malema S, Mahlangeni N, Mathee A. Wastewater surveillance for Covid-19: An African perspective. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140719. [PMID: 32659559 PMCID: PMC7332947 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has once again highlighted the importance of access to sufficient quantities of safe water and sanitation in public health. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, an early warning wastewater system has been proposed as a platform for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, and a potentially important public health strategy to combat the disease. This short communication on wastewater surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa highlights challenges, opportunities and alternatives taken into account the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Street
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
| | - Shirley Malema
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa; Environmental Health Department, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
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