1
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Zhou J, Zhang Z, Wu M, Liu H, Pang Y, Bartlett A, Peng Z, Ding W, Rivkin A, Lagos WN, Williams E, Lee CT, Miyazaki PA, Aldridge A, Zeng Q, Salinda JLA, Claffey N, Liem M, Fitzpatrick C, Boggeman L, Yao Z, Smith KA, Tasic B, Altshul J, Kenworthy MA, Valadon C, Nery JR, Castanon RG, Patne NS, Vu M, Rashid M, Jacobs M, Ito T, Osteen J, Emerson N, Lee J, Cho S, Rink J, Huang HH, Pinto-Duartec A, Dominguez B, Smith JB, O'Connor C, Zeng H, Chen S, Lee KF, Mukamel EA, Jin X, Margarita Behrens M, Ecker JR, Callaway EM. Brain-wide correspondence of neuronal epigenomics and distant projections. Nature 2023; 624:355-365. [PMID: 38092919 PMCID: PMC10719087 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analyses parse the brain's billions of neurons into thousands of 'cell-type' clusters residing in different brain structures1. Many cell types mediate their functions through targeted long-distance projections allowing interactions between specific cell types. Here we used epi-retro-seq2 to link single-cell epigenomes and cell types to long-distance projections for 33,034 neurons dissected from 32 different regions projecting to 24 different targets (225 source-to-target combinations) across the whole mouse brain. We highlight uses of these data for interrogating principles relating projection types to transcriptomics and epigenomics, and for addressing hypotheses about cell types and connections related to genetics. We provide an overall synthesis with 926 statistical comparisons of discriminability of neurons projecting to each target for every source. We integrate this dataset into the larger BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network atlas, composed of millions of neurons, to link projection cell types to consensus clusters. Integration with spatial transcriptomics further assigns projection-enriched clusters to smaller source regions than the original dissections. We exemplify this by presenting in-depth analyses of projection neurons from the hypothalamus, thalamus, hindbrain, amygdala and midbrain to provide insights into properties of those cell types, including differentially expressed genes, their associated cis-regulatory elements and transcription-factor-binding motifs, and neurotransmitter use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Zhou
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - May Wu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yan Pang
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Bartlett
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zihao Peng
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology and Application, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wubin Ding
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angeline Rivkin
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Will N Lagos
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elora Williams
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Ta Lee
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paula Assakura Miyazaki
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Aldridge
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiurui Zeng
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J L Angelo Salinda
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Claffey
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Liem
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Conor Fitzpatrick
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lara Boggeman
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan Altshul
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mia A Kenworthy
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Valadon
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Nery
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rosa G Castanon
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neelakshi S Patne
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minh Vu
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Rashid
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Jacobs
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony Ito
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia Osteen
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nora Emerson
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Cho
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon Rink
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Huang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - António Pinto-Duartec
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bertha Dominguez
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jared B Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shengbo Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology and Application, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eran A Mukamel
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - M Margarita Behrens
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Liu H, Zeng Q, Zhou J, Bartlett A, Wang BA, Berube P, Tian W, Kenworthy M, Altshul J, Nery JR, Chen H, Castanon RG, Zu S, Li YE, Lucero J, Osteen JK, Pinto-Duarte A, Lee J, Rink J, Cho S, Emerson N, Nunn M, O'Connor C, Wu Z, Stoica I, Yao Z, Smith KA, Tasic B, Luo C, Dixon JR, Zeng H, Ren B, Behrens MM, Ecker JR. Single-cell DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas of the adult mouse brain. Nature 2023; 624:366-377. [PMID: 38092913 PMCID: PMC10719113 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine DNA methylation is essential in brain development and is implicated in various neurological disorders. Understanding DNA methylation diversity across the entire brain in a spatial context is fundamental for a complete molecular atlas of brain cell types and their gene regulatory landscapes. Here we used single-nucleus methylome sequencing (snmC-seq3) and multi-omic sequencing (snm3C-seq)1 technologies to generate 301,626 methylomes and 176,003 chromatin conformation-methylome joint profiles from 117 dissected regions throughout the adult mouse brain. Using iterative clustering and integrating with companion whole-brain transcriptome and chromatin accessibility datasets, we constructed a methylation-based cell taxonomy with 4,673 cell groups and 274 cross-modality-annotated subclasses. We identified 2.6 million differentially methylated regions across the genome that represent potential gene regulation elements. Notably, we observed spatial cytosine methylation patterns on both genes and regulatory elements in cell types within and across brain regions. Brain-wide spatial transcriptomics data validated the association of spatial epigenetic diversity with transcription and improved the anatomical mapping of our epigenetic datasets. Furthermore, chromatin conformation diversities occurred in important neuronal genes and were highly associated with DNA methylation and transcription changes. Brain-wide cell-type comparisons enabled the construction of regulatory networks that incorporate transcription factors, regulatory elements and their potential downstream gene targets. Finally, intragenic DNA methylation and chromatin conformation patterns predicted alternative gene isoform expression observed in a whole-brain SMART-seq2 dataset. Our study establishes a brain-wide, single-cell DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas and provides a valuable resource for comprehending the cellular-spatial and regulatory genome diversity of the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiurui Zeng
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jingtian Zhou
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Bartlett
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bang-An Wang
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Berube
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Tian
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mia Kenworthy
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Altshul
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Nery
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huaming Chen
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rosa G Castanon
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Songpeng Zu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Eric Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacinta Lucero
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia K Osteen
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Pinto-Duarte
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon Rink
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Cho
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nora Emerson
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Nunn
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhanghao Wu
- Sky Computing Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ion Stoica
- Sky Computing Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Chongyuan Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R Dixon
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Margarita Behrens
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Li YE, Preissl S, Miller M, Johnson ND, Wang Z, Jiao H, Zhu C, Wang Z, Xie Y, Poirion O, Kern C, Pinto-Duarte A, Tian W, Siletti K, Emerson N, Osteen J, Lucero J, Lin L, Yang Q, Zhu Q, Zemke N, Espinoza S, Yanny AM, Nyhus J, Dee N, Casper T, Shapovalova N, Hirschstein D, Hodge RD, Linnarsson S, Bakken T, Levi B, Keene CD, Shang J, Lein E, Wang A, Behrens MM, Ecker JR, Ren B. A comparative atlas of single-cell chromatin accessibility in the human brain. Science 2023; 382:eadf7044. [PMID: 37824643 PMCID: PMC10852054 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have illuminated the diverse neuronal and glial cell types within the human brain. However, the regulatory programs governing cell identity and function remain unclear. Using a single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (snATAC-seq), we explored open chromatin landscapes across 1.1 million cells in 42 brain regions from three adults. Integrating this data unveiled 107 distinct cell types and their specific utilization of 544,735 candidate cis-regulatory DNA elements (cCREs) in the human genome. Nearly a third of the cCREs demonstrated conservation and chromatin accessibility in the mouse brain cells. We reveal strong links between specific brain cell types and neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and major depression, and have developed deep learning models to predict the regulatory roles of noncoding risk variants in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Eric Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Henry Jiao
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chenxu Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhaoning Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivier Poirion
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Colin Kern
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Wei Tian
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kimberly Siletti
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Emerson
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia Osteen
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacinta Lucero
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan Zemke
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah Espinoza
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tamara Casper
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sten Linnarsson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trygve Bakken
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Boaz Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jingbo Shang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Ecker
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Tian W, Zhou J, Bartlett A, Zeng Q, Liu H, Castanon RG, Kenworthy M, Altshul J, Valadon C, Aldridge A, Nery JR, Chen H, Xu J, Johnson ND, Lucero J, Osteen JK, Emerson N, Rink J, Lee J, Li Y, Siletti K, Liem M, Claffey N, O’Connor C, Yanny AM, Nyhus J, Dee N, Casper T, Shapovalova N, Hirschstein D, Ding SL, Hodge R, Levi BP, Keene CD, Linnarsson S, Lein E, Ren B, Behrens MM, Ecker JR. Single-cell DNA methylation and 3D genome architecture in the human brain. Science 2023; 382:eadf5357. [PMID: 37824674 PMCID: PMC10572106 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Delineating the gene-regulatory programs underlying complex cell types is fundamental for understanding brain function in health and disease. Here, we comprehensively examined human brain cell epigenomes by probing DNA methylation and chromatin conformation at single-cell resolution in 517 thousand cells (399 thousand neurons and 118 thousand non-neurons) from 46 regions of three adult male brains. We identified 188 cell types and characterized their molecular signatures. Integrative analyses revealed concordant changes in DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, chromatin organization, and gene expression across cell types, cortical areas, and basal ganglia structures. We further developed single-cell methylation barcodes that reliably predict brain cell types using the methylation status of select genomic sites. This multimodal epigenomic brain cell atlas provides new insights into the complexity of cell-type-specific gene regulation in adult human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jingtian Zhou
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anna Bartlett
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiurui Zeng
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rosa G. Castanon
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mia Kenworthy
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jordan Altshul
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cynthia Valadon
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Aldridge
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph R. Nery
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huaming Chen
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiaying Xu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Johnson
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacinta Lucero
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia K. Osteen
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nora Emerson
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jon Rink
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kimberly Siletti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet; 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michelle Liem
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Naomi Claffey
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caz O’Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tamara Casper
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rebecca Hodge
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Boaz P. Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet; 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - M. Margarita Behrens
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph R. Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Liu H, Zeng Q, Zhou J, Bartlett A, Wang BA, Berube P, Tian W, Kenworthy M, Altshul J, Nery JR, Chen H, Castanon RG, Zu S, Li YE, Lucero J, Osteen JK, Pinto-Duarte A, Lee J, Rink J, Cho S, Emerson N, Nunn M, O'Connor C, Yao Z, Smith KA, Tasic B, Zeng H, Luo C, Dixon JR, Ren B, Behrens MM, Ecker JR. Single-cell DNA Methylome and 3D Multi-omic Atlas of the Adult Mouse Brain. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.16.536509. [PMID: 37131654 PMCID: PMC10153407 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.536509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine DNA methylation is essential in brain development and has been implicated in various neurological disorders. A comprehensive understanding of DNA methylation diversity across the entire brain in the context of the brain's 3D spatial organization is essential for building a complete molecular atlas of brain cell types and understanding their gene regulatory landscapes. To this end, we employed optimized single-nucleus methylome (snmC-seq3) and multi-omic (snm3C-seq1) sequencing technologies to generate 301,626 methylomes and 176,003 chromatin conformation/methylome joint profiles from 117 dissected regions throughout the adult mouse brain. Using iterative clustering and integrating with companion whole-brain transcriptome and chromatin accessibility datasets, we constructed a methylation-based cell type taxonomy that contains 4,673 cell groups and 261 cross-modality-annotated subclasses. We identified millions of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) across the genome, representing potential gene regulation elements. Notably, we observed spatial cytosine methylation patterns on both genes and regulatory elements in cell types within and across brain regions. Brain-wide multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH2) data validated the association of this spatial epigenetic diversity with transcription and allowed the mapping of the DNA methylation and topology information into anatomical structures more precisely than our dissections. Furthermore, multi-scale chromatin conformation diversities occur in important neuronal genes, highly associated with DNA methylation and transcription changes. Brain-wide cell type comparison allowed us to build a regulatory model for each gene, linking transcription factors, DMRs, chromatin contacts, and downstream genes to establish regulatory networks. Finally, intragenic DNA methylation and chromatin conformation patterns predicted alternative gene isoform expression observed in a companion whole-brain SMART-seq3 dataset. Our study establishes the first brain-wide, single-cell resolution DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas, providing an unparalleled resource for comprehending the mouse brain's cellular-spatial and regulatory genome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiurui Zeng
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jingtian Zhou
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Bartlett
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bang-An Wang
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Berube
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Tian
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mia Kenworthy
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Altshul
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Nery
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huaming Chen
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rosa G Castanon
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Songpeng Zu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Eric Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacinta Lucero
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia K Osteen
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Pinto-Duarte
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon Rink
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Cho
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nora Emerson
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Nunn
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chongyuan Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R Dixon
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Margarita Behrens
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Chien JH, Korzeniewska A, Hillis AE, Kim JH, Emerson N, Greenspan JD, Campbell CM, Meeker TJ, Markman TM, Lenz FA. Vigilance behaviors and EEG activity in sustained attention may affect acute pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3. [PMID: 34295543 PMCID: PMC8294460 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During Sustained Attention to stimuli across many modalities neural activity often decreases over time on task, while Errors in task performance increase (Vigilance Decrement). Sustained Attention to pain has rarely been investigated experimentally despite its clinical significance. We have employed a Sustained Attention protocol (Continuous Performance Task, CPT) in which the subject counts painful laser stimuli (targets) when they occur randomly in a prolonged train of nonpainful nontargets. We hypothesize that the magnitude of the poststimulus oscillatory power divided by baseline power (Event-Related Spectral Perturbation, ERSP - scalp EEG) over Frontoparietal structures will decrease at all frequencies with time on task, while Beta ERSP (14-30Hz) will be correlated with Error Rates in performance of the CPT. During the CPT with a painful target ERSP was found in four separate Windows, as defined by both their frequency band and the time after the stimulus. A Vigilance Decrement was found which confirms that Sustained Attention to pain was produced by this CPT. In addition, Error Rates was correlated inversely with laser energy, and with ratings of pain unpleasantness and salience. Error Rates also were related directly to the Beta ERSP Window at scalp EEG electrodes over the central sulcus. Over time on task, the ERSP magnitude decreased in Alpha (8-14Hz) Window, was unchanged in early and late Delta/Theta Windows (0-8Hz), and increased in the Beta Window. The increase in Beta ERSP and a decrease in the Alpha ERSP occurred at the same EEG electrode over the parietal lobe to a significant degree across subjects. Overall, Beta activity increases with time on task, and with higher Error Rates as in the case of other modalities. In the case of pain increased Errors correspond to misidentification of painful and nonpainful stimuli and so modulate the sensation of pain under the influence of Sustained Attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering - Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutions, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - A Korzeniewska
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - A E Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - N Emerson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - J D Greenspan
- Department of Pain and Neural Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - C M Campbell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - T J Meeker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - T M Markman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - F A Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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7
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Abstract
We provide detailed analysis of a four terminal p+pnn+ optical modulator integrated into a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguide. The proposed depletion device has been designed to approach birefringence free operation. The modulation mechanism is the carrier depletion effect in a pn junction; carrier losses induced are minimised in our design and because we use a depletion device, the device is insensitive to carrier lifetime. The rise time and fall time of the proposed device have both been calculated to be 7 ps for a reverse bias of only 5 volts. A maximum excess loss of 2 dB is predicted for TE and TM due to the presence of p type and n type carriers in the waveguide.
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8
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Shi R, Qiao X, Emerson N, Malcom A. Dimethylsulfoxide enhances CNS neuronal plasma membrane resealing after injury in low temperature or low calcium. J Neurocytol 2001; 30:829-39. [PMID: 12165673 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019645505848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The inability to repair the damaged membrane may be one of the key mechanisms underlying the severe neuronal degeneration and overall functional loss seen in in vivo spinal cord injury and traumatic axonal injury in blunt head trauma. Promoting membrane resealing following damage may therefore constitute a potential effective therapeutic intervention in treating head trauma and spinal cord injuries. In our previous studies, we have shown that the axolemma failed to reseal following transection in clinically related situations, such as low extracellular calcium and low temperature. Our current studies indicate that DMSO is capable of rendering significant improvement in guinea pig axonal membrane resealing following transection in both 0.5 mM [Ca(2+)](0) and 25 degrees C situations. This was demonstrated physiologically by monitoring membrane potential recovery and anatomically by conducting HRP-exclusion assays 60 minutes after injury. Further, we have shown that the addition of DMSO in normal Krebs' solution (2 mM [Ca(2+)](0) and 37 degrees C) resulted in a decrease in membrane repair following injury. This indicates that DMSO-mediated membrane repair is sensitive to temperature and calcium. This study suggests the role of DMSO in axonal membrane resealing in clinically relevant conditions and raises the possibility of using DMSO in combination with other more established therapies in spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute for Applied Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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9
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Cotter PD, Emerson N, Gahan CG, Hill C. Identification and disruption of lisRK, a genetic locus encoding a two-component signal transduction system involved in stress tolerance and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6840-3. [PMID: 10542190 PMCID: PMC94153 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.21.6840-6843.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
lisRK encodes a two-component regulatory system in the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes LO28. Following identification of the operon in an acid-tolerant Tn917 mutant, a deletion in the histidine kinase component was shown to result in a growth phase variation in acid tolerance, an ability to grow in high ethanol concentrations, and a significant reduction in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cotter
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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10
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Steffey EP, Laster MJ, Ionescu P, Eger EI, Emerson N. Ventilatory effects of the nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (2N) in swine. Anesth Analg 1998; 86:173-8. [PMID: 9428874 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199801000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonimmobilizers (inhaled compounds that do not suppress movement in response to a noxious stimulus) resemble anesthetics in their capacity to suppress memory, but unlike anesthetics, they can cause convulsions. Higher concentrations of nonimmobilizers may cause death, even with apparent suppression of convulsions by the concurrent administration of conventional inhaled anesthetics. We hypothesized that nonimmobilizers can depress ventilation and can cause death by adding to the depression of ventilation produced by conventional anesthetics. To test these hypotheses, we administered 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (2N) to four pigs anesthetized with desflurane. The addition of 2N decreased PaCO2 and tended to increase the slope of the ventilatory response to imposed increases in PETCO2. Limited results from study of two other nonimmobilizers (2,3-dichlorooctafluorobutane and perfluoropentane), in two pigs each, were consistent with the findings for 2N. However, experimental limitations (e.g., toxicity of 2,3-dichlorooctafluorobutane, and hypoxia from perfluoropentane) confound interpretation of these latter results. Our findings do not support our hypotheses--2N (and presumably all nonimmobilizers) seems to be a respiratory stimulant, not a depressant. IMPLICATIONS A new class of inhaled compounds, nonimmobilizers, allow tests of how inhaled anesthetics act. Nonimmobilizers may act like anesthetics (e.g., impair learning) or may not (e.g., do not prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus). The present work shows that, unlike anesthetics,nonimmobilizers do not depress breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Steffey
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California-San Francisco 94143-0464, USA
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11
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Marron L, Emerson N, Gahan CG, Hill C. A mutant of Listeria monocytogenes LO28 unable to induce an acid tolerance response displays diminished virulence in a murine model. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4945-7. [PMID: 9406415 PMCID: PMC168821 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.12.4945-4947.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposing Listeria monocytogenes LO28 to sublethal pH induces protection against normally lethal pH conditions, a phenomenon known as the acid tolerance response. We identified a mutant, L. monocytogenes ATR1, which is incapable of inducing such tolerance, either against low pH or against any other stress tested. The virulence of this mutant was considerably decreased, suggesting that the acid tolerance response contributes to in vivo survival of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marron
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Ireland
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