1
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zhu T, Miao YE, Willenbacher N, Zhang C, Liu T. Thermal-Rectified Gradient Porous Polymeric Film for Solar-Thermal Regulatory Cooling. Adv Mater 2024:e2400102. [PMID: 38606728 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Solar-thermal regulation concerning thermal insulation and solar modulation is pivotal for cooling textiles and smart buildings. Nevertheless, a contradiction arises in balancing the demand to prevent external heat infiltration with the efficient dissipation of excess heat from enclosed spaces. Here, a concentration-gradient polymerization strategy is presented for fabricating a gradient porous polymeric film comprising interconnected polymeric microspheres. This method involves establishing an electric field-driven gradient distribution of charged crosslinkers in the precursor solution, followed by subsequent polymerization and freeze-drying processes. The resulting porous film exhibits a significant porosity gradient along its thickness, leading to exceptional unidirectional thermal insulation capabilities with a thermal rectification factor of 21%. The gradient porous film, with its thermal rectification properties, effectively reconciles the conflicting demands of diverse thermal conductivity for cooling unheated and spontaneously heated enclosed spaces. Consequently, the gradient porous film demonstrates remarkable enhancements in solar-thermal management, achieving temperature reductions of 3.0 and 4.1 °C for unheated and spontaneously heated enclosed spaces, respectively, compared to uniform porous films. The developed gradient-structured porous film thus holds promise for the development of thermal-rectified materials tailored to regulate solar-thermal conditions within enclosed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Qisen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yue-E Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
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2
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Maciel BR, Grimm A, Oelschlaeger C, Schepers U, Willenbacher N. Targeted micro-heterogeneity in bioinks allows for 3D printing of complex constructs with improved resolution and cell viability. Biofabrication 2023; 15:045013. [PMID: 37552974 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acee22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is an evolving versatile technique for biomedical applications. Ideal bioinks have complex micro-environment that mimic human tissue, allow for good printing quality and provide high cell viability after printing. Here we present two strategies for enhancing gelatin-based bioinks heterogeneity on a 1-100µm length scale resulting in superior printing quality and high cell viability. A thorough spatial and micro-mechanical characterization of swollen hydrogel heterogeneity was done using multiple particle tracking microrheology. When poly(vinyl alcohol) is added to homogeneous gelatin gels, viscous inclusions are formed due to micro-phase separation. This phenomenon leads to pronounced slip and superior printing quality of complex 3D constructs as well as high human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell viability due to reduced shear damage during extrusion. Similar printability and cell viability results are obtained with gelatin/nanoclay composites. The formation of polymer/nanoclay clusters reduces the critical stress of gel fracture, which facilitates extrusion, thus enhancing printing quality and cell viability. Targeted introduction of micro-heterogeneities in bioinks through micro-phase separation is an effective technique for high resolution 3D printing of complex constructs with high cell viability. The size of the heterogeneities, however, has to be substantially smaller than the desired feature size in order to achieve good printing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Maciel
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alisa Grimm
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Ranquet O, Duce C, Bramanti E, Dietemann P, Bonaduce I, Willenbacher N. A holistic view on the role of egg yolk in Old Masters' oil paints. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1534. [PMID: 36977659 PMCID: PMC10050151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Old Masters like Botticelli used paints containing mixtures of oils and proteins, but "how" and "why" this was done is still not understood. Here, egg yolk is used in combination with two pigments to evaluate how different repartition of proteinaceous binder can be used to control the flow behavior as well as drying kinetics and chemistry of oil paints. Stiff paints enabling pronounced impasto can be achieved, but paint stiffening due to undesired uptake of humidity from the environment can also be suppressed, depending on proteinaceous binder distribution and colloidal paint microstructure. Brushability at high pigment loading is improved via reduction of high shear viscosity and wrinkling can be suppressed adjusting a high yield stress. Egg acts as antioxidant, slowing down the onset of curing, and promoting the formation of cross-linked networks less prone to oxidative degradation compared to oil alone, which might improve the preservation of invaluable artworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Ranquet
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- Institute of Chemistry of Organo Metallic Compounds, CNR Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Dietemann
- Doerner Institut, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Barer Straße 29, 80799, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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4
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Menne D, Hübner C, Trebbels D, Willenbacher N. Robust Soil Water Potential Sensor to Optimize Irrigation in Agriculture. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22124465. [PMID: 35746247 PMCID: PMC9227105 DOI: 10.3390/s22124465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Extreme weather phenomena are on the rise due to ongoing climate change. Therefore, the need for irrigation in agriculture will increase, although it is already the largest consumer of water, a valuable resource. Soil moisture sensors can help to use water efficiently and economically. For this reason, we have recently presented a novel soil moisture sensor with a high sensitivity and broad measuring range. This device does not measure the moisture in the soil but the water available to plants, i.e., the soil water potential (SWP). The sensor consists of two highly porous (>69%) ceramic discs with a broad pore size distribution (0.5 to 200 μm) and a new circuit board system using a transmission line within a time-domain transmission (TDT) circuit. This detects the change in the dielectric response of the ceramic discs with changing water uptake. To prove the concept, a large number of field tests were carried out and comparisons were made with commercial soil water potential sensors. The experiments confirm that the sensor signal is correlated to the soil water potential irrespective of soil composition and is thus suitable for the optimization of irrigation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Menne
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Christof Hübner
- TRUEBNER GmbH, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany; (C.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Dennis Trebbels
- TRUEBNER GmbH, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany; (C.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
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5
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Koivisto JT, Oelschlaeger C, Menne D, Willenbacher N, Näreoja T. Microrheology study on matrix remodelling by osteoblasts in 3D hydrogel in vitro culture. Bone Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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6
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Wang Y, Willenbacher N. Phase-Change-Enabled, Rapid, High-Resolution Direct Ink Writing of Soft Silicone. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2109240. [PMID: 35174913 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft silicone is an ideal flexible material for application, e.g., in soft robotics, flexible electronics, bionics, or implantable biomedical devices. However, gravity-driven sagging, filament stretching, and deformation can cause inevitable defects during rapid manufacturing, making it hard to obtain complex, high-resolution 3D silicone structures with direct ink writing (DIW) technology. Here, rapid DIW of soft silicone enabled by a phase-change-induced, reversible change of the ink's hierarchical microstructure is presented. During printing, the silicone-based ink, containing silica nanoparticles and wax microparticles, is extruded from a heated nozzle into a cold environment under controlled stress. The wax phase change (solid-liquid-solid) during printing rapidly destroys and rebuilds the particle networks, realizing fast control of the ink flow behavior and printability. This high-operating-temperature DIW method is fast (maximum speed ≈3100 mm min-1 ) and extends the DIW scale range of soft silicone. The extruded filaments have small diameters (50 ± 5 µm), and allow for large spans (≈13-fold filament diameter) and high aspect ratios (≈1), setting a new benchmark in the DIW of soft silicone. Printed silicone structures exhibit excellent performance as flexible sensors, superhydrophobic surfaces, and shape-memory bionic devices, illustrating the potential of the new 3D printing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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7
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Menne D, Lemos da Silva L, Rotan M, Glaum J, Hinterstein M, Willenbacher N. Giant Functional Properties in Porous Electroceramics through Additive Manufacturing of Capillary Suspensions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:3027-3037. [PMID: 34985253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dedicated hierarchical structuring of functional ceramics can be used to shift the limits of functionality. This work presents the manufacturing of highly open porous, hierarchically structured barium titanate ceramics with 3-3 connectivity via direct ink writing of capillary suspension-type inks. The pore size of the printed struts (∼1 μm) is combined with a printed mesostructure (∼100 μm). The self-organized particle network, driven by strong capillary forces in the ternary solid/fluid/fluid ink, results in a high strut porosity, and the distinct flow properties of the ink allow for printing high strut size to pore size ratios, resulting in total porosities >60%. These unique and highly porous additive manufactured log-pile structures with closed bottom and top layers enable tailored dielectric and electromechanical coupling, resulting in an energy harvesting figure of merit FOM33 more than four times higher than any documented data for barium titanate. This clearly demonstrates that combining additive manufacturing of capillary suspensions in combination with appropriate sintering allows for creation of complex architected 3D structures with unprecedented properties. This opens up opportunities in a broad variety of applications, including electromechanical energy harvesting, electrode materials for batteries or fuel cells, thermoelectrics, or bone tissue engineering with piezoelectrically stimulated cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Menne
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lucas Lemos da Silva
- Institute for Applied Materials Ceramic Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu Strasse 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Magnus Rotan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, FACET Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Glaum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, FACET Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manuel Hinterstein
- Institute for Applied Materials Ceramic Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu Strasse 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Hodapp A, Conrad A, Hochstein B, Jacob K, Willenbacher N. Nutzung rheologischer Kennwerte zur Beurteilung der Schmierfetteignung bei tiefen Temperaturen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hodapp
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Angewandte Mechanik Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Andreas Conrad
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm Fakultät Angewandte Chemie, Physikalische Chemie 90489 Nürnberg Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Hochstein
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Angewandte Mechanik Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Karl‐Heinz Jacob
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm Fakultät Angewandte Chemie, Physikalische Chemie 90489 Nürnberg Deutschland
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Angewandte Mechanik Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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9
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Maciel BR, Baki K, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N. The Influence of Rheological and Wetting Properties of Hydrogel‐based Bio‐Inks on Extrusion‐based Bioprinting. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Regina Maciel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Building 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kubilay Baki
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Building 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Building 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Building 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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10
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Hollenbach R, Oeppling S, Delavault A, Völp AR, Willenbacher N, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Comparative study on interfacial and foaming properties of glycolipids in relation to the gas applied for foam generation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34235-34244. [PMID: 35497276 PMCID: PMC9042364 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are biosurfactants with a wide range of structural diversity. They are biodegradable, based on renewables, ecocompatible and exhibit high surface activity. Still, studies comparing glycolipids and conventional surfactants in terms of interfacial properties and foaming performance are lacking. Here, we compared interfacial and foaming properties of microbial and enzymatically synthesized glycolipids to those of the widely-used, conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The enzymatically produced sorbose monodecanoate, as well as microbially produced di-rhamno-di-lipids exhibited high foam stabilizing properties, similar to those of SDS. However, sophorolipid and mono-rhamno-di-lipids did not produce metastable foams. An appropriate selection of head and tail groups depending on the application of interest is therefore necessary. Then, glycolipids can serve as an ecofriendly and efficient alternative to petroleum-based surfactants, even at substantially lower concentrations than e.g. SDS. Moreover, the influence of three foaming gases on the foaming properties of the glycolipids was evaluated. Slightly higher foam stability and lower coarsening rates were determined for sorbose monodecanoate when using nitrogen as the foaming gas instead of air. Foams generated with carbon dioxide were not metastable, no matter which surfactant was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Sophie Oeppling
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - André Delavault
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Annika R Völp
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
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11
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Maciel B, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N. Correction to: Chain flexibility and dynamics of alginate solutions in different solvents. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Göckler T, Haase S, Kempter X, Pfister R, Maciel BR, Grimm A, Molitor T, Willenbacher N, Schepers U. Tuning Superfast Curing Thiol-Norbornene-Functionalized Gelatin Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100206. [PMID: 34145799 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photocurable gelatin-based hydrogels have established themselves as powerful bioinks in tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, light responsiveness, thermosensitivity and bioprinting properties. While gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been the gold standard for many years, thiol-ene hydrogel systems based on norbornene-functionalized gelatin (GelNB) and a thiolated crosslinker have recently gained increasing importance. In this paper, a highly reproducible water-based synthesis of GelNB is presented, avoiding the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as organic solvent and covering a broad range of degrees of functionalization (DoF: 20% to 97%). Mixing with thiolated gelatin (GelS) results in the superfast curing photoclick hydrogel GelNB/GelS. Its superior properties over GelMA, such as substantially reduced amounts of photoinitiator (0.03% (w/v)), superfast curing (1-2 s), higher network homogeneity, post-polymerization functionalization ability, minimal cross-reactivity with cellular components, and improved biocompatibility of hydrogel precursors and degradation products lead to increased survival of primary cells in 3D bioprinting. Post-printing viability analysis revealed excellent survival rates of > 84% for GelNB/GelS bioinks of varying crosslinking density, while cell survival for GelMA bioinks is strongly dependent on the DoF. Hence, the semisynthetic and easily accessible GelNB/GelS hydrogel is a highly promising bioink for future medical applications and other light-based biofabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Göckler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Sonja Haase
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Xenia Kempter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Rebecca Pfister
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Bruna R. Maciel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM) Gotthard‐Franz‐Straße 3 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Alisa Grimm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Tamara Molitor
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM) Gotthard‐Franz‐Straße 3 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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13
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Abstract
The link between interfacial elasticity of foaming solutions and the elasticity and yield stress of their aqueous foams is probed for a variety of surfactant, block-copolymer, protein, food, and particle-stabilized (Pickering) foams. We measured interfacial tension σ and interfacial elastic moduli of foaming solutions in dilation E∞ as well as in shear at concentrations suitable for foaming and compared them to the shear modulus and yield stress of corresponding foams normalized by bubbles' Sauter radius R32 and foams' gas volume fraction. The interfacial shear modulus was only measurable for the foaming solutions including proteins or nanoparticles. For these systems the foam shear modulus scaled reasonably well with . The interfacial dilational modulus was accessible for all investigated systems and the foam shear modulus as well as yield stress scaled with a generalized Laplace pressure (σ + 2E∞)/R32. But foams stabilized by nanoparticles or aggregated proteins exhibited even higher shear modulus and yield stress values not captured by the proposed scaling with the generalized Laplace pressure and also show an unexpectedly high dependence of these characteristics on the gas volume fraction. We attribute this to attractive forces between particles and/or structure formation across the lamellae that become increasingly dominant as the lamellae narrow down during foam drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika R Völp
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics: Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Völp AR, Kagerbauer L, Engmann J, Gunes DZ, Gehin-Delval C, Willenbacher N. In-situ rheological and structural characterization of milk foams in a commercial foaming device. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Hafner J, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N. Microrheology imaging of fiber suspensions - a case study for lyophilized collagen I in HCl solutions. Soft Matter 2020; 16:9014-9027. [PMID: 32821895 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fiber suspensions with low optical contrast, the in situ characterization of structural properties with conventional microscopy methods fails. However, overlaying subsequent images of multiple particle tracking (MPT) videos including short trajectories usually discarded in MPT analysis allowed for direct visualization of individual fibers and the network structure of lyophilized collagen I (Coll) distributed in hydrochloric acid solutions. MPT yielded a broad distribution of mean square displacements (MSDs). Freely diffusing tracer particles yielded viscosities indicating that, irrespective of concentration, a constant amount of Coll is dissolved in the aqueous phase. Particles found elastically trapped within fibrous Coll structures exhibited a broad range of time-independent MSDs and we propose a structure comprising multiple fiber bundles with dense regions inaccessible to tracers and elastic regions of different stiffness in between. Bulky aggregates inaccessible to the 0.2 μm tracers exist even at low Coll concentrations, a network of slender fibers evolves above the sol-gel transition and these fibers densify with increasing Coll concentration. This novel MPT-based imaging technique possesses great potential to characterize the fiber distribution in and structural properties of a broad range of biological and technical suspensions showing low contrast when imaged with conventional techniques. Thus, MPT imaging and microrheology will help to better understand the effect of fiber distribution and network structure on the viscoelastic properties of complex suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hafner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Hollenbach R, Völp AR, Höfert L, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Willenbacher N, Syldatk C. Interfacial and Foaming Properties of Tailor-Made Glycolipids-Influence of the Hydrophilic Head Group and Functional Groups in the Hydrophobic Tail. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173797. [PMID: 32825508 PMCID: PMC7504461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are a class of biodegradable surfactants less harmful to the environment than petrochemically derived surfactants. Here we discuss interfacial properties, foam stability, characterized in terms of transient foam height, gas volume fraction and bubble diameter as well as texture of seven enzymatically synthesized surfactants for the first time. Glycolipids consisting of different head groups, namely glucose, sorbitol, glucuronic acid and sorbose, combined with different C10 acyl chains, namely decanoate, dec-9-enoate and 4-methyl-nonanoate are compared. Equilibrium interfacial tension values vary between 24.3 and 29.6 mN/m, critical micelle concentration varies between 0.7 and 3.0 mM. In both cases highest values were found for the surfactants with unsaturated or branched tail groups. Interfacial elasticity and viscosity, however, were significantly reduced in these cases. Head and tail group both affect foam stability. Foams from glycolipids with sorbose and glucuronic acid derived head groups showed higher stability than those from surfactants with glucose head group, sorbitol provided lowest foam stability. We attribute this to different head group hydration also showing up in the time to reach equilibrium interfacial adsorption. Unsaturated tail groups reduced whereas branching enhanced foam stability compared to the systems with linear, saturated tail. Moreover, the tail group strongly influences foam texture. Glycolipids with unsaturated tail groups produced foams quickly collapsing even at smallest shear loads, whereas the branched tail group yielded a higher modulus than the linear tails. Normalized shear moduli for the systems with different head groups varied in a narrow range, with the highest value found for decylglucuronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+49-721-60846737
| | - Annika Ricarda Völp
- Applied Mechanics, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.R.V.); (N.W.)
| | - Ludwig Höfert
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Jens Rudat
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Applied Mechanics, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.R.V.); (N.W.)
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Ricarda Völp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics: Applied Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Bldg. 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Felix Fessler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics: Applied Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Bldg. 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jasmin Reiner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science: Chair of Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Bldg.50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics: Applied Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, Bldg. 50.31 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Gordon R, Kassar M, Willenbacher N. Effect of Polymeric Binders on Dispersion of Active Particles in Aqueous LiFePO 4-Based Cathode Slurries as well as on Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Corresponding Dry Layers. ACS Omega 2020; 5:11455-11465. [PMID: 32478234 PMCID: PMC7254514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the particulate fluorine/acrylate hybrid polymer (FAHP) on the flow behavior of LiFePO4-based cathode slurries as well as on electrical and mechanical properties of the corresponding dry layers. CMC dissolves in water and partly adsorbs on the active particles. Thus, it has a strong impact on particle dispersion and a critical CMC concentration distinguished by a minimum in yield stress and high shear viscosity is found, indicating an optimum state of particle dispersion. In contrast, the nanoparticulate FAHP binder has no effect on slurry rheology. The electrical conductivity of the dry layer exhibits a maximum at a CMC concentration corresponding to the minimum in slurry viscosity but monotonically decreases with increasing FAHP concentration. Adhesion to the current collector is provided by FAHP, and the line load in peel tests strongly increases with FAHP concentration, whereas CMC does not contribute to adhesion. The electrical conductivity and adhesion values obtained here excel reported values for similar aqueous LiFePO4-based cathode layers using alternative polymeric binders. Both CMC and FAHP contribute to the cohesive strength of the layers; the contribution of CMC, however, is stronger than that of FAHP despite its lower intrinsic mechanical strength. We attribute this to its impact on the cathode microstructure since high CMC concentrations result in a strong alignment of LiFePO4 particles, which yields superior cohesive strength.
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Abstract
AbstractMechanical rheometry, specifically rotational rheometry, squeeze flow, and capillary rheometry, and two microrheology methods, namely multiple-particle tracking (MPT) and diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) have been used to get new insight into structural and dynamical properties of alginate dissolved in solvents widely used for bioprinting, namely deionized water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell media. Results demonstrate that alginate rheological properties depend on the solvent quality at concentrations higher than 1 wt.%. In this high concentration regime, in aqueous salt-free and PBS solutions, experimental scaling exponents for the concentration dependence of the specific viscosity ηsp and the plateau modulus G0 agree well with theoretical predictions for neutral polymers in good solvent whereas for the terminal relaxation time TR, the exponent is slightly higher than theoretically predicted, presumably due to the formation of aggregates. For alginate dissolved in DMEM, all exponents for ηsp, G0, and TR agree with predictions for polymers in theta solvents, which might be related to the formation of polyelectrolyte complex as a result of interactions between alginate and amino acids. Chain persistence length lp values, as determined directly from high frequency rheometry for the first time, are independent of alginate concentration and temperature. Lower absolute lp values were found for DMEM solutions compared with the other solvents. Moreover, scaling exponents for ηsp, G0, and TR do not change with temperature, within 20 and 60 °C. These findings suggest no change in the conformation of alginate chains with temperature.
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Hu Y, Grösche M, Sheshachala S, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Bottom‐Up Assembly of DNA–Silica Nanocomposites into Micrometer‐Sized Hollow Spheres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Maximilian Grösche
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sahana Sheshachala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Mittmann E, Gallus S, Bitterwolf P, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. A Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase-Based All-Enzyme Hydrogel for Flow Reactor Technology. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E795. [PMID: 31757029 PMCID: PMC6953023 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carrier-free enzyme immobilization techniques are an important development in the field of efficient and streamlined continuous synthetic processes using microreactors. Here, the use of monolithic, self-assembling all-enzyme hydrogels is expanded to phenolic acid decarboxylases. This provides access to the continuous flow production of p-hydroxystyrene from p-coumaric acid for more than 10 h with conversions ≥98% and space time yields of 57.7 g·(d·L)-1. Furthermore, modulation of the degree of crosslinking in the hydrogels resulted in a defined variation of the rheological behavior in terms of elasticity and mesh size of the corresponding materials. This work is addressing the demand of sustainable strategies for defunctionalization of renewable feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mittmann
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (E.M.); (S.G.); (P.B.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (E.M.); (S.G.); (P.B.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Patrick Bitterwolf
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (E.M.); (S.G.); (P.B.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.O.); (N.W.)
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.O.); (N.W.)
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (E.M.); (S.G.); (P.B.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (E.M.); (S.G.); (P.B.); (C.M.N.)
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Bitterwolf P, Gallus S, Peschke T, Mittmann E, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Valency engineering of monomeric enzymes for self-assembling biocatalytic hydrogels. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9752-9757. [PMID: 32055344 PMCID: PMC6993604 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All-enzyme hydrogels are efficient reagents for continuous flow biocatalysis. These materials can be obtained by self-assembly of two oligomeric enzymes, modified with the complementary SpyTag and SpyCatcher units. To facilitate access to the large proportion of biocatalytically relevant monomeric enzymes, we demonstrate that the tagging valency of the monomeric (S)-stereoselective ketoreductase Gre2p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be designed to assemble stable, active hydrogels with the cofactor-regenerating glucose 1-dehydrogenase GDH from Bacillus subtilis. Mounted in microfluidic reactors, these gels revealed high conversion rates and stereoselectivity in the reduction of prochiral methylketones under continuous flow for more than 8 days. The sequential use as well as parallelization by 'numbering up' of the flow reactor modules demonstrate that this approach is suitable for syntheses on the semipreparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bitterwolf
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Theo Peschke
- Novartis AG , Kohlestrasse WSJ 103 , CH-4002 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Esther Mittmann
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 , D-76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 , D-76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
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Hu Y, Grösche M, Sheshachala S, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Bottom-Up Assembly of DNA-Silica Nanocomposites into Micrometer-Sized Hollow Spheres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17269-17272. [PMID: 31625665 PMCID: PMC6900086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although DNA nanotechnology has developed into a highly innovative and lively field of research at the interface between chemistry, materials science, and biotechnology, there is still a great need for methodological approaches for bridging the size regime of DNA nanostructures with that of micrometer‐ and millimeter‐sized units for practical applications. We report on novel hierarchically structured composite materials from silica nanoparticles and DNA polymers that can be obtained by self‐assembly through the clamped hybridization chain reaction. The nanocomposite materials can be assembled into thin layers within microfluidically generated water‐in‐oil droplets to produce mechanically stabilized hollow spheres with uniform size distributions at high throughput rates. The fact that cells can be encapsulated in these microcontainers suggests that our concept not only contributes to the further development of supramolecular bottom‐up manufacturing, but can also be exploited for applications in the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Grösche
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sahana Sheshachala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Sun H, Han Z, Willenbacher N. Ultrastretchable Conductive Elastomers with a Low Percolation Threshold for Printed Soft Electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:38092-38102. [PMID: 31566949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductors are required for next-generation soft electronics. Achieving both high electrical conductivity and high stretchability in conductors composed of elastomers and conductive fillers, however, is challenging. Here, a generic, versatile strategy is reported for producing ultrastretchable conductors exhibiting both superior electrical conductivity (>103 S/cm) and stretchability (>1600%). This is achieved by adding small amounts of immiscible secondary fluid into silver (Ag)-filled inks. Capillary forces in these ternary systems induce the self-assembly of conductive particle networks at a low percolation threshold (6-7 vol %), cutting silver consumption by more than 2/3 compared to conventional conductive elastomers. Ag-filled polydimethylsiloxane exhibits superior cyclic durability sustaining 100% tensile strain for 1000 cycles with only a minor loss of conductivity. Ag-filled thermoplastic polyurethane displays unprecedented reversibility with nonretarded switching from conductive to nonconductive states during repeated stretching up to 200% strain. Patterned strain sensors and conductive wirings were 3D-printed to demonstrate the technical feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Sun
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Zongyou Han
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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Park J, Willenbacher N, Ahn KH. How the interaction between styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR) binder and a secondary fluid affects the rheology, microstructure and adhesive properties of capillary-suspension-type graphite slurries used for Li-ion battery anodes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sapotta B, Kim JQ, Willenbacher N, Choi SQ. Deformation of soft particles with controlled elasticity by liquid-liquid interfacial tension. Soft Matter 2019; 15:4609-4613. [PMID: 31149700 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the deformation of PDMS-based particles at a liquid-liquid interface at varying degrees of softness. Direct visualization of the particle adsorption to the interface reveals at least five different modes of deformation from the complete spreading of a polymer resin droplet to a non-deforming, rigid particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Sapotta
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.
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Recktenwald SM, Haward SJ, Shen AQ, Willenbacher N. Heterogeneous flow inside threads of low viscosity fluids leads to anomalous long filament lifetimes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7110. [PMID: 31068644 PMCID: PMC6506508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and breakup of fluid threads is pervasive in nature and technology, where high extensibility of fluid filaments and extended filament lifetimes are commonly observed as a consequence of fluid viscoelasticity. In contrast, threads of low viscous Newtonian fluids like water rupture quickly. Here, we demonstrate that a unique banding instability during filament thinning of model surfactant solutions, with a viscosity close to water and no measurable elasticity, leads to extremely long filament lifetimes and to the formation of remarkably long threads. Complementary measurements in planar extension as well as in shear reveal that this flow instability is characterized by a multivalued stress, arising beyond a critical strain rate, irrespective of flow kinematics. Our work reports the first observation of such phenomena during extensional deformation and provides a unifying view on instabilities in complex flow fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M Recktenwald
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Simon J Haward
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Micro/Nano/Biofluidics Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Micro/Nano/Biofluidics Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Peschke T, Bitterwolf P, Gallus S, Hu Y, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Titelbild: Self‐Assembling All‐Enzyme Hydrogels for Flow Biocatalysis (Angew. Chem. 52/2018). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Bitterwolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yong Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Peschke T, Bitterwolf P, Gallus S, Hu Y, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Cover Picture: Self‐Assembling All‐Enzyme Hydrogels for Flow Biocatalysis (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52/2018). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Bitterwolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yong Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Roether J, Bertels S, Oelschlaeger C, Bastmeyer M, Willenbacher N. Microstructure, local viscoelasticity and cell culture suitability of 3D hybrid HA/collagen scaffolds. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207397. [PMID: 30566463 PMCID: PMC6300200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As mechanical properties of cell culture substrates matter, methods for mechanical characterization of scaffolds on a relevant length scale are required. We used multiple particle tracking microrheology to close the gap between elasticity determined from bulk measurements and elastic properties sensed by cells. Structure and elasticity of macroporous, three-dimensional cryogel scaffolds from mixtures of hyaluronic acid (HA) and collagen (Coll) were characterized. Both one-component gels formed homogeneous networks, whereas hybrid gels were heterogeneous in terms of elasticity. Most strikingly, local elastic moduli were significantly lower than bulk moduli presumably due to non-equilibrium chain conformations between crosslinks. This was more pronounced in Coll and hybrid gels than in pure HA gels. Local elastic moduli were similar for all gels, irrespective of their different swelling ratio and bulk moduli. Fibroblast cell culture proved the biocompatibility of all investigated compositions. Coll containing gels enabled cell migration, adhesion and proliferation inside the gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Roether
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Bertels
- Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Peschke T, Bitterwolf P, Gallus S, Hu Y, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Self‐Assembling All‐Enzyme Hydrogels for Flow Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Bitterwolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yong Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Peschke T, Bitterwolf P, Gallus S, Hu Y, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Self-Assembling All-Enzyme Hydrogels for Flow Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17028-17032. [PMID: 30380178 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow biocatalysis is an emerging field of industrial biotechnology that uses enzymes immobilized in flow channels for the production of value-added chemicals. We describe the construction of self-assembling all-enzyme hydrogels that are comprised of two tetrameric enzymes. The stereoselective dehydrogenase LbADH and the cofactor-regenerating glucose 1-dehydrogenase GDH were genetically fused with a SpyTag or SpyCatcher domain, respectively, to generate two complementary homo-tetrameric building blocks that polymerize under physiological conditions into porous hydrogels. Mounted in microfluidic reactors, the gels show excellent stereoselectivity with near quantitative conversion in the reduction of prochiral ketones along with high robustness under process and storage conditions. The gels function as compartment that retains intermediates thus enabling high total turnover numbers of the expensive cofactor NADP(H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Bitterwolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yong Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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35
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Hauf K, Riazi K, Willenbacher N, Koos E. Radical polymerization of capillary bridges between micron-sized particles in liquid bulk phase as a low temperature route to produce porous solid materials. Colloid Polym Sci 2018; 295:1773-1785. [PMID: 29503494 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a generic and versatile low temperature route to produce macro-porous bodies with porosity and pore size distribution that are adjustable in a wide range. Capillary suspensions, where the minor fluid is a monomer, are used as pre-cursors. The monomer is preferentially located between the particles, creating capillary bridges, resulting in a strong, percolating network. Thermally induced polymerization of these bridges at temperatures below 100 °C for less than 5 hours and subsequent removal of the bulk fluid yields macroscopic, self-supporting solid bodies with high porosity. This process is demonstrated using methylmethacrylate and hydroxyethylmethacrlyate with glass particles as a model system. The produced PMMA had a molecular weight of about 500.000 g/mol and dispersity about three. Application specific porous bodies, including PMMA particles connected by PMMA bridges, micron-sized capsules containing phase change material with high inner surface, and porous graphite membranes with high electrical conductivity, are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hauf
- KIT - Campus Süd, Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Arbeitsgruppe Angewandte Mechanik, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Tel.: +49 721 608 -43757
| | - Kamran Riazi
- MZE, Geb. 30.48, Raum 217, Am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Tel.: +49 721 608 41400
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- KIT - Campus Süd, Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Arbeitsgruppe Angewandte Mechanik, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Tel.: +49 721 608 -43757
| | - Erin Koos
- Department of Chemical Engineering (CIT), Celestijnenlaan 200f - box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Tel. +32 16 37 63 47
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Bossler F, Maurath J, Dyhr K, Willenbacher N, Koos E. Fractal approaches to characterize the structure of capillary suspensions using rheology and confocal microscopy. J Rheol (N Y N Y) 2018; 62:183-196. [PMID: 29503485 PMCID: PMC5830082 DOI: 10.1122/1.4997889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The rheological properties of a particle suspension can be substantially altered by adding a small amount of a secondary fluid that is immiscible with the bulk phase. The drastic change in the strength of these capillary suspensions arises due to the capillary forces, induced by the added liquid, leading to a percolating particle network. Using rheological scaling models, fractal dimensions are deduced from the yield stress and from oscillatory strain amplitude sweep data as function of the solid volume fraction. Exponents obtained using aluminum-oxide-based capillary suspensions, with a preferentially wetting secondary fluid, indicate an increase in the particle gel's fractal dimension with increasing particle size. This may be explained by a corresponding relative reduction in the capillary force compared to other forces. Confocal images using a glass model system show the microstructure to consist of compact particle flocs interconnected by a sparse backbone. Thus, using the rheological models two different fractal dimensionalities are distinguished - a lower network backbone dimension (D = 1.86-2.05) and an intrafloc dimension (D = 2.57-2.74). The latter is higher due to the higher local solid volume fraction inside of the flocs compared to the sparse backbone. Both of these dimensions are compared with values obtained by analysis of spatial particle positions from 3D confocal microscopy images, where dimensions between 2.43 and 2.63 are computed, lying between the two dimension ranges obtained from rheology. The fractal dimensions determined via this method corroborate the increase in structural compactness with increasing particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bossler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Maurath
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Dyhr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erin Koos
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Jampolski L, Jakobs T, Kolb T, Willenbacher N. Coke Slurries with Improved Higher Heating Value and Good Processability via Particle Shape Design. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jampolski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics; Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tobias Jakobs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Technical Chemistry, Gasification Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Thomas Kolb
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Technical Chemistry, Gasification Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics; Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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38
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Abstract
A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching. The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yüce
- Applied Mechanics Group, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology;
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Applied Mechanics Group, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology;
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39
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Schneider M, Maurath J, Fischer SB, Weiß M, Willenbacher N, Koos E. Suppressing Crack Formation in Particulate Systems by Utilizing Capillary Forces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:11095-11105. [PMID: 28263554 PMCID: PMC5375100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cracks, formed during the drying of particulate films, can reduce the effectiveness or even render products useless. We present a novel, generic approach to suppress crack formation in thin films made from hard particle suspensions, which are otherwise highly susceptible to cracking, using the capillary force between particles present when a trace amount of an immiscible liquid is added to a suspension. This secondary liquid preserves the particle cohesion, modifying the structure and increasing the drying rate. Crack-free films can be produced at thicknesses much greater than the critical cracking thickness for a suspension without capillary interactions, and even persists after sintering. This capillary suspension strategy is applicable to a broad range of materials, including suspensions of metals, semiconductive and ceramic oxides, or glassy polymeric particles, and can be easily implemented in many industrial processes since it is based on well-established unit operations. Promising fields of application include ceramic foils and printed electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Schneider
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Maurath
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen B. Fischer
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moritz Weiß
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erin Koos
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Corresponding Author,
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40
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Weis C, Oelschlaeger C, Dijkstra D, Ranft M, Willenbacher N. Microstructure, local dynamics, and flow behavior of colloidal suspensions with weak attractive interactions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33498. [PMID: 27653975 PMCID: PMC5031965 DOI: 10.1038/srep33498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive micro- and macrorheological study of the effect of weak depletion attraction (Ψdep ≈ 1–10 kBT) on dense colloidal suspensions stabilized by short-range repulsive interactions. We used aqueous polymer dispersions as model system and demonstrated the unique capabilities of multiple particle tracking (MPT) to disclose structural changes in such technically important systems exhibiting many characteristic features of hard sphere systems. Below the hard sphere freezing point ϕc, viscosity increases monotonically with increasing Ψdep due to the transition from a fluid to a fluid/crystalline and finally to a gel state. Above ϕc, increasing attraction strength first results in a viscosity reduction corresponding to the formation of large, permeable crystals and then in a viscosity increase when a network of dense, small crystals forms. The fraction of the fluid and crystal phase, particle concentration in each phase as well as the modulus of the micro-crystals are obtained, the latter decreases with Ψdep. Above the colloidal glass transition strong heterogeneities and different local particle mobility in the repulsive and attractive arrested states are found. Particles are trapped in the cage of neighboring particles rather than in an attractive potential well. The intermediate ergodic state exhibits uniform tracer diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Weis
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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41
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Schneider M, Koos E, Willenbacher N. Highly conductive, printable pastes from capillary suspensions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31367. [PMID: 27506726 PMCID: PMC4979208 DOI: 10.1038/srep31367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the capillary suspension phenomenon to design conductive pastes for printed electronic applications, such as front side metallization of solar cells, without non-volatile, organic additives that often deteriorate electrical properties. Adding a small amount of a second, immiscible fluid to a suspension creates a network of liquid bridges between the particles. This capillary force-controlled microstructure allows for tuning the flow behavior in a wide range. Yield stress and low-shear viscosity can be adjusted such that long-term stability is provided by inhibiting sedimentation, and, even more importantly, narrow line widths and high aspect ratios are accessible. These ternary mixtures, called capillary suspensions, exhibit a strong degree of shear thinning that allows for conventional coating or printing equipment to be used. Finally, the secondary fluid, beneficial for stability and processing of the wet paste, completely evaporates during drying and sintering. Thus, we obtained high purity silver and nickel layers with a conductivity two times greater than could be obtained with state-of-the-art, commercial materials. This revolutionary concept can be easily applied to other systems using inorganic or even organic conductive particles and represents a fundamental paradigm change to the formulation of pastes for printed electronics.
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Murgia X, Pawelzyk P, Schaefer UF, Wagner C, Willenbacher N, Lehr CM. Size-Limited Penetration of Nanoparticles into Porcine Respiratory Mucus after Aerosol Deposition. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1536-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Pawelzyk
- Institute
for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute
for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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43
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Dittmann J, Maurath J, Bitsch B, Willenbacher N. Highly Porous Materials with Unique Mechanical Properties from Smart Capillary Suspensions. Adv Mater 2016; 28:1689-96. [PMID: 26677099 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Smart capillary suspensions are used to fabricate macroporous solids with unique features regarding porosity and mechanical strength from a wide range of materials, including carbon layers and polyethylene membranes, even if sintering or high-temperature treatment is not feasible. High-strength porous ceramics are obtained, tailoring neck and pore shape via controlled deposition of fine particles at the sintering necks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dittmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Maurath
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Boris Bitsch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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44
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Bitsch B, Braunschweig B, Willenbacher N. Interaction between Polymeric Additives and Secondary Fluids in Capillary Suspensions. Langmuir 2016; 32:1440-1449. [PMID: 26807658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Capillary suspensions are ternary systems including a solid and two liquid phases representing a novel formulation platform for pastes with unique processing and end-use properties. Here we have investigated aqueous suspensions of non-Brownian graphite particles including different polymers commonly used as thickening agents or binders in paste formulations. We have studied the interaction between these additives and organic solvents in order to elucidate its effect on the characteristic formation of a particle network structure in corresponding ternary capillary suspension systems. Organic solvents with different polarity have been employed, and in the presence of nonadsorbing poly(ethylene oxide), all of them, whether they preferentially wet the graphite surface or not, induce the formation of a network structure within the suspension as indicated by a strong change in rheological properties. However, when the adsorbing polymers carboxymethylcellulose and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) are included, the drastic change in rheological behavior occurs only when polar organic solvents are used as secondary liquids. Obviously, these solvents can form pendular bridges, finally resulting in a sample-spanning particle network. Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy provides evidence that these polar liquids remove the adsorbed polymer from the graphite particles. In contrast, nonpolar and nonwetting solvents do not force polymer desorption. In these cases, the formation of a percolating network structure within the suspensions is presumably prevented by the strong steric repulsion among graphite particles, not allowing for the formation of particle clusters encapsulating the secondary liquid. Accordingly, polymeric additives and secondary fluids have to be carefully selected in capillary suspension formulations, then offering a new pathway to customize paste formulations. The polymer may serve to adjust an appropriate viscosity level, and the capillary bridging induces the desired degree of shear thinning. Alternatively, the polymer may be selected with respect to its binding properties in the final dry product, and capillary bridging may be used to control the flow and processing behavior of the wet paste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bitsch
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Gotthard-Franz-Strasse 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Oelschlaeger C, Bossler F, Willenbacher N. Synthesis, Structural and Micromechanical Properties of 3D Hyaluronic Acid-Based Cryogel Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:580-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Oelschlaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. Bossler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N. Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Maaßen W, Oelmann S, Peter D, Oswald W, Willenbacher N, Meier MAR. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 15/2015. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201570047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Maaßen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM); Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Stefan Oelmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - David Peter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Walter Oswald
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM); Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM); Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wollgarten
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ceren Yuce
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erin Koos
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Maaßen W, Oelmann S, Peter D, Oswald W, Willenbacher N, Meier MAR. Novel Insights into Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Based on Plant Oils. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Maaßen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM); Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Stefan Oelmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - David Peter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Walter Oswald
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM); Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM); Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Block J, Schroeder V, Pawelzyk P, Willenbacher N, Köster S. Physical properties of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:3053-64. [PMID: 25975455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) constitute a sophisticated filament system in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes. They form bundles and networks with adapted viscoelastic properties and are strongly interconnected with the other filament types, microfilaments and microtubules. IFs are cell type specific and apart from biochemical functions, they act as mechanical entities to provide stability and resilience to cells and tissues. We review the physical properties of these abundant structural proteins including both in vitro studies and cell experiments. IFs are hierarchical structures and their physical properties seem to a large part be encoded in the very specific architecture of the biopolymers. Thus, we begin our review by presenting the assembly mechanism, followed by the mechanical properties of individual filaments, network and structure formation due to electrostatic interactions, and eventually the mechanics of in vitro and cellular networks. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Block
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viktor Schroeder
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Pawelzyk
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany.
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Bitsch B, Willenbacher N, Wenzel V, Schmelzle S, Nirschl H. Einflüsse der mechanischen Verfahrenstechnik auf die Herstellung von Elektroden für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. CHEM-ING-TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201400093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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