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Kamaruddin MSH, Chong GH, Mohd Daud N, Putra NR, Md Salleh L, Suleiman N. Bioactivities and green advanced extraction technologies of ginger oleoresin extracts: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112283. [PMID: 36737895 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale Roscoe is an excellent source of bioactive compounds, mainly gingerols and shogaols compounds, that associated with various bioactivities including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm. Zingiber officinale Roscoe found its application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries. The demand for a high quality of ginger oleoresin extracts based on the contents of gingerols and shogaols compounds for a health-benefit has dramatically increased. Various extraction techniques, including the conventional and advanced extraction techniques for gingerols and shogaols have been reported based on the literature data from 2012 to 2022. The present review examines the functional composition and bioactivities of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and the advanced green extraction technologies. Some variations in the quantity and quality of gingerols and shogaols compounds are because of the extraction method employed. This review provides a depth discussion of the various green advanced extraction technologies and the influences of process variables on the performance of the extraction process. Lower temperature with a short exposure time such as ultrasound-assisted and enzyme-assisted extraction, will lead to high quality of extracts with high content of 6-gingerol. High thermal processing, such as microwave-assisted and pressurized liquid extraction, will produce higher 6-shogaol. Meanwhile, supercritical fluid extraction promotes high quality and the safety of extracts by using non-toxic CO2. In addition, challenges and future prospects of the extraction of ginger oleoresin have been identified and discussed. The emerging green extraction methods and technologies show promising results with less energy input and higher quality extracts than conventional extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Syafiq Hakimi Kamaruddin
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Gun Hean Chong
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Supercritical Fluid Center (SFC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurizzati Mohd Daud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Nicky Rahmana Putra
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Liza Md Salleh
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Norhidayah Suleiman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Supercritical Fluid Center (SFC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Ijod G, Musa FN, Anwar F, Suleiman N, Adzahan NM, Azman EM. Thermal and Non‐thermal Pre‐treatment Methods for the Extraction of Anthocyanins: A Review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giroon Ijod
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Farah Nurhusna Musa
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Chemistry University of Sargodha ‐40100 Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Norhidayah Suleiman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Noranizan Mohd Adzahan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ezzat Mohamad Azman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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3
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Pattiram PD, Abas F, Suleiman N, Mohamad Azman E, Chong GH. Edible oils as a co-extractant for the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of flavonoids from propolis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266673. [PMID: 35413072 PMCID: PMC9004773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a good source for flavonoids, however, their recovery is challenging, as it is a waxy material. This study investigated edible oils virgin coconut oil (VCO), corn oil (CO), and ghee (G) as co-extractants for the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction of flavonoids from the propolis. The extraction of flavonoids using 20% VCO as co-extractant with scCO2 (25 g/min) for 210 min at 150 bar and 50°C was found to be the most appropriate, yielding a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 11.7 mg/g and 25% TFC recovery. At a higher temperature (60°C) and pressure (250 bar and 350 bar), the propolis became softer and compressed causing the extractions to retrograde. The extraction curves correlated to the diffusion model with 1.6% (AARD). The matrix diffusivities increased from 4.7 × 10−11 m2/s (scCO2) to 6.9 × 10−11–21.4 × 10−11 m2/s upon the addition of edible oils. Thus, edible oils could be used with scCO2 to improve the flavonoid extraction from propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Devi Pattiram
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhidayah Suleiman
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Supercritical Fluid Center, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ezzat Mohamad Azman
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gun Hean Chong
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Supercritical Fluid Center, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Othman N, Hean CG, Azman EM, Suleiman N. Effect of Process Variables in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Tocotrienols from Hydrolysed Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (
PFAD
). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Othman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - C. G. Hean
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - E. M. Azman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - N Suleiman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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Ali MH, Suleiman N, Khalid N, Tan KH, Tseng ML, Kumar M. Supply chain resilience reactive strategies for food SMEs in coping to COVID-19 crisis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 109:94-102. [PMID: 34728899 PMCID: PMC8554876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The ability of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the food industry (FSMEs) in cultivating resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic is vital food security. However, there is limited supply chain resilience literature to guide FSMEs in overcoming disruptions caused by pandemic. Scope and approach This review aims to provide a broad view of SCRes reactive strategies for FSMEs in dealing with crises in the context of COVID-19. Attention is given to the literature on resilience in other types of supply chain and situated in the context of food settings. The factors are monitored or controlled to contribute to FSME resiliency.Key findings and conclusion: Four quadrants, i.e., (1) rapid with low cost, (2) rapid with high cost, (3) slow with low cost and (4) slow with high cost, are offered based on the limitations and the time needed to react, and the strategies of each quadrant are explained in depth. This review also provides a better understanding of and guidance on reactive strategies for SCRes as options for FSMEs in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. This review suggests future directions as extensions based on the logical flow of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Helmi Ali
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
- Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Norlin Khalid
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Kim Hua Tan
- Nottingham University Business School, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Lang Tseng
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
- Institute of Innovation and Circular Economy, Asia University, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lim W, Yusof N, M.R. IF, Suleiman N. Volarization of valuable compound from watermelon by-product using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Food Res 2020. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an efficient, reliable, and sustainable technology for
the recovery of value-added compounds from by-product, in this case, is watermelon
rinds. The properties of the watermelon rinds obtained from innovative ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) were evaluated. In regard to this, the pectin content, degree of
esterification, and galacturonic acid content of the watermelon rind extracts were
determined in order to verify the efficiency of the UAE. Initially, the UAE were
conducted using two types of acid: citric and hydrochloric. The highest pectin content was
obtained using citric acid. Additional UAE was then performed with citric acid at 50, 60,
or 70°C for 10, 20, or 30 mins. Both UAE temperature and time significantly influenced
the pectin extracts and galacturonic acid. The best findings for a high galacturonic acid
content (47.41%) when the watermelon rinds were extracts at 70°C for 20 mins.
According to the findings, the extraction process lasted 10 or 20 mins at all temperatures
was mainly high-methoxyl pectin, which can form gels under acidic conditions. This
suggests that pectins derived from watermelon rinds using UAE may be especially useful
as an additive in some confectionery products.
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Abstract
Yogurts are one of the most consumed dairy products, especially in Western and Middle
East countries. Papaya is an abundant tropical fruit that contains much higher levels of
vitamins and minerals than other tropical fruits. The aim of this work was to develop a
protein-rich papaya-flavored yogurt as an inexpensive, nutritionally balanced, healthy
snack. The influenced of adding papaya puree at different percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, 25%)
on physicochemical and rheological have been explored. This work also investigated
consumer preferences in relation to these yogurts, using ratings made by thirty Malaysian
participants on a five-point hedonic scale. The addition of papaya to the pure yogurt (up to
25% by weight) increased the product’s crude protein content by up to 46% and reduced
its fat content by up to 27%. Nevertheless, the addition of 20% of papaya puree to the
yogurt was the most preferred according to sensory evaluation. On most of the attributes
tested, participants gave higher ratings for the yogurt nutritionally enriched with papaya
than for the pure yogurt. The enrichment of natural yogurt with papaya puree showed to
be effective with higher nutritional characteristics.
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Han X, Ke J, Suleiman N, Levason W, Pugh D, Zhang W, Reid G, Licence P, George MW. Phase behaviour and conductivity of supporting electrolytes in supercritical difluoromethane and 1,1-difluoroethane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14359-69. [PMID: 27166921 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00466k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present investigations into a variety of supporting electrolytes and supercritical fluids probing the phase and conductivity behaviour of these systems and show that they not only provide sufficient electrical conductivity for an electrodeposition bath, but match the requirements imposed by the different precursors and process parameters, e.g. increased temperature, for potential deposition experiments. The two supercritical fluids that have been explored in this study are difluoromethane (CH2F2) and 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF2CH3). For CH2F2, the phase behaviour and electrical conductivity of eight ionic compounds have been studied. Each compound consists of a cation and an anion from the selected candidates i.e. tetramethylammonium ([N(CH3)4](+)), tetrabutylammonium ([N((n)C4H9)4](+)), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM](+)) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM](+)) for cations, and tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy)aluminate ([Al(OC(CF3)3)4](-)), chloride (Cl(-)), trifluoromethyl sulfonimide ([NTf2](-)) and tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([FAP](-)) for anions. For CHF2CH3, [N((n)C4H9)4][BF4] and [N((n)C4H9)4][B{3,5-C6H3(CF3)2}4] have been investigated for comparison with the previously measured solubility and conductivity in CH2F2. We have found that [N((n)C4H9)4][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], [N((n)C4H9)4][FAP] and [N(CH3)4][FAP] have much higher molar conductivity in scCH2F2 at similar conditions than [N((n)C4H9)4][BF4], a widely used commercial electrolyte. Additionally, scCHF2CH3 shows potential for use as the solvent for supercritical fluid electrodeposition, especially at high temperatures since high density of this fluid can be achieved at lower operating pressures than similar fluids that can be used to produce electrochemical baths with comparable conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Bartlett PN, Burt J, Cook DA, Cummings CY, George MW, Hector AL, Hasan MM, Ke J, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G, Richardson PW, Smith DC, Spencer J, Suleiman N, Zhang W. A Versatile Precursor System for Supercritical Fluid Electrodeposition of Main-Group Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:302-9. [PMID: 26608231 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a versatile electrolyte bath is described that can be used to electrodeposit a wide range of p-block elements from supercritical difluoromethane (scCH2 F2 ). The bath comprises the tetrabutylammonium chlorometallate complex of the element in an electrolyte of 50×10(-3) mol dm(-3) tetrabutylammonium chloride at 17.2 MPa and 358 K. Through the use of anionic ([GaCl4 ](-) , [InCl4 ](-) , [GeCl3 ](-) , [SnCl3 ](-) , [SbCl4 ](-) , and [BiCl4 ](-) ) and dianionic ([SeCl6 ](2-) and [TeCl6 ](2-) ) chlorometallate salts, the deposition of elemental Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te is demonstrated. In all cases, with the exception of gallium, which is a liquid under the deposition conditions, the resulting deposits are characterised by SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. An advantage of this electrolyte system is that the reagents are all crystalline solids, reasonably easy to handle and not highly water or oxygen sensitive. The results presented herein significantly broaden the range of materials accessible by electrodeposition from supercritical fluid and open up the future possibility of utilising the full scope of these unique fluids to electrodeposit functional binary or ternary alloys and compounds of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Bartlett
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK).
| | - Jennifer Burt
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - David A Cook
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Charles Y Cummings
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK).,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Talking East Road Ningbo315100 (P.R. China)
| | - Andrew L Hector
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Mahboba M Hasan
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Jie Ke
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK)
| | - William Levason
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Peter W Richardson
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - David C Smith
- Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Joe Spencer
- Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Norhidayah Suleiman
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK)
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
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Mahmuda A, Mohammed AA, Alayande MO, Habila YI, Lawal MD, Usman M, Raji AA, Saidu B, Yahaya MS, Suleiman N. Prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites of working camels in Sokoto metropolis. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.108-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Suleiman N, Yoshida K, Miyawaki D, Ejima Y, Nishimura H, Furukawa J, Fujisawa M, Sasaki R. Efficacy of Salvage Radiation Therapy in Men With Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: A Comparison With Endocrine Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Le Corre M, Suleiman N, Lonjon N. [Odontoid fracture: Long-term subarachnoid hemorrhage after anterior screw fixation. Case report and literature review]. Neurochirurgie 2012; 58:364-8. [PMID: 22683208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Odontoid fractures have been classified by Anderson and D'Alonzo into three main categories. The most unstable injuries, type II fractures involve the base of the odontoid peg at the junction with the C2 body. Due to the proximity of vital neural structures, fracture of the odontoid process may result in instability and fatal neurological damage. Treatment aims to re-establish stability of the atlanto-axial complex by restoring the odontoid process. This may be achieved by conservative or surgical treatment. Anterior screw fixation of the odontoid peg is an interresting alternative surgical option but this technique has a significant complication rate. However, vascular injury is very rare with three case reported in the literature: one case of an intracranial vertebral artery (VA) injury, one case of a cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) injury and one case of anterior pseudoaneurysm of the spinal artery branch. We report a new case of long term vascular injury after screw fixation revealed by a subarachnoid hemorrhage. We discuss the incidence, the mechanisms of injury and the conditions necessary for the occurrence of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Le Corre
- Département de neurochirurgie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34091 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Raad II, Hohn DC, Gilbreath BJ, Suleiman N, Hill LA, Bruso PA, Marts K, Mansfield PF, Bodey GP. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15:231-8. [PMID: 8207189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In many hospitals, the only sterile precautions used during the insertion of a nontunneled central venous catheter are sterile gloves and small sterile drapes. We investigated whether the use of maximal sterile barrier (consisting of mask, cap, sterile gloves, gown, and large drape) would lower the risk of acquiring catheter-related infections. DESIGN Prospective randomized trial. SETTING A 500-bed cancer referral center. METHODS We randomized patients to have their nontunneled central catheter inserted under maximal sterile barrier precautions or control precautions (sterile gloves and small drape only). All patients were followed for 3 months postinsertion or until the catheter was removed, whichever came first. Catheter-related infections were diagnosed by quantitative catheter cultures and/or simultaneous quantitative blood cultures. RESULTS The 176 patients whose catheters were inserted by using maximal sterile barrier precautions were comparable to the 167 control patients in underlying disease, degree of immuno-suppression, therapeutic interventions, and catheter risk factors for infections (duration and site of catheterization, number of catheter lumen, catheter insertion difficulty, reason for catheter removal). There were a total of four catheter infections in the test group and 12 in the control group (P = 0.03, chi-square test). The catheter-related septicemia rate was 6.3 times higher in the control group (P = 0.06, Fisher's exact test). Most (67%) of the catheter infections in the control group occurred during the first 2 months after insertion, whereas 25% of the catheter infections in the maximal sterile precautions group occurred during the same period (P < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). Cost-benefit analysis showed the use of such precautions to be highly cost-effective. CONCLUSION Maximal sterile barrier precautions during the insertion of nontunneled catheters reduce the risk of catheter infection. This practice is cost-effective and is consistent with the practice of universal precautions during an invasive procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Raad
- Department of Medical Specialties, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Abstract
In the present work six metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn and Ni) were analyzed for, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in three main feed brands commonly used in Sokoto (2 commercial feed and 1 locally compounded chicken feed). Initially, the samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid at about 3700C to 4500C heat in a digestion block. The concentration in ìg/ml of the six metals analyzed for in the feed samples ranged between 0.04 and 1.21 for Cu, 0.01 and 0.55 for Pb, 1.43 and 11.65 for Zn, 0.10 and 0.12 Cd, 0.94 and 3.12 for Mn and 0.004 and 0.25 for Ni. In most of the analyzed samples, the concentration of Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni was found to be lower than the nutritional requirement of broiler chicken at a level which could be harmful for the poultry. Also the study showed the presence of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in all the feed samples analyzed, but none exceeded permissible levels as set by European Union and National Research Council.Keywords: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chicken feeds, Contamination, Heavy metals, Sokoto, Toxicity
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