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Zuo W, Wakimoto M, Kozaiwa N, Shirasaka Y, Oh SW, Fujiwara S, Miyachi H, Kogure A, Kato H, Fujita T. PKR and TLR3 trigger distinct signals that coordinate the induction of antiviral apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:707. [PMID: 35970851 PMCID: PMC9378677 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), and endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) sense viral non-self RNA and are involved in cell fate determination. However, the mechanisms by which intracellular RNA induces apoptosis, particularly the role of each RNA sensor, remain unclear. We performed cytoplasmic injections of different types of RNA and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying viral dsRNA-induced apoptosis. The results obtained revealed that short 5'-triphosphate dsRNA, the sole ligand of RIG-I, induced slow apoptosis in a fraction of cells depending on IRF-3 transcriptional activity and IFN-I production. However, intracellular long dsRNA was sensed by PKR and TLR3, which activate distinct signals, and synergistically induced rapid apoptosis. PKR essentially induced translational arrest, resulting in reduced levels of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein and functioned in the TLR3/TRIF-dependent activation of caspase 8. The present results demonstrated that PKR and TLR3 were both essential for inducing the viral RNA-mediated apoptosis of infected cells and the arrest of viral production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zuo
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Mai Wakimoto
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kozaiwa
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Yutaro Shirasaka
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Seong-Wook Oh
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Shiori Fujiwara
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Amane Kogure
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XInstitute for Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XInstitute for Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
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