1
|
Brettler JW, Giraldo Arcila GP, Aumala T, Best A, Campbell NR, Cyr S, Gamarra A, Jaffe MG, De la Rosa MJ, Maldonado J, Neira Ojeda C, Haughton M, Malcolm T, Perez V, Rodriguez G, Rosende A, Valdes Gonzalez Y, Wood PW, Zuniga E, Ordunez P. [Drivers and scorecards to improve hypertension control in primary care practice: Recommendations from the HEARTS in the Americas Innovation GroupFactores impulsores y métodos de puntuación para mejorar el control de la hipertensión en la práctica clínica de la atención primaria: recomendaciones del grupo de innovación de HEARTS en las Américas]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e68. [PMID: 35573115 PMCID: PMC9097925 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamentos. As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são as principais causas de morbimortalidade nas Américas, e a hipertensão arterial (HÁ) é o fator de risco modificável mais importante. Porém, as taxas de controle da HA continuam baixas, e a mortalidade por DCV está estagnada ou aumentando após décadas de redução contínua. Em 2016, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) lançou o pacote de medidas técnicas HEARTS para melhorar o controle da HA. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) criou a iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas para melhorar a gestão do risco cardiovascular (RCV), com ênfase no controle da HA. Até agora, essa iniciativa foi implementada em 21 países. Métodos. Para impulsionar a implementação, recrutou-se um grupo multidisciplinar de profissionais para selecionar impulsionadores-chave do controle da HA com base em evidências e elaborar um scorecard completo para monitorar sua implementação em unidades de atenção primária à saúde (APS). O grupo estudou sistemas de saúde com alto desempenho que haviam conseguido atingir um alto nível de controle da HA por meio de programas de melhoria da qualidade focados em medidas específicas de processo, com feedback regular para os profissionais das unidades de saúde. Resultados. Os oito fatores impulsionadores incluídos na seleção final foram categorizados em cinco domínios principais: (1) diagnóstico (exatidão da medição da pressão arterial e avaliação do RCV); (2) tratamento (protocolo padronizado de tratamento e intensificação do tratamento); (3) continuidade do cuidado e acompanhamento; (4) modelo de atenção (atendimento baseado em equipe, renovação da prescrição); e (5) sistema de avaliação do desempenho. Em seguida, os fatores impulsionadores e as recomendações foram transformados em medidas de processo, gerando dois scorecards inter-relacionados integrados ao sistema de monitoramento e avaliação da Iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas. Interpretação. O foco nesses impulsionadores-chave da HA e nos scorecards resultantes orientará o processo de melhoria da qualidade para atingir as metas de controle, a nível populacional, dos centros de saúde participantes nos países que estão implementando a iniciativa HEARTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Brettler
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group Los Angeles EUA Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, EUA.,Departamento de Ciências de Sistemas de Saúde Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine Pasadena EUA Departamento de Ciências de Sistemas de Saúde, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, EUA
| | - Gloria P Giraldo Arcila
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Washington, DC EUA Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Washington, DC, EUA
| | - Teresa Aumala
- Centro de Atenção Primária à Saúde Ministério da Saúde, Centro de Salud Conocoto Quito Equador Centro de Atenção Primária à Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Centro de Salud Conocoto, Quito, Equador
| | - Allana Best
- Ministério da Saúde Porto de Espanha Trinidad e Tobago Ministério da Saúde, Porto de Espanha, Trinidad e Tobago
| | - Norm Rc Campbell
- Departamento de Medicina Fisiologia e Farmacologia e Ciências da Saúde Comunitária Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta Calgary Canadá Departamento de Medicina, Fisiologia e Farmacologia e Ciências da Saúde Comunitária, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Canadá
| | - Shana Cyr
- Ministério da Saúde Bem-Estar e Idosos Castries Santa Lúcia Ministério da Saúde, Bem-Estar e Idosos, Castries, Santa Lúcia
| | - Angelo Gamarra
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Washington, DC EUA Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Washington, DC, EUA
| | - Marc G Jaffe
- Departamento de Endocrinologia The Permanente Medical Group Kaiser San Francisco Medical Center San Francisco EUA Departamento de Endocrinologia, The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, EUA
| | - Mirna Jimenez De la Rosa
- Escola de Saúde Pública Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo República Dominicana Escola de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.,Oficina Escuela de Salud Publica Ciudad Universitaria Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo Distrito Nacional República Dominicana Oficina Escuela de Salud Publica, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, República Dominicana
| | - Javier Maldonado
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Bogotá Colômbia Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Bogotá, Colômbia
| | - Carolina Neira Ojeda
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis Ministério da Saúde Santiago do Chile Chile Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Ministério da Saúde, Santiago do Chile, Chile
| | - Modesta Haughton
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Ancón Panamá Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Ancón, Panamá
| | - Taraleen Malcolm
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Porto de Espanha Trinidad e Tobago Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Porto de Espanha, Trinidad e Tobago
| | - Vivian Perez
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Lima Peru Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Lima, Peru
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres Rosende
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Washington, DC EUA Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Washington, DC, EUA
| | - Yamile Valdes Gonzalez
- Comitê Técnico Consultivo Nacional de Hipertensão Arterial Hospital Universitário "General Calixto García" Havana Cuba Comitê Técnico Consultivo Nacional de Hipertensão Arterial, Hospital Universitário "General Calixto García", Havana, Cuba
| | - Peter W Wood
- Departamento de Medicina Divisão de Medicina Interna Geral University of Alberta Edmonton Canadá Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Medicina Interna Geral, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canadá
| | - Eric Zuniga
- Servicio de Salud Antofagasta Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile Servicio de Salud Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pedro Ordunez
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Washington, DC EUA Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Washington, DC, EUA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brettler JW, Giraldo Arcila GP, Aumala T, Best A, Campbell NR, Cyr S, Gamarra A, Jaffe MG, De la Rosa MJ, Maldonado J, Neira Ojeda C, Haughton M, Malcolm T, Perez V, Rodriguez G, Rosende A, Valdes Gonzalez Y, Wood PW, Zuñiga E, Ordunez P. [Drivers and scorecards to improve hypertension control in primary care practice: Recommendations from the HEARTS in the Americas Innovation GroupFatores impulsionadores e scorecards para melhorar o controle da hipertensão arterial na atenção primária: recomendações do Grupo de Inovação da Iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e56. [PMID: 35573117 PMCID: PMC9097922 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antecedentes. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en la Región de las Américas y la hipertensión es el factor de riesgo modificable asociado más importante. Sin embargo, las tasas de control de la hipertensión siguen siendo bajas y la mortalidad por ECV está estancada o en aumento después de décadas de reducción continua. En el 2016, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) presentó el paquete técnico HEARTS para mejorar el control de la hipertensión. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) diseñó la iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas para mejorar el control del riesgo de ECV, que hace hincapié en el control de la hipertensión y que, hasta la fecha, se ha implementado en 21 países. Métodos. Para avanzar en la implementación, se creó un grupo interdisciplinario de profesionales de la salud con el objetivo de seleccionar los factores impulsores claves del control de la hipertensión basados en la evidencia y diseñar un método de puntuación integral para dar seguimiento a su implementación en los centros de atención de salud primaria (APS). El grupo estudió los sistemas de salud de alto desempeño que logran un control elevado de la hipertensión mediante programas de mejora de la calidad que se centran en medidas específicas con respecto a los procesos, con retroalimentación regular a los prestadores en los centros de salud. Resultados. Los ocho factores impulsores finales seleccionados se clasificaron en cinco dominios principales: 1) diagnóstico (exactitud de la medición de la presión arterial y evaluación del riesgo de ECV); 2) tratamiento (protocolo de tratamiento e intensificación del tratamiento estandarizados); 3) continuidad de la atención y seguimiento; 4) sistema de prestación del tratamiento (atención basada en un trabajo en equipo, reposición de la medicación) y 5) sistema para la evaluación del desempeño. Los factores impulsores y las recomendaciones se tradujeron en medidas con respecto a los procesos, lo que llevó a dos métodos de puntuación integrados e interconectados en el sistema de seguimiento y evaluación del programa HEARTS en las Américas. Conclusiones. El enfoque que se centra en estos factores impulsores clave de la hipertensión y los métodos de puntuación resultantes servirá de guía para el proceso de mejora de la calidad con objeto de alcanzar los objetivos de control a nivel poblacional en los centros de salud participantes de los países que implementan el programa HEARTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Brettler
- Kaiser Permanente del Sur de California Los Ángeles Estados Unidos de América Kaiser Permanente del Sur de California, Los Ángeles, Estados Unidos de América.,Departamento de Ciencias de Sistemas de Salud Facultad de Medicina Bernard J. Tyson de Kaiser Permanente Pasadena Estados Unidos de América Departamento de Ciencias de Sistemas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Bernard J. Tyson de Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, Estados Unidos de América
| | - Gloria P Giraldo Arcila
- Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental Organización Panamericana de Salud Washington Estados Unidos de América Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental, Organización Panamericana de Salud, Washington, Estados Unidos de América
| | - Teresa Aumala
- Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud Ministerio de Salud Centro de Salud Conocoto Quito Ecuador Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud, Ministerio de Salud, Centro de Salud Conocoto, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Allana Best
- Ministerio de Salud Puerto España Trinidad y Tabago Ministerio de Salud, Puerto España, Trinidad y Tabago
| | - Norm Rc Campbell
- Departamento de Medicina Fisiología y Farmacología y Ciencias de Salud Comunitaria Instituto Cardiovascular Libin de Alberta Calgary Canadá Departamento de Medicina, Fisiología y Farmacología y Ciencias de Salud Comunitaria, Instituto Cardiovascular Libin de Alberta, Calgary, Canadá
| | - Shana Cyr
- Ministerio de Salud Bienestar y Asuntos de la Tercera Edad Castries Santa Lucía Ministerio de Salud, Bienestar y Asuntos de la Tercera Edad, Castries, Santa Lucía
| | - Angelo Gamarra
- Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental Organización Panamericana de Salud Washington Estados Unidos de América Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental, Organización Panamericana de Salud, Washington, Estados Unidos de América
| | - Marc G Jaffe
- Departamento de Endocrinología Grupo Médico Permanente Centro Médico de San Francisco Kaiser San Francisco Estados Unidos de América Departamento de Endocrinología, Grupo Médico Permanente, Centro Médico de San Francisco Kaiser, San Francisco, Estados Unidos de América
| | - Mirna Jimenez De la Rosa
- Escuela de Salud Pública Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.,Oficina Escuela de Salud Pública Ciudad Universitaria Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo Santo Domingo República Dominicana Oficina Escuela de Salud Pública, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana
| | - Javier Maldonado
- Organización Panamericana de Salud Bogotá Colombia Organización Panamericana de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Neira Ojeda
- Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles Ministerio de Salud Santiago de Chile Chile Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Modesta Haughton
- Organización Panamericana de Salud Ancon Panamá Organización Panamericana de Salud, Ancon, Panamá
| | - Taraleen Malcolm
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud Puerto España Trinidad y Tabago Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Puerto España, Trinidad y Tabago
| | - Vivian Perez
- Organización Panamericana de Salud Lima Perú Organización Panamericana de Salud, Lima, Perú
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres Rosende
- Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental Organización Panamericana de Salud Washington Estados Unidos de América Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental, Organización Panamericana de Salud, Washington, Estados Unidos de América
| | - Yamile Valdes Gonzalez
- Comité Técnico Asesor Nacional sobre Hipertensión Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García" La Habana Cuba Comité Técnico Asesor Nacional sobre Hipertensión, Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", La Habana, Cuba
| | - Peter W Wood
- Departamento de Medicina División de Medicina Interna General Universidad de Alberta Edmonton Canadá Departamento de Medicina, División de Medicina Interna General, Universidad de Alberta, Edmonton, Canadá
| | - Eric Zuñiga
- Servicios de Salud Antofagasta Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile Servicios de Salud Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pedro Ordunez
- Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental Organización Panamericana de Salud Washington Estados Unidos de América Departamento de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y Salud Mental, Organización Panamericana de Salud, Washington, Estados Unidos de América
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brettler JW, Arcila GPG, Aumala T, Best A, Campbell NR, Cyr S, Gamarra A, Jaffe MG, la Rosa MJD, Maldonado J, Ojeda CN, Haughton M, Malcolm T, Perez V, Rodriguez G, Rosende A, González YV, Wood PW, Zúñiga E, Ordunez P. Drivers and scorecards to improve hypertension control in primary care practice: Recommendations from the HEARTS in the Americas Innovation Group. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 9:None. [PMID: 35711685 PMCID: PMC9121401 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Americas, and hypertension is the most significant modifiable risk factor. However, hypertension control rates remain low, and CVD mortality is stagnant or rising after decades of continuing reduction. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the HEARTS technical package to improve hypertension control. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) designed the HEARTS in the Americas Initiative to improve CVD risk management, emphasizing hypertension control, to date implemented in 21 countries. Methods To advance implementation, an interdisciplinary group of practitioners was engaged to select the key evidence-based drivers of hypertension control and to design a comprehensive scorecard to monitor their implementation at primary care health facilities (PHC). The group studied high-performing health systems that achieve high hypertension control through quality improvement programs focusing on specific process measures, with regular feedback to providers at health facilities. Findings The final selected eight drivers were categorized into five main domains: (1) diagnosis (blood pressure measurement accuracy and CVD risk evaluation); (2) treatment (standardized treatment protocol and treatment intensification); (3) continuity of care and follow-up; (4) delivery system (team-based care, medication refill), and (5) system for performance evaluation. The drivers and recommendations were then translated into process measures, resulting in two interconnected scorecards integrated into the HEARTS in the Americas monitoring and evaluation system. Interpretation Focus on these key hypertension drivers and resulting scorecards, will guide the quality improvement process to achieve population control goals at the participating health centers in HEARTS implementing countries. Funding No funding to declare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Brettler
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gloria P Giraldo Arcila
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Teresa Aumala
- Primary Health Care Center, Ministry of Health, Centro de Salud Conocoto, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Allana Best
- Ministry of Health, Park Street, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Norm Rc Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology and Community Health Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shana Cyr
- Ministry of Health, Wellness & Elderly Affairs, Sir Stanislaus James Building, Waterfront, Castries, Saint Lucia
| | - Angelo Gamarra
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marc G Jaffe
- Department of Endocrinology, The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mirna Jimenez De la Rosa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.,Oficina Escuela de Salud Pública, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, Dominican Republic
| | | | - Carolina Neira Ojeda
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Taraleen Malcolm
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vivian Perez
- Pan American Health Organization,(PAHO), Lima, Peru
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez
- Pan American Health Organization, (PAHO), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres Rosende
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yamilé Valdés González
- National Technical Advisory Committee on Hypertension, University Hospital "General Calixto García", Havana, Cuba
| | - Peter W Wood
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Zúñiga
- Health Services Antofagasta, Servicio de Salud Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pedro Ordunez
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Campbell NR, He FJ, Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA, McLean RM. Levels of dietary sodium intake: diverging associations with arterial stiffness and Atheromatosis. Concerns about the evidence review and methods. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 63:92-93. [PMID: 34157420 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Francesco P Cappuccio
- University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Rachael M McLean
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campbell NR, Schutte AE, Varghese CV, Ordunez P, Zhang XH, Khan T, Sharman JE, Whelton PK, Parati G, Weber MA, Orías M, Jaffe MG, Moran AE, Plavnik FL, Ram VS, Brainin M, Owolabi MO, Ramirez AJ, Barbosa E, Bortolotto LA, Lackland DT. [São Paulo call to action for the prevention and control of high blood pressure: 2020Llamado a la acción de San Pablo para la prevención y el control de la hipertensión arterial, 2020]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2021; 44:e27. [PMID: 33643393 PMCID: PMC7905737 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2021.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
About 1/4th of adults have high blood pressure which is the single most important risk for death (including heart disease and stroke).There are effective policies that could facilitate people making healthy choices to prevent raised blood pressure, and if fully implemented, could largely prevent hypertension from occurring.Hypertension is easy to screen and treat for BUT only about 50% of adults with hypertension are aware of their condition and only about 1 in 7 is adequately treated.Preventing and controlling high blood pressure is the major mechanism for NCD prevention and control and a model for other NCD risks.Effective lifestyle and drug treatments could prevent and control hypertension in most individuals if systematically applied to the population, simple interventions are feasible in all settings, and can be used to enhance primary care.Urgent sustained action is needed is needed for effective public policies and health system changes to prevent and control hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norm Rc Campbell
- Departamento de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, Fisiologia e Farmacologia e Ciências da Saúde da Comunidade, Instituto O'Brien de Saúde Pública e Instituto Cardiovascular Libin de Alberta, Universidade de Calgary Alberta Canadá Departamento de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, Fisiologia e Farmacologia e Ciências da Saúde da Comunidade, Instituto O'Brien de Saúde Pública e Instituto Cardiovascular Libin de Alberta, Universidade de Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canadá
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Unidade de Hipertensão e Doença Cardiovascular, Equipe de Pesquisa de Hipertensão na África (HART, na sigla em inglês), Universidade Noroeste Potchefstroom África do Sul Unidade de Hipertensão e Doença Cardiovascular, Equipe de Pesquisa de Hipertensão na África (HART, na sigla em inglês), Universidade Noroeste, Potchefstroom, África do Sul
| | - Cherian V Varghese
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Organização Mundial da Saúde Genebra Suíça Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Genebra, Suíça
| | - Pedro Ordunez
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde Washington, D.C. Estados Unidos Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos
| | - Xin-Hua Zhang
- Instituto Liga de Hipertensão de Pequim Pequim China Instituto Liga de Hipertensão de Pequim, Pequim, China
| | - Taskeen Khan
- Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Organização Mundial da Saúde Genebra Suíça Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Genebra, Suíça
| | - James E Sharman
- Instituto Menzies para Pesquisa Médica, Universidade da Tasmânia, Hobart Tasmânia Austrália Instituto Menzies para Pesquisa Médica, Universidade da Tasmânia, Hobart, Tasmânia, Austrália
| | - Paul K Whelton
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Medicina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Tulane Nova Orleans Estados Unidos Departamento de Epidemiologia e Medicina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Tulane, Nova Orleans, Estados Unidos
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia, Universidade de Milão-Bicocca e Departamento de Ciências Cardiovasculares, Neurais e Metabólicas, e Instituto Auxológico Italiano, IRCCS, Hospital San Luca Milão Itália Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia, Universidade de Milão-Bicocca e Departamento de Ciências Cardiovasculares, Neurais e Metabólicas, e Instituto Auxológico Italiano, IRCCS, Hospital San Luca, Milão, Itália
| | - Michael A Weber
- Divisão de Medicina Cardiovascular, Universidade Estadual de Nova York, Centro Médico Downstate, Brooklyn Nova York Estados Unidos Divisão de Medicina Cardiovascular, Universidade Estadual de Nova York, Centro Médico Downstate, Brooklyn, Nova York, Estados Unidos
| | - Marcelo Orías
- Sanatorio Allende, y Universidade Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba Argentina Sanatorio Allende, y Universidade Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marc G Jaffe
- Resolve to Save Lives, Uma Iniciativa da Vital Strategies, Nova York, Estados Unidos e Kaiser Permanente do Norte da Califórnia, South San Francisco Califórnia Estados Unidos Resolve to Save Lives, Uma Iniciativa da Vital Strategies, Nova York, Estados Unidos e Kaiser Permanente do Norte da Califórnia, South San Francisco, Califórnia, Estados Unidos
| | - Andrew E Moran
- Controle Mundial de Hipertensão, Resolve to Save Lives, Uma iniciativa da Vital Strategies Nova York Estados Unidos Controle Mundial de Hipertensão, Resolve to Save Lives, Uma iniciativa da Vital Strategies, Nova York, Estados Unidos
| | - Frida Liane Plavnik
- Grupo de Hipertensão, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz; Instituto do Coração (InCor); Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão São Paulo Brasil Grupo de Hipertensão, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz; Instituto do Coração (InCor); Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Venkata S Ram
- Escola de Medicina Sudoeste da Universidade do Texas, Dallas, Estados Unidos; Faculdade de Medicina e Hospitais Apollo Hyderabad Índia Escola de Medicina Sudoeste da Universidade do Texas, Dallas, Estados Unidos; Faculdade de Medicina e Hospitais Apollo, Hyderabad, Índia; Universidade Macquarie, Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Sydney, Austrália; Liga Mundial de Hipertensão, Escritório Regional do Sudeste Asiático, Hyderabad, Índia
| | - Michael Brainin
- Universidade do Danúbio Krems Áustria Universidade do Danúbio, Krems, Áustria
| | - Mayowa O Owolabi
- Centro de Excelência para Doenças Não Transmissíveis da Aliança de Universidades de Pesquisa Africana Universidade de Ibadan Nigéria Centro de Excelência para Doenças Não Transmissíveis da Aliança de Universidades de Pesquisa Africana, Universidade de Ibadan, Nigéria
| | - Agustin J Ramirez
- Unidade de Hipertensão Arterial e Doenças Metabólicas, Hospital Universitário, Fundação Favaloro Buenos Aires Argentina Unidade de Hipertensão Arterial e Doenças Metabólicas, Hospital Universitário, Fundação Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Barbosa
- Sociedade Latino-americana de Hipertensão Porto Alegre Brasil Sociedade Latino-americana de Hipertensão, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto
- Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo; Instituto do Coração (InCor); e Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão São Paulo Brasil Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo; Instituto do Coração (InCor); e Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniel T Lackland
- Divisão de Neurociências Translacionais e Estudos Populacionais, Universidade de Medicina da Carolina do Sul Charleston Estados Unidos Divisão de Neurociências Translacionais e Estudos Populacionais, Universidade de Medicina da Carolina do Sul, Charleston, Estados Unidos
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ordunez
- Pan American Health Organization, Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Norm Rc Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Norm Rc Campbell
- Departments of Medicine, Community Health Sciences, and Physiology and Pharmacology, O'Brien Institute of Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Padwal R, Rashead M, Snider J, Morrin L, Lehman A, Campbell NR. Worksite-based cardiovascular risk screening and management: a feasibility study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2017; 13:209-213. [PMID: 28652760 PMCID: PMC5476431 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s138800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Established cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent and contribute substantially to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality because they remain uncontrolled in many Canadians. Worksite-based cardiovascular risk factor screening and management represent a largely untapped strategy for optimizing risk factor control. Methods In a 2-phase collaborative demonstration project between Alberta Health Services (AHS) and the Alberta Newsprint Company (ANC), ANC employees were offered cardiovascular risk factor screening and management. Screening was performed at the worksite by AHS nurses, who collected baseline history, performed automated blood pressure measurement and point-of-care testing for lipids and A1c, and calculated 10-year Framingham risk. Employees with a Framingham risk score of ≥10% and uncontrolled blood pressure, dyslipidemia, or smoking were offered 6 months of pharmacist case management to optimize their risk factor control. Results In total, 87 of 190 (46%) employees volunteered to undergo cardiovascular risk factor screening. Mean age was 44.5±11.9 years, 73 (83.9%) were male, 14 (16.1%) had hypertension, 4 (4.6%) had diabetes, 12 (13.8%) were current smokers, and 9 (10%) had dyslipidemia. Of 36 employees with an estimated Framingham risk score of ≥10%, 21 (58%) agreed to receive case management and 15 (42%) attended baseline and 6-month follow-up case management visits. Statistically significant reductions in left arm systolic blood pressure (−8.0±12.4 mmHg; p=0.03) and triglyceride levels (−0.8±1.4 mmol/L; p=0.04) occurred following case management. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of collaborative, worksite-based cardiovascular risk factor screening and management. Expansion of this type of partnership in a cost-effective manner is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Padwal
- Department of Medicine, Alberta Diabetes Institute and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton
| | - Mohammad Rashead
- Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network of Alberta Health Services
| | - Jonathan Snider
- Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network of Alberta Health Services
| | - Louise Morrin
- Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network of Alberta Health Services
| | - Agnes Lehman
- Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network of Alberta Health Services
| | - Norm Rc Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Community Health Sciences and Physiology and Pharmacology, O'Brien Institute of Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang L, Crino M, Wu JH, Woodward M, Land MA, McLean R, Webster J, Enkhtungalag B, Nowson CA, Elliott P, Cogswell M, Toft U, Mill JG, Furlanetto TW, Ilich JZ, Hong YH, Cohall D, Luzardo L, Noboa O, Holm E, Gerbes AL, Senousy B, Pinar Kara S, Brewster LM, Ueshima H, Subramanian S, Teo BW, Allen N, Choudhury SR, Polonia J, Yasuda Y, Campbell NR, Neal B, Petersen KS. Reliable Quantification of the Potential for Equations Based on Spot Urine Samples to Estimate Population Salt Intake: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e190. [PMID: 27655265 PMCID: PMC5052460 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods based on spot urine samples (a single sample at one time-point) have been identified as a possible alternative approach to 24-hour urine samples for determining mean population salt intake. Objective The aim of this study is to identify a reliable method for estimating mean population salt intake from spot urine samples. This will be done by comparing the performance of existing equations against one other and against estimates derived from 24-hour urine samples. The effects of factors such as ethnicity, sex, age, body mass index, antihypertensive drug use, health status, and timing of spot urine collection will be explored. The capacity of spot urine samples to measure change in salt intake over time will also be determined. Finally, we aim to develop a novel equation (or equations) that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean population salt intake. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data will be conducted. A search has been conducted to identify human studies that report salt (or sodium) excretion based upon 24-hour urine samples and spot urine samples. There were no restrictions on language, study sample size, or characteristics of the study population. MEDLINE via OvidSP (1946-present), Premedline via OvidSP, EMBASE, Global Health via OvidSP (1910-present), and the Cochrane Library were searched, and two reviewers identified eligible studies. The authors of these studies will be invited to contribute data according to a standard format. Individual participant records will be compiled and a series of analyses will be completed to: (1) compare existing equations for estimating 24-hour salt intake from spot urine samples with 24-hour urine samples, and assess the degree of bias according to key demographic and clinical characteristics; (2) assess the reliability of using spot urine samples to measure population changes in salt intake overtime; and (3) develop a novel equation that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean population salt intake. Results The search strategy identified 538 records; 100 records were obtained for review in full text and 73 have been confirmed as eligible. In addition, 68 abstracts were identified, some of which may contain data eligible for inclusion. Individual participant data will be requested from the authors of eligible studies. Conclusions Many equations for estimating salt intake from spot urine samples have been developed and validated, although most have been studied in very specific settings. This meta-analysis of individual participant data will enable a much broader understanding of the capacity for spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ordunez P, Campbell NR. Beyond the opportunities of SDG 3: the risk for the NCDs agenda. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:15-7. [PMID: 26700611 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ordunez
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Norm Rc Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology and Community Health Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bienek AS, Gee ME, Nolan RP, Kaczorowski J, Campbell NR, Bancej C, Gwadry-Sridhar F, Robitaille C, Walker RL, Dai S. Methodology of the 2009 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada--hypertension component. Chronic Dis Inj Can 2013; 33:267-276. [PMID: 23987223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada--hypertension component (SLCDC-H) is a 20-minute cross-sectional telephone survey on hypertension diagnosis and management. Sampled from the 2008 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), the SLCDC-H includes Canadians (aged ≥ 20 years) with self-reported hypertension from the ten provinces. METHODS The questionnaire was developed by Delphi technique, externally reviewed and qualitatively tested. Statistics Canada performed sampling strategies, recruitment, data collection and processing. Proportions were weighted to represent the Canadian population, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived by bootstrap method. RESULTS Compared with the CCHS population reporting hypertension, the SLCDC-H sample (n = 6142) is slightly younger (SLCDC-H mean age: 61.2 years, 95% CI: 60.8-61.6; CCHS mean age: 62.2 years, 95% CI: 61.8-62.5), has more post-secondary school graduates (SLCDC-H: 52.0%, 95% CI: 49.7%-54.2%; CCHS: 47.5%, 95% CI: 46.1%-48.9%) and has fewer respondents on hypertension medication (SLCDC-H: 82.5%, 95% CI: 80.9%-84.1%; CCHS: 88.6%, 95% CI: 87.7%-89.6%). CONCLUSION Overall, the 2009 SLCDC-H represents its source population and provides novel, comprehensive data on the diagnosis and management of hypertension. The survey has been adapted to other chronic conditions--diabetes, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and neurological conditions. The questionnaire is available on the Statistics Canada website; descriptive results have been disseminated by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Bienek
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Organic Chemical and Research Departments, Allen and Hanburys Ltd., Ware, Herts
| | - E P Taylor
- Organic Chemical and Research Departments, Allen and Hanburys Ltd., Ware, Herts
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Neutel CI, Campbell NR, Morrison HI. Trends in diabetes treatment in Canadians, 1994-2004. Chronic Dis Can 2010; 30:107-111. [PMID: 20609294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine trends in the treatment of diabetes using the biannual interviews of the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (NPHS), 1994-2004 as they relate to changes in Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). METHODS A sample of 17 276 Canadians 18 years and older was selected for repeated interviews at two-year intervals from 1994 to 2004 for the NPHS. The population used for this study includes all respondents aged 40 to 79 for any of the cycles. RESULTS CPGs issued by the Canadian Diabetes Association in 1998 and 2004 recommend a stepwise introduction of lifestyle changes, to be followed by single then multiple oral antidiabetic agents (OA), and finally insulin until adequate control is achieved. While the use of OA increased, only a small proportion indicated diet or physical exercise as part of their treatment; those with no drug treatment reported less diet modification and physical exercise. Antihypertensives and statin use in Canadians with diabetes increased to double that of Canadians overall, but remained underutilized. CONCLUSION This study provides an update on the treatment of diabetes in Canada between 1994 and 2004. While some changes in diabetes treatment were compatible with CPGs, there is room for improvement, especially in lifestyle modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C I Neutel
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Campbell NR, Petrella R, Kaczorowski J. Public education on hypertension: a new initiative to improve the prevention, treatment and control of hypertension in Canada. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22:599-603. [PMID: 16755315 PMCID: PMC2560867 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is one of the leading risk factors for death. Nevertheless, there is a lack of awareness of hypertension as a risk factor, as well as significant misconceptions about hypertension in the Canadian population. Furthermore, according to the Canadian Heart Health Surveys (1985 to 1992), 42% of hypertensive adult Canadians are unaware of their hypertensive status. A collaboration between Blood Pressure Canada, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Canadian Hypertension Society and the Canadian Hypertension Education Program has been formed to improve public and patient awareness and knowledge of hypertension. The effort will involve the translation of Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the prevention and management of hypertension to a public level with a broad and evolving dissemination strategy; the training of health professionals to speak to the public and patients on hypertension, coupled with opportunities to speak in forums organized in their local communities; and, media releases and information on hypertension in association with World Hypertension Day and the release of the annually updated public recommendations. Based on higher rates of awareness of hypertension in countries with sustained public education programs on hypertension, it is anticipated that this evolving program will result in improvement in the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and, ultimately, in lower cardiovascular disease rates in Canada. Public health programs that could reduce the prevalence of hypertension will be integrated into key public recommendations. The program outcomes will be monitored using Statistics Canada national surveys and by specific surveys examining hypertension knowledge in the Canadian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Alberta, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Chockalingam A, Campbell NR. Cost and benefits of blood pressure monitoring and control. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 498:149-54. [PMID: 11900363 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1321-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Chockalingam
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada, Ottawa
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Campbell NR, Jeffrey P, Kiss K, Jones C, Anton AR. Building capacity for awareness and risk factor identification in the community: the blood pressure assessment program of the Calgary Fire Department. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17:1275-9. [PMID: 11773938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1995, the Calgary Fire Department developed a program to assess blood pressure in community fire stations, selected businesses and public venues. The program has gradually expanded. Currently, all 30 fire stations across Calgary, Alberta assess blood pressures for the public seven days per week throughout the year. Since 1995, there have been 10,883 measurements in 3477 people. Most people (2106) assessed had hypertensive readings, and 72 had readings greater than 220 mmHg systolic or greater than 120 mmHg diastolic, and were referred for immediate medical assessment. The program has been recently integrated into a more global vision for the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease in Calgary. Future plans include offering lipid assessments, assisting other communities to adopt the program and using the program to provide physical measures (of blood pressure, glucose, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, height and weight) to an ongoing questionnaire that surveys the health of Calgarians. The history of the program, its training methods, quality control, preliminary results and future plans are presented in detail to provide an example of a community-based program that could aid in the detection, monitoring and awareness of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zarnke KB, Levine M, McAlister FA, Campbell NR, Myers MG, McKay DW, Bolli P, Honos G, Lebel M, Mann K, Wilson TW, Abbott C, Tobe S, Burgess E, Rabkin S. The 2000 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension: part two--diagnosis and assessment of people with high blood pressure. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17:1249-63. [PMID: 11773936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and assessment of high blood pressure in adults. OPTIONS For people with high blood pressure, the assignment of a diagnosis of hypertension depends on the appropriate measurement of blood pressure, the level of the blood pressure elevation, the duration of follow-up and the presence of concomitant vascular risk factors, target organ damage and established atherosclerotic diseases. For people diagnosed with hypertension, defining the overall risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes requires laboratory testing, a search for target organ damage and an assessment of the modifiable causes of hypertension. Out-of-clinic blood pressure assessment and echocardiography are options for selected patients. OUTCOMES People at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and were identified and quantified. EVIDENCE Medline searches were conducted from the period of the last revision of the Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension (May 1998 to October 2000). Reference lists were scanned, experts were polled, and the personal files of the subgroup members and authors were used to identify other studies. All relevant articles were reviewed and appraised, using prespecified levels of evidence, by content experts and methodological experts. VALUES A high value was placed on the identification of people at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS The identification of people at higher risk of cardiovascular disease will permit counselling for lifestyle manoeuvres and the introduction of antihypertensive drugs to reduce blood pressure for patients with sustained hypertension. In certain settings, and for specific classes of drugs, blood pressure lowering has been associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and/or mortality. RECOMMENDATIONS The present document contains detailed recommendations pertaining to aspects of the diagnosis and assessment of patients with hypertension, including the accurate measurement of blood pressure, criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension and recommendations for follow-up, routine and optional laboratory testing, assessment for renovascular hypertension, home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and the role of echocardiography in hypertension. VALIDATION All recommendations were graded according to strength of the evidence and voted on by the Canadian Hypertension Recommendations Working Group. Only the recommendations achieving high levels of consensus are reported here. These guidelines will be updated annually. ENDORSEMENT These recommendations are endorsed by the Canadian Hypertension Society, The Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, The College of Family Physicians of Canada, The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, The Adult Disease Division and Bureau of Cardio-Respiratory Diseases and Diabetes at the Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control of Health Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Zarnke
- Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Durante KM, Whitmore B, Jones CA, Campbell NR. Use of vitamins, minerals and herbs: a survey of patients attending family practice clinics. CLIN INVEST MED 2001; 24:242-9. [PMID: 11603508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the use of vitamin, mineral and herbal supplements in patients attending family practice clinics. DESIGN A prospective 1-year cohort study. SETTING Sixteen family practices in Calgary. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and eighteen patients (more than 18 years of age) were initially interviewed; 12 patients were lost to follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number and type of supplements used, duration of use, sources of patient information, beliefs about supplement efficacy and safety, reporting use to physicians, costs and changes in pattern of use over 1 year. RESULTS Supplement use was unrelated to age, but more women (73%) used supplements than men (44%). Relative to age, more patients younger than 50 years believed supplements were safer than prescription medications (82% v. 43%, p = 0.0005). Younger patients were less likely than those over 50 years old to have received supplement information from physicians (10% v. 37%, p = 0.0008) and were less compliant than older patients with manufacturers' recommended dosages (p = 0.02). Whereas 74% of those over the age of 50 years informed their physician that they used supplements, only 30% of younger patients did so (p = 0.0006). At 1-year follow-up, the number of supplements taken per patient increased (p < 0.05), and there was a tendency for more patients to take supplements (61% v. 70%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients attending family practices in Calgary use vitamin, mineral or herbal supplements, and monitoring of supplement use by health care professionals is minimal. Young patients, in particular, tend not to report their use of supplements. They also believe the supplements are safer and more effective than prescription medications and obtain information from nonmedical sources. Physicians should enhance patient understanding of these products and include supplement use in all medical histories. In particular, younger patients require more reliable information on supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Durante
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alta
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ayala GX, Elder JP, Campbell NR, Engelberg M, Olson S, Moreno C, Serrano V. Nutrition communication for a Latino community: formative research foundations. Fam Community Health 2001; 24:72-87. [PMID: 11563946 DOI: 10.1097/00003727-200110000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Formative research techniques were used to develop a tailored health communication nutrition intervention for Latinas and their families. Members of the target community were recruited to participate in focus groups, depth interviews, and participant observations. Women, in particular, were observed preparing meals in their homes and purchasing groceries. The objective was to identify variables that could be used for targeting, segmenting, and tailoring the intervention. Results from these efforts were used to develop a theory-based intervention, which is described at the conclusion of the article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G X Ayala
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Campbell NR, Nagpal S, Drouin D. Implementing hypertension recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17:851-6. [PMID: 11521126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Campbell NR, Khan N. Cocaine-related vasculitis causing upper-limb peripheral vascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:142. [PMID: 11453718 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
28
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-measurement of blood pressure is commonly performed by those persons with hypertension and is advocated in many national hypertension guidelines. We examined accuracy of readings, patient knowledge, and preparation for readings, technique and equipment. DESIGN The study was a prospective observational design. Sixty-nine hypertensive patients were recruited from a tertiary referral center and by newspaper advertisement. All patients had previously self-measured their blood pressure. The patients initially measured their blood pressure under direct supervision in a clinic using their usual preparation, technique and their own equipment. Then after a five-min rest, blood pressures were measured twice both by research nurse and the patient in an alternating sequence. The nurse used a standardized blood pressure measurement technique. RESULTS Inadequate patient knowledge and performance of measurement technique and inaccurate equipment was common. The average initial patient systolic reading prior to the five-minute rest was higher than that of the trained nurse (9.1 +/- 13 mmHg systolic, p < 0.001 and 1.5 +/- 8.0 mmHg diastolic, p = 0.12). Almost half (42%) of the initial patient blood pressure readings differed in classification of hypertension/normotension from the nurse. The difference between the patient and nurse readings after the five-min rest was 3.8 +/- 11.8 / 1.1 +/- 6.8 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS Care must be taken in interpreting patient self-measured blood pressure unless there has been adequate training and assessment of patient and equipment accuracy. Studies of health care professionals reveal similar problems therefore widespread efforts to standardize blood pressure measurement are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Group, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Campbell NR. An ongoing systematic update of hypertension recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17:521-2. [PMID: 11381273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
|
30
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unintentional injuries are the major cause of death among children, adolescents, and young adults. This article presents an evaluation of an injury-prevention program for 11- to 16-year-old, Hispanic migrant youth. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial with two conditions: first aid and home safety training and tobacco and alcohol prevention. Participants were assessed at baseline, at immediate post-intervention, and at 1-year follow-up. PARTICIPANTS A total of 660 Hispanic adolescent and parent pairs participated in a program entitled Sembrando Salud (sowing the seeds of health). INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of two conditions: first aid and home safety training and tobacco and alcohol prevention. Both groups were exposed to an eight-session, multimedia program presented by bilingual, bicultural college students. The sessions consisted of lectures, discussions, and skills development and practice. OUTCOME MEASURES To examine the efficacy of the first aid and home safety intervention, adolescents were assessed for changes in first aid confidence, knowledge of items in a first aid kit, knowledge of how to respond in an emergency situation, acquisition of a first aid kit, and behavioral skills testing in response to two emergency scenarios. RESULTS Similar changes in confidence were observed in both groups after the intervention. Participants in the first aid and home safety program were better able to identify items to include in a first aid kit, how to respond in an emergency situation, and reported fewer erroneous victim-caring procedures than the tobacco and alcohol prevention group. CONCLUSIONS Sembrando Salud was successful at achieving and maintaining change in confidence and knowledge of first aid and emergency response skills over a yearlong period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McAlister FA, Campbell NR, Zarnke K, Levine M, Graham ID. The management of hypertension in Canada: a review of current guidelines, their shortcomings and implications for the future. CMAJ 2001; 164:517-22. [PMID: 11233874 PMCID: PMC80782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinicians are exposed to numerous hypertension guidelines. However, their enthusiasm for these guidelines, and the impact of the guidelines, appears modest at best. Barriers to the successful implementation of a guideline can be identified at the level of the clinician, the patient or the practice setting; however, the shortcomings of the guidelines themselves have received little attention. In this paper, we review the hypertension guidelines that are most commonly encountered by Canadian clinicians: the "1999 Canadian Recommendations for the Management of Hypertension," "The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" in the United States and the "1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension." The key points of these guidelines are compared and the shortcomings that may impede their ability to influence practice are discussed. The main implications for future guideline developers are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A McAlister
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Campbell NR, Edwards AL, Brant R, Jones C, Mitchell D. Effect on lipid, complete blood count and blood proteins of a standardized preparation for drawing blood: a randomized controlled trial. CLIN INVEST MED 2000; 23:350-4. [PMID: 11152403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare a standardized recommended procedure for drawing blood to measure blood lipid and lipoprotein levels with the procedure commonly used in clinical practice. The aim was to see if hemoconcentration and spuriously elevated lipid levels could be avoided. DESIGN An open randomized crossover clinical trial. SETTING The University of Calgary. PATIENTS Twenty-five patients with dyslipidemia. INTERVENTIONS Blood drawing using a standardized procedure in which the patient remained seated for 5 minutes before blood collection and tourniquet use was minimized or avoided. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in lipid levels between the usual clinical procedure and the recommended procedure for drawing blood. RESULTS Prior to drawing blood, laboratories have sat patients for an average of 1.4 minutes (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.9) and used a tourniquet in every patient. In the standardized procedure, patients rested for an average of 5.6 minutes (95% CI 5.0 to 6.2), and a tourniquet was used briefly in only 3 of 23 patients. There were no differences in lipid and lipoprotein values and no clinically significant difference in hemoglobin or albumin levels or in the calculation of hemoconcentration. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to rest patients and avoid tourniquet use when drawing blood for assessment of lipid levels are unlikely to be useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Calgary, Alta.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Campbell NR. Message from the president. Can J Cardiol 2000; 16:1085. [PMID: 11021951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
|
34
|
Zarnke KB, Campbell NR, McAlister FA, Levine M. A novel process for updating recommendations for managing hypertension: rationale and methods. Can J Cardiol 2000; 16:1094-102. [PMID: 11021953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous hypertension consensus recommendations intended for practising physicians. However, recommendations in their current format have limited impact on improving hypertension control. MATERIALS AND METHODS A group of national societies, headed by the Canadian Hypertension Society, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, and Health Canada has developed strategies to maintain annually updated recommendations for hypertension management and to provide greater opportunities for their implementation into clinical practice. The process is overseen by a steering committee. Subcommittees have been formed for each of a list of topics seen as important to the control of hypertension. The subcommittees, with the aid of a central librarian, conduct annual literature reviews in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration strategies. Modified existing and new recommendations are forwarded to a group with expertise in clinical epidemiology. Grades of evidence are assigned to each recommendation. Revised recommendations based on the above process will be presented annually at the conjoint Canadian Hypertension Society/Canadian Cardiovascular Congress meeting. Under the leadership of the Cardiovascular Disease Division of the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, a committee has been charged with the implementation process. CONCLUSIONS The improvements of the current process over previous national hypertension recommendations are four-fold. First, the recommendations will be updated annually. Second, the methodology has been improved. Third, the grading system can be used in the evaluation of complex study designs. Finally, the implementation process is extended. The authors are optimistic that these changes will contribute to the improvement of hypertension control in the Canadian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Zarnke
- London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital Campus, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Elder JP, Campbell NR, Litrownik AJ, Ayala GX, Slymen DJ, Parra-Medina D, Lovato CY. Predictors of cigarette and alcohol susceptibility and use among Hispanic migrant adolescents. Prev Med 2000; 31:115-23. [PMID: 10938211 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about interpersonal and broader sociocultural factors related to protection from or use of tobacco and alcohol among immigrant adolescents. This study presents the baseline predictors of tobacco and alcohol use and susceptibility to tobacco and alcohol among Hispanic migrant adolescents. METHODS The sample consisted of 660 Hispanic adolescents (51% male) between the ages of 11 and 16 years enrolled in the Migrant Education Program through the County Office of Education. Slightly more than 75% of the study sample was first generation Hispanics and 79% preferred to speak Spanish. An interviewer-administered survey assessed the following information: standard demographic characteristics, modeling of cigarette smoking (including parental and peer smoking), attitudes (including self-standards and anticipated outcomes), acculturation, communication with parents, amount of social support, and satisfaction with social support. RESULTS Significant predictors of susceptibility to tobacco and smoking status included age, gender, attitudes toward cigarettes (e.g., anticipated outcomes, self-standards), satisfaction with social support, and parent-child communication. Factors that were also significant predictors of susceptibility to alcohol and drinking status were age, attitudes toward drinking, satisfaction with social support, and level of parent-child communication. In addition, peer and household use of alcohol predicted adolescent outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results it is suggested that tobacco and alcohol prevention efforts for first-generation Hispanic adolescents should target not only usual concerns (e.g., availability, peer pressure, modeling, expectancies), but also parent-child communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Elder
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Litrownik AJ, Elder JP, Campbell NR, Ayala GX, Slymen DJ, Parra-Medina D, Zavala FB, Lovato CY. Evaluation of a tobacco and alcohol use prevention program for Hispanic migrant adolescents: promoting the protective factor of parent-child communication. Prev Med 2000; 31:124-33. [PMID: 10938212 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions designed to prevent tobacco and alcohol use targeting high-risk adolescents are limited. In addition, few studies have attempted to improve parent-child communication skills as a way of improving and maintaining healthy youth decision-making. METHODS A total of 660 Hispanic migrant families participated in a randomized pre-post control group study that was utilized to determine the impact of the intervention on parent-child communication. Both treatment and attention-control groups of youth were exposed to an eight-session culturally sensitive program presented by bilingual/bicultural college students. Parents jointly attended three of the eight sessions and participated in helping their child complete homework assignments supporting the content of each session. The content of the treatment intervention included (1) information about tobacco and alcohol effects, (2) social skills training (i.e., refusal skills), and (3) the specific development of parent-child communication skills to support healthy youth decisions. RESULTS Significant intervention by household size interactions for both parent and youth perceptions of communication were found indicating that the treatment was effective in increasing communication in families with fewer children. Based on the effect size and the previously established relationship between communication and susceptibility to tobacco and alcohol use, it was determined that the intervention effect could be translated into a future 5 to 10% decrease in susceptibility for these smaller families. CONCLUSIONS A culturally sensitive family-based intervention for migrant Hispanic youth was found to be effective in increasing perceived parent-child communication in families with fewer children. It is expected that increases in this important protective factor will lead to later observed decreases in tobacco and alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Litrownik
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, California 92123, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Campbell NR. New Canadian hypertension recommendations. So what? Can Fam Physician 2000; 46:1413-6, 1418-21. [PMID: 10925753 PMCID: PMC2144850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
38
|
Campbell NR. Hypertension management in clinical practice. Can J Cardiol 2000; 16:574-6. [PMID: 10833535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
|
39
|
Chong DJ, Suchowersky O, Szumlanski C, Weinshilboum RM, Brant R, Campbell NR. The relationship between COMT genotype and the clinical effectiveness of tolcapone, a COMT inhibitor, in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000; 23:143-8. [PMID: 10895397 DOI: 10.1097/00002826-200005000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) have a variable response to tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. In addition, a subset of patients develop severe diarrhea as a side effect. Two codominant alleles for the COMT gene exist, coding for low and high activity, resulting in low-, medium-, and high-activity genotypes. This study investigates the relationship between this variation in genotype and clinical effects in patients with PD taking tolcapone. To investigate the relationship between COMT polymorphism and clinical response, 24 patients who completed tolcapone clinical trials provided blood samples for COMT genotype analysis. Change in levodopa dose and United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III (motor subscale) were analyzed at baseline, at 1-2 weeks, and 6 months after initiation of tolcapone. Genotype analysis was performed on seven patients who had diarrhea as a side effect. There was no significant correlation between genotype and improvement in UPDRS score (p = 0.29) according to a linear models approach that adjusted for the subject's severity of PD, tolcapone dose (either 100 or 200 mg three times daily) and initial differences in baseline scores. No significant difference was seen in change in daily levodopa intake and genotype. There was also no relation between diarrhea and COMT genotype. These results indicate that, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, COMT genotype is not a major contributor to the clinical response to tolcapone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Chong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Campbell NR. Message from the president. Can J Cardiol 2000; 16:392-3. [PMID: 10744804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
|
41
|
Feldman RD, Campbell NR, Larochelle P. Clinical problem solving based on the 1999 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension. CMAJ 1999; 161 Suppl 12:S18-22. [PMID: 10624418 PMCID: PMC1253507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1999 Canadian Recommendations for the Management of Hypertension are notable for the trends that they represent with regard to the evolution of the management of hypertension. Diagnostically, the Recommendations endorse the greater use of non-office-based measures of blood pressure control and greater emphasis on the assessment of other atherosclerotic risk factors, both when considering prognosis in hypertension and in the choice of therapy. On the treatment side of the equation, lower targets for blood pressure control have been advocated in subgroups of hypertensive patients, particularly in those with diabetes and renal disease. In conjunction with the recently published recommendations on lifestyle management, there is a greater emphasis on lifestyle modification, both as initial and adjunctive therapy in hypertension. Implicit in the recommendations for therapy is the principle that for the vast majority of hypertensive patients treated pharmacologically, practitioners should not follow a stepped-care approach. Instead, therapy should be individualized, primarily based on consideration of concurrent diseases, both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular (Tables 1 and 2). Through the consensus process, there was a general appreciation of how far we have come in the development of evidence-based recommendations for hypertension management. However, there was also an increasing appreciation of how far we have to go in effectively translating these recommendations into better blood pressure control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Feldman
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Campbell NR, McKay DW. Accurate blood pressure measurement: why does it matter? CMAJ 1999; 161:277-8. [PMID: 10463050 PMCID: PMC1230505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
|
43
|
Campbell NR. Will lifestyle modifications reduce blood pressure? Can Fam Physician 1999; 45:1640-5. [PMID: 10424255 PMCID: PMC2328395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
44
|
Campbell NR, Ashley MJ, Carruthers SG, Lacourcière Y, McKay DW. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 3. Recommendations on alcohol consumption. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ 1999; 160:S13-20. [PMID: 10333849 PMCID: PMC1230335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on the prevention and control of hypertension in otherwise healthy adults (except pregnant women). OPTIONS There are 2 main options for those at risk for hypertension: avert the condition by limiting alcohol consumption or by using other nonpharmacologic methods, or maintain or increase the risk of hypertension by making no change in alcohol consumption. The options for those who already have hypertension include decreasing alcohol consumption or using another nonpharmacologic method to reduce hypertension; commencing, continuing or intensifying antihypertensive medication; or taking no action and remaining at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. OUTCOMES The health outcomes considered were changes in blood pressure and in morbidity and mortality rates. Because of insufficient evidence, no economic outcomes were considered. EVIDENCE A MEDLINE search was conducted for the period 1966-1996 with the terms ethyl alcohol and hypertension. Other relevant evidence was obtained from the reference lists of articles identified, from the personal files of the authors and through contacts with experts. The articles were reviewed, classified according to study design, and graded according to the level of evidence. VALUES A high value was placed on the avoidance of cardiovascular morbidity and premature death caused by untreated hypertension. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS A reduction in alcohol consumption from more than 2 standard drinks per day reduces the blood pressure of both hypertensive and normotensive people. The lowest overall mortality rates in observational studies were associated with drinking habits that were within these guidelines. Side effects and costs were not measured in any of the studies. RECOMMENDATIONS (1) It is recommended that health care professionals determine how much alcohol their patients consume. (2) To reduce blood pressure in the population at large, it is recommended that alcohol consumption be in accordance with Canadian low-risk drinking guidelines (i.e., healthy adults who choose to drink should limit alcohol consumption to 2 or fewer standard drinks per day, with consumption not exceeding 14 standard drinks per week for men and 9 standard drinks per week for women). (3) Hypertensive patients should also be advised to limit alcohol consumption to the levels set out in the Canadian low-risk drinking guidelines. VALIDATION These recommendations are similar to those of the World Hypertension League, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension and the previous recommendations of the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control and the Canadian Hypertension Society. They have not been clinically tested. The low-risk drinking guidelines are those of the Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario and the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. SPONSORS The Canadian Hypertension Society, the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. The low-risk drinking guidelines have been endorsed by the College of Family Physicians of Canada and several provincial organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Alta
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Leiter LA, Abbott D, Campbell NR, Mendelson R, Ogilvie RI, Chockalingam A. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 2. Recommendations on obesity and weight loss. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ 1999; 160:S7-12. [PMID: 10333848 PMCID: PMC1230334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations concerning the effects of weight loss and maintenance of healthy weight on the prevention and control of hypertension in otherwise healthy adults (except pregnant women). OPTIONS The main options are to attain and maintain a healthy body weight (body mass index [BMI] 20-25 kg/m2) or not to do so. For those at risk for hypertension, weight loss and maintenance of healthy weight may prevent the condition. For those who have hypertension, weight loss and maintenance of healthy weight may reduce or obviate the need for antihypertensive medications. OUTCOMES The health outcome considered was change in blood pressure. Because of insufficient evidence, no economic outcomes were considered. EVIDENCE A MEDLINE search was conducted for the years 1992-1996 with the terms hypertension and obesity in combination and antihypertensive therapy and obesity in combination. Other relevant evidence was obtained from the reference lists of the articles identified, from the personal files of the authors and through contacts with experts. The articles were reviewed, classified according to study design and graded according to level of evidence. VALUES A high value was placed on the avoidance of cardiovascular morbidity and premature death caused by untreated hypertension. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS Weight loss and the maintenance of healthy body weight reduces the blood pressure of both hypertensive and normotensive people. The indirect benefits of a health body weight are well known. The negative effects of weight loss are primarily the frustrations associated with attaining and maintaining a healthy weight. The costs associated with weight loss programs were not measured in the studies reviewed. RECOMMENDATIONS (1) It is recommended that health care professionals determine weight (in kilograms), height (in metres) and BMI for all adults. (2) To reduce blood pressure in the population at large, it is recommended that Canadians attain and maintain a healthy BMI (20-25). (3) All overweight hypertensive patients (BMI greater than 25) should be advised to reduce their weight. VALIDATION These recommendations are similar to those of the World Hypertension League, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension, the Canadian Hypertension Society and the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. They have not been clinically tested. SPONSORS The Canadian Hypertension Society, the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Leiter
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Campbell NR, Burgess E, Taylor G, Wilson E, Cléroux J, Fodor JG, Leiter L, Spence JD. Lifestyle changes to prevent and control hypertension: do they work? A summary of the Canadian consensus conference. CMAJ 1999; 160:1341-3. [PMID: 10333841 PMCID: PMC1230321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Alta
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Campbell NR, Burgess E, Choi BC, Taylor G, Wilson E, Cléroux J, Fodor JG, Leiter LA, Spence D. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 1. Methods and an overview of the Canadian recommendations. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ 1999; 160:S1-6. [PMID: 10333847 PMCID: PMC1230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for health care professionals on lifestyle changes to prevent and control hypertension in otherwise healthy adults (except pregnant women). OPTIONS For people at risk for hypertension, there are a number of lifestyle options that may avert the condition--maintaining a healthy body weight, moderating consumption of alcohol, exercising, reducing sodium intake, altering intake of calcium, magnesium and potassium, and reducing stress. Following these options will maintain or reduce the risk of hypertension. For people who already have hypertension, the options for controlling the condition are lifestyle modification, antihypertensive medications or a combination of these options; with no treatment, these people remain at risk for the complications of hypertension. OUTCOMES The health outcomes considered were changes in blood pressure and in morbidity and mortality rates. Because of insufficient evidence, no economic outcomes were considered. EVIDENCE A MEDLINE search was conducted for the period January 1996 to September 1996 for each of the interventions studied. Reference lists were scanned, experts were polled, and the personal files of the authors were used to identify other studies. All relevant articles were reviewed, classified according to study design and graded according to level of evidence. VALUES A high value was placed on the avoidance of cardiovascular morbidity and premature death caused by untreated hypertension. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS Lifestyle modification by means of weight loss (or maintenance of healthy body weight), regular exercise and low alcohol consumption will reduce the blood pressure of appropriately selected normotensive and hypertensive people. Sodium restriction and stress management will reduce the blood pressure of appropriately selected hypertensive patients. The side effects of these therapies are few, and the indirect benefits are well known. There are certainly costs associated with lifestyle modification, but they were not measured in the studies reviewed. Supplementing the diet with potassium, calcium and magnesium has not been associated with a clinically important reduction in blood pressure in people consuming a healthy diet. RECOMMENDATIONS (1) It is recommended that health care professionals determine the body mass index (weight in kilograms/[height in metres]2) and alcohol consumption of all adult patients and assess sodium consumption and stress levels in all hypertensive patients. (2) To reduce blood pressure in the population at large, it is recommended that Canadians attain and maintain a healthy body mass index. For those who choose to drink alcohol intake should be limited to 2 or fewer standard drinks per day (maximum of 14/week for men and 9/week for women). Adults should exercise regularly. (3) To reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients, individualized therapy is recommended. This therapy should emphasize weight loss for overweight patients, abstinence from or moderation in alcohol intake, regular exercise, restriction of sodium intake and, in appropriate circumstances, individualized cognitive behaviour modification to reduce the negative effects of stress. VALIDATION The recommendations were reviewed by all of the sponsoring organizations and by participants in a satellite symposium of the fourth international Conference on Preventive Cardiology. They are similar to those of the World Hypertension League and the Joint National committee, with the exception of the recommendations on stress management, which are based on new information. They have not been clinically tested. SPONSORS The Canadian Hypertension Society, the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at health Canada, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Alta
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Campbell NR, Myers MG, McKay DW. Is usual measurement of blood pressure meaningful? Blood Press Monit 1999; 4:71-6. [PMID: 10450116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized measurement of blood pressure is widely recommended but rarely applied in usual clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To determine the differences resulting from physicians using standardized and usual (casual) techniques for measurement of blood pressure. METHODS Blood pressures measured by a research nurse, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular mass index were used as standards for comparison. RESULTS Use of casual technique resulted in blood pressure readings higher than those obtained by standardized technique, namely 6.2 (3.1-9.3) systolic and 3.9 (2.4-5.4) diastolic mmHg [means (95% confidence intervals)], and readings that were more variable. Sixty-two patients (42%) were classified normotensive by standardized techniques but hypertensive by physicians casual technique. When standardized technique was used 22 patients (15%) were classified hypertensive but blood pressure readings in normal range were obtained by usual technique. Measurements obtained using standardized technique were less variable and were significantly correlated to left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSION Using standardized technique is important if one is to classify the blood pressures of patients correctly. Use of usual or casual technique results in higher, more variable readings that are not related to left ventricular mass index. Results of this study strongly support recommendations that standardized technique should be used for assessing the cardiovascular risk of all adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Campbell
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Peters GL, Binder SK, Campbell NR. The effect of crossing legs on blood pressure: a randomized single-blind cross-over study. Blood Press Monit 1999; 4:97-101. [PMID: 10450120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a theoretical basis for crossing legs to increase blood pressure, there are no published data addressing this question. As a result guidelines for measurement of blood pressure are not consistent in recommending that patients legs should not be crossed during measurement. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of crossing legs on blood pressure. METHODS Fifty healthy volunteers and 53 patients with hypertension were randomly allocated in a study with a cross-over design to having seated blood pressure measured with their legs in three different positions: feet flat on the floor and legs crossed using two common methods. The blood pressures were assessed by an investigator who was blinded to the leg positions and used a fully automated sphygmomanometer. RESULTS Crossing legs during blood pressure measurement increased systolic (by average 8.1 mmHg, 95% confidence interval 5.1-11.1 mmHg for method 1; 10.5 mmHg, 6.5-14.6 mmHg for method 2) and diastolic (by 4.5 mmHg, 1.5-7.5 mmHg for method 1; 4.0 mmHg, 2.0-6.0 mmHg for method 2) blood pressures in patients who have hypertension. Crossing legs increased systolic blood pressure (by 2.5 mmHg, 1.3)3.8 mmHg for method 1; 2.3 mmHg, 0.9-3.7 mmHg for method 2) in the healthy volunteers but had little effect on diastolic blood pressure. The cardiovascular-risk class increased for a large number of the hypertensive patients but for fewer of the normotensive subjects. CONCLUSIONS Blood pressure increases when legs are crossed and this increases the estimation of cardiovascular risk for many patients. Care should be taken to ensure that the patients feet are flat on the floor when measuring their blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Peters
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
AIMS To determine if iron binds strongly to captopril and reduces captopril absorption. METHODS A variety of in vitro experiments was conducted to examine iron binding to captopril and a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study design was used to assess the in vivo interaction. Captopril (25 mg) was coingested with either ferrous sulphate (300 mg) or placebo by seven healthy adult volunteers. Subjects were phlebotomized and had blood pressure measured at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h post ingestion. A 1 week washout period was used. RESULTS The coingestion of ferrous sulphate and captopril was associated with a 37% (134 ng ml(-1) h, 95% CI 41-228 ng ml(-1) h, P = 0.03) decrease in area under the curve (AUC) for unconjugated plasma captopril. There were no substantial changes in Cmax (mean difference; -32; 95% CI -124-62 ng ml(-1) (P = 0.57)) or in tmax (mean difference; 0; 95% CI -18-18 min (P = 0.65)) for unconjugated captopril when captopril was ingested with iron. There was a statistically insignificant increase in AUC for total plasma captopril of 43% (1312 ng ml(-1) h, 95% CI -827-3451 ng ml(-1) h P = 0.27) when captopril was ingested with iron. The addition of ferric chloride to captopril resulted in the initial rapid formation of a soluble blue complex which rapidly disappeared to be replaced by a white precipitant. The white precipitate was identified as captopril disulphide dimer. There were no significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressures between the treatment and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of ferrous sulphate and iron results in decreased unconjugated captopril levels likely due to a chemical interaction between ferric ion and captopril in the gastrointestinal tract. Care is required when coprescribing captopril and iron salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Schaefer
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|