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Yawoot N, Sengking J, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Melatonin modulates the aggravation of pyroptosis, necroptosis, and neuroinflammation following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in obese rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166785. [PMID: 37302429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is well-established as a common comorbidity in ischemic stroke. The increasing evidence has revealed that it also associates with the exacerbation of brain pathologies, resulting in increasingly severe neurological outcomes following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) damage. Mechanistically, pyroptosis and necroptosis are novel forms of regulated death that relate to the propagation of inflammatory signals in case of cerebral I/R. Previous studies noted that pyroptotic and necroptotic signaling were exacerbated in I/R brain of obese animals and led to the promotion of brain tissue injury. This study aimed to investigate the roles of melatonin on pyroptosis, necroptosis, and pro-inflammatory pathways occurring in the I/R brain of obese rats. Male Wistar rats were given a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce the obese condition, and then were divided into 4 groups: Sham-operated, I/R treated with vehicle, I/R treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg), and I/R treated with glycyrrhizic acid (10 mg/kg). All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion. The development of neurological deficits, cerebral infarction, histological changes, neuronal death, and glial cell hyperactivation were investigated. This study revealed that melatonin effectively improved these detrimental parameters. Furthermore, the processes of pyroptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation were all diminished by melatonin treatment. A summary of the findings is that melatonin effectively reduces ischemic brain pathology and thereby improves post-stroke outcomes in obese rats by modulating pyroptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirakhamon Sengking
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Yawoot N, Sengking J, Wicha P, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Melatonin attenuates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury mediated by GSK-3β and RIP1K. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1818-1832. [PMID: 34825376 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Even though astrocytes have been widely reported to support several brain functions, studies have emerged that they exert deleterious effects on the brain after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on the processes of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, as well as axonal regeneration after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R treated with melatonin, and I/R treated with edaravone. All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion and were continued until the rats were sacrificed on Day 7 or 14 after the surgery. Melatonin presented long-term benefits on cerebral damage after I/R injury, as demonstrated by a decreased infarct volume, histopathological changes, and reduced neuronal cell death. We also found that melatonin attenuated reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation and, consequently, enhanced axonal regeneration and promoted neurobehavioral recovery. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein 1 kinase (RIP1K), which had previously been revealed as proteins involved in astrocyte responses, were significantly reduced after melatonin administration. Taken together, melatonin effectively counteracted the deleterious effects due to astrocyte responses and improved axonal regeneration to promote functional recovery during the chronic phase of cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting GSK-3β and RIP1K activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jirakhamon Sengking
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Piyawadee Wicha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Sengking J, Oka C, Wicha P, Yawoot N, Tocharus J, Chaichompoo W, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus C. Neferine Protects Against Brain Damage in Permanent Cerebral Ischemic Rat Associated with Autophagy Suppression and AMPK/mTOR Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6304-6315. [PMID: 34498225 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neferine is the major alkaloid compound isolated from the seed embryos of lotus. Neferine has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and antiapoptotic effects, and it maintains autophagic balance. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism by which neferine attenuates autophagy after permanent cerebral ischemia in rats. We performed permanent cerebral ischemia in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) for 12 h with or without administration of neferine or nimodipine, a calcium (Ca2+) channel blocker. Neuroprotective effects were determined by evaluating the infarct volume and neurological deficits. Autophagy and its signaling pathway were determined by evaluating the expression of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 class II (LC3-II), and p62 by western blotting. Autophagosomes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Neferine treatment significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological deficits. Neferine significantly attenuated the upregulation of autophagy-associated proteins such as LC3-II, beclin-1, and p62 as well as autophagosome formation, all of which were induced by pMCAO. Neferine exerted remarkable protection against cerebral ischemia, possibly via the regulation of autophagy mediated by the Ca2+-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakhamon Sengking
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chio Oka
- Laboratory of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Piyawadee Wicha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Waraluck Chaichompoo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Abstract
Obesity is a predominant risk factor in ischemic stroke and is commonly comorbid with it. Pathologies following these conditions are associated with systemic and local inflammation. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that the susceptibility for ischemic brain damage increases substantially in experimental models of ischemic stroke with concomitant obesity. Herein, we explore the proinflammatory events that occur during ischemic stroke and obesity, and we discuss the influence of obesity on the inflammatory response and cerebral damage outcomes in experimental models of brain ischemia. In addition, because melatonin is a neurohormone widely reported to exhibit protective effects in various diseases, this study also demonstrates the anti-inflammatory role and possible mechanistic actions of melatonin in both epidemic diseases. A summary of research findings suggests that melatonin administration has great potential to exert an anti-inflammatory role and provide protection against obesity and ischemic stroke conditions. However, the efficacy of this hormonal treatment on ischemic stroke with concomitant obesity, when more serious inflammation is generated, is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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