1
|
Udayagiri R, Yin J, Cai X, Townsend W, Trivedi V, Shende R, Sowande OF, Prosser LA, Pikul JH, Johnson MJ. Towards an AI-driven soft toy for automatically detecting and classifying infant-toy interactions using optical force sensors. Front Robot AI 2024; 11:1325296. [PMID: 38533525 PMCID: PMC10963494 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1325296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is crucial to identify neurodevelopmental disorders in infants early on for timely intervention to improve their long-term outcomes. Combining natural play with quantitative measurements of developmental milestones can be an effective way to swiftly and efficiently detect infants who are at risk of neurodevelopmental delays. Clinical studies have established differences in toy interaction behaviors between full-term infants and pre-term infants who are at risk for cerebral palsy and other developmental disorders. Methods: The proposed toy aims to improve the quantitative assessment of infant-toy interactions and fully automate the process of detecting those infants at risk of developing motor delays. This paper describes the design and development of a toy that uniquely utilizes a collection of soft lossy force sensors which are developed using optical fibers to gather play interaction data from infants laying supine in a gym. An example interaction database was created by having 15 adults complete a total of 2480 interactions with the toy consisting of 620 touches, 620 punches-"kick substitute," 620 weak grasps and 620 strong grasps. Results: The data is analyzed for patterns of interaction with the toy face using a machine learning model developed to classify the four interactions present in the database. Results indicate that the configuration of 6 soft force sensors on the face created unique activation patterns. Discussion: The machine learning algorithm was able to identify the distinct action types from the data, suggesting the potential usability of the toy. Next steps involve sensorizing the entire toy and testing with infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Udayagiri
- Rehabilitation Robotics Lab (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Pikul Research Group (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Yin
- Pikul Research Group (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xinyao Cai
- Pikul Research Group (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Townsend
- Pikul Research Group (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Varun Trivedi
- Rehabilitation Robotics Lab (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rohan Shende
- Rehabilitation Robotics Lab (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - O. Francis Sowande
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura A. Prosser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James H. Pikul
- Pikul Research Group (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michelle J. Johnson
- Rehabilitation Robotics Lab (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Panchal J, Sowande OF, Prosser L, Johnson MJ. Design of pediatric robot to simulate infant biomechanics for neuro-developmental assessment in a sensorized gym. 2022 9th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob) 2022; 2022. [PMID: 37041966 PMCID: PMC10084789 DOI: 10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infants at risk for developmental delays often exhibit postures and movements that may provide a window into potential impairment for cerebral palsy and other neuromotor conditions. We developed a simple 4 DOF robot pediatric simulator to help provide insight into how infant kinematic movements may affect the center of pressure (COP), a common measure thought to be sensitive to neuromotor delay when assessed from supine infants at play. We conducted two experiments: 1) we compared changes in COP caused by limb movements to a human infant and 2) we determined if we could predict COP position due to limb movements using simulator kinematic pose retrieved from video and a sensorized mat. Our results indicate that the limb movements alone were not sufficient to mimic the COP in a human infant. In addition, we show that given a robot simulator and a simple camera, we can predict COP measured by a force sensing mat. Future directions suggest a more complex robot is needed such as one that may include trunk DOF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jal Panchal
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of General Robotics, Automation, Sensing, & Perception (GRASP), University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA
| | - O. Francis Sowande
- University of Pennsylvania,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics,Philadelphia,PA,USA
| | - Laura Prosser
- University of Pennsylvania,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,Department of Pediatrics,Philadelphia,PA,USA
| | - Michelle J. Johnson
- Rehab Robotics Lab (A GRASP Lab), University of Pennsylvania,Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, BioEngineering and Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics,Philadelphia,PA,USA
| |
Collapse
|