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van den Elzen P, Sander T, Palmans H, McManus M, Woodall N, Lee N, Fox OJL, Jones RM, Angal-Kalinin D, Subiel A. Alanine response to low energy synchrotron x-ray radiation. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:065011. [PMID: 36731142 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The radiation response of alanine is very well characterized in the MV photon energy range where it can be used to determine the dose delivered with an accuracy better than 1%, making it suitable as a secondary standard detector in cancer radiation therapy. This is not the case in the very low energy keV x-ray range where the alanine response is affected by large uncertainties and is strongly dependent on the x-ray beam energy. This motivated the study undertaken here.Approach. Alanine pellets with a nominal thickness of 0.5 mm and diameter of 5 mm were irradiated with monoenergetic x-rays at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron, to quantify their response in the 8-20 keV range relative to60Co radiation. The absorbed dose to graphite was measured with a small portable graphite calorimeter, and the DOSRZnrc code in the EGSnrc Monte Carlo package was used to calculate conversion factors between the measured dose to graphite and the absorbed dose to water delivered to the alanine pellets. GafChromic EBT3 films were used to measure the beam profile for modelling in the MC simulations.Main results. The relative responses measured in this energy range were found to range from 0.616 to 0.643, with a combined relative expanded uncertainty of 3.4%-3.5% (k= 2), where the majority of the uncertainty originated from the uncertainty in the alanine readout, due to the small size of the pellets used.Significance. The measured values were in good agreement with previously published data in the overlapping region of x-ray energies, while this work extended the dataset to lower energies. By measuring the response to monoenergetic x-rays, the response to a more complex broad-spectrum x-ray source can be inferred if the spectrum is known, meaning that this work supports the establishment of alanine as a secondary standard dosimeter for low-energy x-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van den Elzen
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - T Sander
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - H Palmans
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - M McManus
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - N Woodall
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - N Lee
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - O J L Fox
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - R M Jones
- University of Manchester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - D Angal-Kalinin
- University of Manchester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Accelerator Science and Technology Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - A Subiel
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
- University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Zhou T, Wang H, Fox OJL, Sawhney KJS. Optimized alignment of X-ray mirrors with an automated speckle-based metrology tool. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:021706. [PMID: 30831677 DOI: 10.1063/1.5057712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray mirrors are widely used in beamlines and laboratories as focusing or collimating optics. As well as the highly accurate processes used to fabricate them, optimized alignment of X-ray mirrors also plays an important role in achieving an ideal X-ray beam. Currently, knife-edge scans are the most often used method for aligning X-ray mirrors, which can characterize the focal size and tune the alignment iteratively. However, knife-edge scanning provides only one-dimensional information and this method suffers from being time-consuming and requiring a high-resolution piezo translation stage. Here we describe a straightforward and non-iterative method for mirror alignment by measuring the relationship between the tilt aberration and the misaligned pitch angle, which is retrieved by an at-wavelength metrology technique using a randomly shaped wavefront modulator. Software and a graphical user interface have been developed to automate the alignment process. Combining the user-friendly interface and the flexibility of the at-wavelength metrology technique, we believe the proposed method and software can benefit researchers working at synchrotron facilities and on laboratory sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhou
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - H Wang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - O J L Fox
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - K J S Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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Rauwolf M, Turyanskaya A, Ingerle D, Szoboszlai N, Pape I, Malandain AW, Fox OJL, Hahn L, Sawhney KJS, Streli C. Characterization of a submicro-X-ray fluorescence setup on the B16 beamline at Diamond Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1189-1195. [PMID: 29979181 PMCID: PMC6038595 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518006203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An X-ray fluorescence setup has been tested on the B16 beamline at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron with two different excitation energies (12.7 and 17 keV). This setup allows the scanning of thin samples (thicknesses up to several micrometers) with a sub-micrometer resolution (beam size of 500 nm × 600 nm determined with a 50 µm Au wire). Sensitivities and detection limits reaching values of 249 counts s-1 fg-1 and 4 ag in 1000 s, respectively (for As Kα excited with 17 keV), are presented in order to demonstrate the capabilities of this setup. Sample measurements of a human bone and a single cell performed at B16 are presented in order to illustrate the suitability of the setup in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - N. Szoboszlai
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - I. Pape
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - A. W. Malandain
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - O. J. L. Fox
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - L. Hahn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. J. S. Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - C. Streli
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Hopper AP, Dugan JM, Gill AA, Fox OJL, May PW, Haycock JW, Claeyssens F. Amine functionalized nanodiamond promotes cellular adhesion, proliferation and neurite outgrowth. Biomed Mater 2014; 9:045009. [PMID: 25029630 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/9/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the production of amine functionalized nanodiamond. The amine functionalized nanodiamond forms a conformal monolayer on a negatively charged surface produced via plasma polymerization of acrylic acid. Nanodiamond terminated surfaces were studied as substrates for neuronal cell culture. NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells were successfully cultured upon amine functionalized nanodiamond coated surfaces for between 1 and 7 d. Additionally, primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells isolated from Wistar rats were also successfully cultured over a period of 21 d illustrating the potential of the coating for applications in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hopper
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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Fox OJL, Alianelli L, Malik AM, Pape I, May PW, Sawhney KJS. Nanofocusing optics for synchrotron radiation made from polycrystalline diamond. Opt Express 2014; 22:7657-7668. [PMID: 24718141 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diamond possesses many extreme properties that make it an ideal material for fabricating nanofocusing x-ray optics. Refractive lenses made from diamond are able to focus x-ray radiation with high efficiency but without compromising the brilliance of the beam. Electron-beam lithography and deep reactive-ion etching of silicon substrates have been used in a transfer-molding technique to fabricate diamond optics with vertical and smooth sidewalls. Latest generation compound refractive lenses have seen an improvement in the quality and uniformity of the optical structures, resulting in an increase in their focusing ability. Synchrotron beamline tests of two recent lens arrays, corresponding to two different diamond morphologies, are described. Focal line-widths down to 210 nm, using a nanocrystalline diamond lens array and a beam energy of E = 11 keV, and 230 nm, using a microcrystalline diamond lens at E = 15 keV, have been measured using the Diamond Light Source Ltd. B16 beamline. This focusing prowess is combined with relatively high transmission through the lenses compared with silicon refractive designs and other diffractive optics.
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