1
|
Eriksson M, Hayat R, Kinsella E, Lewis K, White DCS, Boyd J, Bullen A, Maclean M, Stoddart A, Phair S, Evans H, Noakes J, Alexander D, Keerie C, Linsley C, Milne G, Norrie J, Farrar N, Realpe AX, Donovan JL, Bunch J, Douthwaite K, Temple S, Hogg J, Scott D, Spallone P, Stuart I, Wardlaw JM, Palmer J, Sakka E, Mukerji N, Cirstea E, Davies S, Giannakaki V, Kadhim A, Kennion O, Islam M, Ferguson L, Prasad M, Bacon A, Richards E, Howe J, Kamara C, Gardner J, Roman M, Sikaonga M, Cahill J, Rossdeutsch A, Cahill V, Hamina I, Chaudhari K, Danciut M, Clarkson E, Bjornson A, Bulters D, Digpal R, Ruiz W, Taylor M, Anyog D, Tluchowska K, Nolasco J, Brooks D, Angelopoulou K, Welch B, Broomes N, Fouyas I, MacRaild A, Kaliaperumal C, Teasdale J, Coakley M, Brennan P, Sokol D, Wiggins A, MacDonald M, Risbridger S, Bhatt P, Irvine J, Majeed S, Williams S, Reid J, Walch A, Muir F, van Beijnum J, Leach P, Hughes T, Makwana M, Hamandi K, McAleer D, Gunning B, Walsh D, Wroe Wright O, Patel S, Gurusinghe N, Raza-Knight S, Cromie TL, Brown A, Raj S, Pennington R, Campbell C, Patel S, Colombo F, Teo M, Wildman J, Smith K, Goff E, Stephens D, Borislavova B, Worner R, Buddha S, Clatworthy P, Edwards R, Clayton E, Coy K, Tucker L, Dymond S, Mallick A, Hodnett R, Spickett-Jones F, Grover P, Banaras A, Tshuma S, Muirhead W, Scott Hill C, Shah R, Doke T, Hall R, Coskuner S, Aslett L, Vindlacheruvu R, Ghosh A, Fitzpatrick T, Harris L, Hayton T, Whitehouse A, McDarby A, Hancox R, Auyeung CK, Nair R, Thomas R, McLachlan H, Kountourgioti A, Orjales G, Kruczynski J, Hunter S, Bohnacker N, Marimon R, Parker L, Raha O, Sharma P, Uff C, Boyapati G, Papadopoulos M, Kearney S, Visagan R, Bosetta E, Asif H, Helmy A, Chapas L, Tarantino S, Caldwell K, Guilfoyle M, Agarwal S, Brown D, Holland S, Tajsic T, Fletcher C, Sebyatki A, Ushewokunze S, Ali S, Preston J, Chambers C, Patel M, Holsgrove D, McLaughlan D, Marsden T, Colombo F, Cawley K, Raffalli H, Lee S, Israni A, Dore R, Anderson T, Hennigan D, Mayor S, Glover S, Chavredakis E, Brown D, Sokratous G, Williamson J, Stoneley C, Brodbelt A, Farah JO, Illingworth S, Konteas AB, Davies D, Owen C, Kerr L, Hall P, Al-Shahi Salman R, Forsyth L, Lewis SC, Loan JJM, Neilson AR, Stephen J, Kitchen N, Harkness KA, Hutchinson PJA, Mallucci C, Wade J, White PM. Medical management and surgery versus medical management alone for symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation (CARE): a feasibility study and randomised, open, pragmatic, pilot phase trial. Lancet Neurol 2024:S1474-4422(24)00096-6. [PMID: 38643777 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highest priority uncertainty for people with symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation is whether to have medical management and surgery or medical management alone. We conducted a pilot phase randomised controlled trial to assess the feasibility of addressing this uncertainty in a definitive trial. METHODS The CARE pilot trial was a prospective, randomised, open-label, assessor-blinded, parallel-group trial at neuroscience centres in the UK and Ireland. We aimed to recruit 60 people of any age, sex, and ethnicity who had mental capacity, were resident in the UK or Ireland, and had a symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation. Computerised, web-based randomisation assigned participants (1:1) to medical management and surgery (neurosurgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery) or medical management alone, stratified by the neurosurgeon's and participant's consensus about the intended type of surgery before randomisation. Assignment was open to investigators, participants, and carers, but not clinical outcome event adjudicators. Feasibility outcomes included site engagement, recruitment, choice of surgical management, retention, adherence, data quality, clinical outcome event rate, and protocol implementation. The primary clinical outcome was symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage or new persistent or progressive non-haemorrhagic focal neurological deficit due to cerebral cavernous malformation or surgery during at least 6 months of follow-up. We analysed data from all randomly assigned participants according to assigned management. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN41647111) and has been completed. FINDINGS Between Sept 27, 2021, and April 28, 2023, 28 (70%) of 40 sites took part, at which investigators screened 511 patients, of whom 322 (63%) were eligible, 202 were approached for recruitment, and 96 had collective uncertainty with their neurosurgeon about whether to have surgery for a symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation. 72 (22%) of 322 eligible patients were randomly assigned (mean recruitment rate 0·2 [SD 0·25] participants per site per month) at a median of 287 (IQR 67-591) days since the most recent symptomatic presentation. Participants' median age was 50·6 (IQR 38·6-59·2) years, 68 (94%) of 72 participants were adults, 41 (57%) were female, 66 (92%) were White, 56 (78%) had a previous intracranial haemorrhage, and 28 (39%) had a previous epileptic seizure. The intended type of surgery before randomisation was neurosurgical resection for 19 (26%) of 72, stereotactic radiosurgery for 44 (61%), and no preference for nine (13%). Baseline clinical and imaging data were complete for all participants. 36 participants were randomly assigned to medical management and surgery (12 to neurosurgical resection and 24 to stereotactic radiosurgery) and 36 to medical management alone. Three (4%) of 72 participants withdrew, one was lost to follow-up, and one declined face-to-face follow-up, leaving 67 (93%) retained at 6-months' clinical follow-up. 61 (91%) of 67 participants with follow-up adhered to the assigned management strategy. The primary clinical outcome occurred in two (6%) of 33 participants randomly assigned to medical management and surgery (8·0%, 95% CI 2·0-32·1 per year) and in two (6%) of 34 participants randomly assigned to medical management alone (7·5%, 1·9-30·1 per year). Investigators reported no deaths, no serious adverse events, one protocol violation, and 61 protocol deviations. INTERPRETATION This pilot phase trial exceeded its recruitment target, but a definitive trial will require extensive international engagement. FUNDING National Institute for Health and Care Research.
Collapse
|
2
|
Raha O, Hall C, Malik A, D'Anna L, Lobotesis K, Kwan J, Banerjee S. Advances in mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke. BMJ Med 2023; 2:e000407. [PMID: 37577026 PMCID: PMC10414072 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy is a ground breaking treatment for acute ischaemic stroke caused by occlusion of a large vessel. Its efficacy over intravenous thrombolysis has been proven in multiple trials with a lower number needed to treat than percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. However, access to this key treatment modality remains limited with a considerable postcode lottery across the UK and many parts of the world. The evidence base for mechanical thrombectomy dates back to 2015. Since then, there have been important advances in establishing and widening the criteria for treatment. This narrative review aims to summarise the current evidence base and latest advances for physicians and academics with an interest in recanalisation treatments for acute ischaemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oishik Raha
- Imperial Stroke Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Charles Hall
- Interventional Neuroradiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Abid Malik
- Imperial Stroke Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucio D'Anna
- Imperial Stroke Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriakos Lobotesis
- Interventional Neuroradiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Kwan
- Imperial Stroke Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Imperial Stroke Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malik A, Drumm B, D’Anna L, Brooks I, Low B, Raha O, Shabbir K, Vittay O, Kwan J, Brown Z, Halse O, Jamil S, Kalladka D, Venter M, Jenkins H, Rane N, Singh A, Patel M, Hall C, Fatania G, Roi D, Lobotesis K, Banerjee S. Correction: Mechanical thrombectomy in acute basilar artery stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:496. [PMID: 36539733 PMCID: PMC9764476 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-03015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Malik
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Brian Drumm
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Lucio D’Anna
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Isabelle Brooks
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Benjamin Low
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Oishik Raha
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Khawar Shabbir
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Orsolya Vittay
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Joseph Kwan
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Zoe Brown
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Omid Halse
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Sohaa Jamil
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Dheeraj Kalladka
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Marius Venter
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Harri Jenkins
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Neil Rane
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Abhinav Singh
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Maneesh Patel
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Charles Hall
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Gavin Fatania
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Dylan Roi
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Kyriakos Lobotesis
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| | - Soma Banerjee
- grid.413820.c0000 0001 2191 5195Stroke Centre, Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malik A, Drumm B, D’Anna L, Brooks I, Low B, Raha O, Shabbir K, Vittay O, Kwan J, Brown Z, Halse O, Jamil S, Kalladka D, Venter M, Jenkins H, Rane N, Singh A, Patel M, Hall C, Fatania G, Roi D, Lobotesis K, Banerjee S. Mechanical thrombectomy in acute basilar artery stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:415. [PMID: 36352362 PMCID: PMC9644544 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evidence for mechanical thrombectomy in acute basilar artery occlusion has until now remained inconclusive with basilar artery strokes associated with high rates of death and disability. This systematic review and meta-analysis will summarize the available evidence for the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy in acute basilar artery occlusion compared to best medical therapy. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials using Embase, Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to summarize the effect estimates for each outcome. Results We performed a random effects (Mantel-Haenszel) meta-analysis of the four included randomized controlled trials comprising a total of 988 participants. We found a statistically significant improvement in the rates of those with a good functional outcome (mRS 0–3, RR 1.54, 1.16–2.06, p = 0.003) and functional independence (mRS 0–2, RR 1.69, 1.05–2.71, p = 0.03) in those who were treated with thrombectomy when compared to best medical therapy alone. Thrombectomy was associated with a higher level of sICH (RR 7.12, 2.16–23.54, p = 0.001) but this was not reflected in a higher mortality rate, conversely the mortality rate was significantly lower in the intervention group (RR 0.76, 0.65–0.89, p = 0.0004). Conclusions Our meta-analysis of the recently presented randomized controlled studies is the first to confirm the disability and mortality benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in basilar artery stroke. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02953-2.
Collapse
|
5
|
Perryman R, Zeng Q, Raha O, O’Neill K, Scheck A, Syed N. EXTH-41. THE microRNA miR-138 MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF METABOLIC KETOSIS ON MALIGNANT GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We and others have demonstrated that altering metabolism through the use of a ketogenic diet (KD) has numerous effects in mouse models of malignant glioma including slowed growth, reduced hypoxia and angiogenesis, enhanced survival and potentiation of the effects of radiation and chemotherapy. These effects are recapitulated in vitro when the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is added to mouse and human malignant glioma cells grown under high glucose conditions. BHB has been demonstrated to be an epigenetic modifier, providing a potential mechanism for the pluripotent effects of ketones even in the presence of high glucose. Therefore, we have analyzed alterations in microRNA (miRNA) expression in tumors and cells treated with a KD or BHB, respectively. MicroRNAs are short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally control gene expression. Each miRNA can affect the expression of many genes and they are implicated in all hallmarks of cancer. We found a number of miRNAs deregulated in tumor tissue from mice fed a KD, particularly mmu-miR-138 which was increased over 30-fold relative to tumors from mice fed a standard diet. MiR-138 is involved in a variety of anti-tumor effects that correlate with our data from KD treated gliomas. We have shown that ketones radiosensitize glioma cells, potentially through a reduction in DNA damage repair. MiR-138 has been shown to reduce the expression of H2AX which plays a key role in sensing and repairing DNA damage. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is also a target of miR-138, and we have demonstrated a reduction in hypoxia, angiogenesis and the expression of HIF-1α in tumors from mice fed a KD. Furthermore, when we genetically engineered tumor cells to express miR-138 and injected them into mice, only necrotic tumor foci were found. Thus, we suggest that miR-138 is an important regulatory mechanism for the anti-tumor actions of metabolic ketosis in glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adrienne Scheck
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patrick Y, Lee A, Raha O, Pillai K, Gupta S, Sethi S, Mukeshimana F, Gerard L, Moghal M, Saleh S, Smith S, Morrell M, Moss J. Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in university students. Sleep Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Patrick Y, Lee A, Raha O, Pillai K, Gupta S, Sethi S, Mukeshimana F, Gerard L, Moghal MU, Saleh SN, Smith SF, Morrell MJ, Moss J. Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in university students. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2017; 15:217-225. [PMID: 28680341 PMCID: PMC5489575 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-017-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is common among university students, and has been associated with poor academic performance and physical dysfunction. However, current literature has a narrow focus in regard to domains tested, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a night of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in students. A randomized controlled crossover study was carried out with 64 participants [58% male (n = 37); 22 ± 4 years old (mean ± SD)]. Participants were randomized into two conditions: normal sleep or one night sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was monitored using an online time-stamped questionnaire at 45 min intervals, completed in the participants' homes. The outcomes were cognitive: working memory (Simon game© derivative), executive function (Stroop test); and physical: reaction time (ruler drop testing), lung function (spirometry), rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, and blood pressure during submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Data were analysed using paired two-tailed T tests and MANOVA. Reaction time and systolic blood pressure post-exercise were significantly increased following sleep deprivation (mean ± SD change: reaction time: 0.15 ± 0.04 s, p = 0.003; systolic BP: 6 ± 17 mmHg, p = 0.012). No significant differences were found in other variables. Reaction time and vascular response to exercise were significantly affected by sleep deprivation in university students, whilst other cognitive and cardiopulmonary measures showed no significant changes. These findings indicate that acute sleep deprivation can have an impact on physical but not cognitive ability in young healthy university students. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of change and the impact of longer term sleep deprivation in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Patrick
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Alice Lee
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Oishik Raha
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Kavya Pillai
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Shubham Gupta
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Sonika Sethi
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Felicite Mukeshimana
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Lothaire Gerard
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Mohammad U Moghal
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Sleep and Ventilation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
| | - Sohag N Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Susan F Smith
- Medical Education Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2DD UK
| | - Mary J Morrell
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Sleep and Ventilation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
| | - James Moss
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Sleep and Ventilation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
| |
Collapse
|