Smart Design of a pH-Responsive System Based on pHLIP-Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles for Tumor MRI

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) are often used to design agents enhancing contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can be considered as one of the efficient methods for cancer diagnostics. At present, increasing the specificity of the MRI contrast agent accumulation in tumor tissues remains an open question and attracts the attention of a wide range of researchers. One of the modern methods for enhancing the efficiency of contrast agents is the use of molecules for tumor acidic microenvironment targeting, for example, pH-low insertion peptide (pHLIP). We designed novel organosilicon MNPs covered with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and covalently modified by pHLIP. To study the specific features of the binding of pHLIP-modified MNPs to cells, we also obtained nanoconjugates with Cy5 fluorescent dye embedded in the SiO2 shell. The nanoconjugates obtained were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflection (ATR), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV and fluorescence spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), CHN elemental analyses, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Low cytotoxicity and high specificity of cellular uptake of pHLIP-modified MNPs at pH 6.4 versus 7.4 (up to 23-fold) were demonstrated in vitro. The dynamics of the nanoconjugate accumulation in the 4T1 breast cancer orthotopically grown in BALB/c mice and MDA-MB231 xenografts was evaluated in MRI experiments. Biodistribution and biocompatibility studies of the obtained nanoconjugate showed no pathological change in organs and in the blood biochemical parameters of mice after MNP administration. A high accumulation rate of pHLIP-modified MNPs in tumor compared with PEGylated MNPs after their intravenous administration was demonstrated. Thus, we propose a promising approach to design an MRI agent with the tumor acidic microenvironment targeting ability.

Variation in tumor pH affects pH-triggered delivery of peptide-modified magnetic nanoparticles

Acidification of the extracellular matrix, an intrinsic characteristic of many solid tumors, is widely exploited for physiologically triggered delivery of contrast agents, drugs, and nanoparticles to tumor. However, pH of tumor microenvironment shows intra- and inter-tumor variation. Herein, we investigate the impact of this variation on pH-triggered delivery of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with pH-(low)-insertion peptide (pHLIP). Fluorescent flow cytometry, laser confocal scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy data proved that pHLIP-conjugated MNPs interacted with 4T1 cells in two-dimensional culture and in spheroids more effectively at pH 6.4 than at pH 7.2, and entered the cell via clathrin-independent endocytosis. The accumulation efficiency of pHLIP-conjugated MNPs in 4T1 tumors after their intravenous injection, monitored in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging, showed variation. Analysis of the tumor pH profiles recorded with implementation of original nanoprobe pH sensor, revealed obvious correlation between pH measured in the tumor with the amount of accumulated MNPs.

pH-triggered delivery of magnetic nanoparticles depends on tumor volume

Nowadays there is growing recognition of the fact that biological systems have a greater impact on nanoparticle target delivery in tumors than nanoparticle design. Here we investigate the targeted delivery of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with pH-low-insertion peptide (MNP-pHLIP) on orthotopically induced MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts of varying volumes as a model of cancer progression. Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and subsequent determination of iron content in tumor samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy we found that MNP-pHLIP accumulation depends on tumor volume. Transmission electron microscopy, histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining of tumor samples suggest that blood vessel distribution is the key factor in determining the success of the accumulation of nanoparticles in tumors.