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Bayat A, Razzaghi A, Sari M, Kairenius P, Tröscher A, Trevisi E, Vilkki J. The effect of dietary rumen-protected trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid or a milk fat-depressing diet on energy metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3032-3048. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kairenius P, Qin N, Tapio I, Mäntysaari P, Franco M, Lidauer P, Stefański T, Lidauer M, Junnikkala S, Niku M, Kettunen H, Rinne M. The effects of dietary resin acid inclusion on productive, physiological and rumen microbiome responses of dairy cows during early lactation. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leskinen H, Ventto L, Kairenius P, Shingfield KJ, Vilkki J. Temporal changes in milk fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5148-5160. [PMID: 30904304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in lactating cows has been attributed to alterations in ruminal lipid metabolism leading to the formation of specific fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation intermediates that directly inhibit milk fat synthesis. However, the mechanisms responsible for decreased lipid synthesis in the mammary gland over time are not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet on milk FA composition and milk fat production over time, especially during MFD, and explore the associations between MFD and FA biohydrogenation intermediates in omasal digesta and milk. Four lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d experimental periods were fed diets formulated to cause differences in ruminal and mammary lipid metabolism. Treatments consisted of an iso-nitrogenous total mixed ration based on grass silage with a forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 without added oil, or with sunflower oil at 50 g/kg of diet dry matter. The high-concentrate diet with sunflower oil (HSO) induced a 2-stage drop in milk fat synthesis that was accompanied by specific temporal changes in the milk FA composition. The MFD on HSO was associated especially with trans-10 18:1 and also with trans-9,cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and omasal digesta across all diets and was accompanied by the appearance of trans-10,cis-15 18:2. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA was increased in HSO, but milk fat secretion was not associated with omasal or milk trans-10,cis-12 CLA. The temporal changes in milk fat content and yield and milk FA composition reflect the shift from the predominant ruminal biohydrogenation pathway to an alternative pathway. The ambiguous role of trans-10,cis-12 CLA suggests that trans-10 18:1, trans-9,cis-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-15 18:2 or additional mechanisms contributed to the diet-induced MFD in lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leskinen
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - L Ventto
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P Kairenius
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - J Vilkki
- Animal Genetics, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Kairenius P, Leskinen H, Toivonen V, Muetzel S, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Wallace R, Shingfield K. Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3021-3035. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bayat AR, Ventto L, Kairenius P, Stefański T, Leskinen H, Tapio I, Negussie E, Vilkki J, Shingfield KJ. Dietary forage to concentrate ratio and sunflower oil supplement alter rumen fermentation, ruminal methane emissions, and nutrient utilization in lactating cows. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:277-286. [PMID: 32704652 PMCID: PMC7205341 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of supplementing high- or low-concentrate diets with sunflower oil (SO) on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and ruminal methane (CH4) emissions in lactating cows were examined. Four multiparous Nordic Red dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d periods. Experimental treatments comprised iso-nitrogenous total mixed rations based on grass silage with forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 supplemented with 0 or 50 g/kg diet DM of SO. Apparent ruminal OM and starch digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) with high- than low-concentrate diets but was unaffected by SO. Inclusion of SO in high-concentrate diet decreased (P ≤ 0.05) apparent total tract OM, fiber, and GE, and apparent ruminal fiber digestibility. High-concentrate diets and SO shifted (P < 0.05) fiber digestion from rumen to the hindgut. High-concentrate diet resulted in a lower rumen pH and elevated total rumen VFA concentration compared with low-concentrate diet, whereas SO increased rumen pH and decreased rumen VFA concentration when included in high-, but not low-concentrate diet (P < 0.05 for interaction). High-concentrate diet reduced rumen ammonia-N (P < 0.01) and molar proportion of acetate to propionate (P < 0.01), and decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal CH4 emissions when expressed as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen. With both low- and high-concentrate diets, SO reduced (P < 0.05) daily emissions of CH4 as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen, but SO reduced CH4 emissions expressed as g/kg OM intake, OM digested in total digestive tract, energy-corrected milk or % of GE intake only with low-concentrate diet (P ≤ 0.05 for interaction). In conclusion, replacing grass silage with concentrates led to a reduction in daily ruminal CH4 emissions that were accompanied by a shift in rumen fermentation toward the synthesis of propionate, and decreases in rumen pH and fiber digestion. Sunflower oil was effective in reducing daily CH4 emissions in lactating cows which was accompanied by a noticeable lower feed intake with high- but not low-concentrate diet. Overall the effects of SO and greater proportion of concentrates in the diet on daily CH4 emissions were additive but the additivity declined or vanished when different indices of CH4 emission intensity were considered. Consequently, SO was more effective in reducing CH4 emissions when low-concentrate diet was fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bayat
- Milk Production Solutions, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - L Ventto
- Milk Production Solutions, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P Kairenius
- Milk Production Solutions, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - T Stefański
- Milk Production Solutions, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - H Leskinen
- Milk Production Solutions, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - I Tapio
- Animal Genomics, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - E Negussie
- Biometrical Genetics, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - J Vilkki
- Animal Genomics, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production Solutions, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Kairenius P, Ärölä A, Leskinen H, Toivonen V, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Hurme T, Griinari J, Shingfield K. Dietary fish oil supplements depress milk fat yield and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5653-71. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bayat AR, Kairenius P, Stefański T, Leskinen H, Comtet-Marre S, Forano E, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Shingfield KJ. Effect of camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3166-81. [PMID: 25726099 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dietary supplements of 2 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or camelina oil to lower ruminal methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production and the associated effects on animal performance, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial populations, nutrient metabolism, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of cows fed grass silage-based diets were examined. Four Finnish Ayrshire cows (53±7 d in milk) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4×4 Latin square with four 42-d periods. Cows received a basal total mixed ration (control treatment) with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio [on a dry matter (DM) basis] containing grass silage, the same basal total mixed ration supplemented with 1 of 2 live yeasts, A or B, administered directly in the rumen at 10(10) cfu/d (treatments A and B), or supplements of 60g of camelina oil/kg of diet DM that replaced concentrate ingredients in the basal total mixed ration (treatment CO). Relative to the control, treatments A and B had no effects on DM intake, rumen fermentation, ruminal gas production, or apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. In contrast, treatment CO lowered DM intake and ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, responses associated with numerical nonsignificant decreases in total-tract organic matter digestibility, but no alterations in rumen fermentation characteristics or changes in the total numbers of rumen bacteria, methanogens, protozoa, and fungi. Compared with the control, treatment CO decreased the yields of milk, milk fat, lactose, and protein. Relative to treatment B, treatment CO improved nitrogen utilization due to a lower crude protein intake. Treatment A had no influence on milk FA composition, whereas treatment B increased cis-9 10:1 and decreased 11-cyclohexyl 11:0 and 24:0 concentrations. Treatment CO decreased milk fat 8:0 to 16:0 and total saturated FA, and increased 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, conjugated linoleic acid, 18:3n-3, and trans FA concentrations. Decreases in ruminal CH4 production to treatment CO were related, at least in part to lowered DM intake, whereas treatments had no effect on ruminal CH4 emission intensity (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake or milk yield). Results indicated that live yeasts A and B had no influence on animal performance, ruminal gas production, rumen fermentation, or nutrient utilization in cows fed grass silage-based diets. Dietary supplements of camelina oil decreased ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, but also lowered the yields of milk and milk constituents due to an adverse effect on intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bayat
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - P Kairenius
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - T Stefański
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - H Leskinen
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - S Comtet-Marre
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - E Forano
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - F Chaucheyras-Durand
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France; Lallemand Animal Nutrition, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - K J Shingfield
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
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Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Kairenius P, Ahvenjärvi S, Toivonen V, Huhtanen P, Vanhatalo A, Givens D, Shingfield K. Effect of forage conservation method on plasma lipids, mammary lipogenesis, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5267-89. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Kairenius P, Ahvenjärvi S, Crosley LK, Muetzel S, Huhtanen P, Vanhatalo A, Toivonen V, Wallace RJ, Shingfield KJ. Effect of forage conservation method on ruminal lipid metabolism and microbial ecology in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2428-2447. [PMID: 23375967 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of forage conservation method on ruminal lipid metabolism and microbial ecology was examined in 2 complementary experiments in cows. Treatments comprised fresh chopped grass, barn-dried hay, or untreated (UTS) or formic acid-treated silage (FAS) prepared from the same grass sward. Preparation of conserved forages coincided with the collection of samples from cows offered fresh grass. In the first experiment, 5 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (229 d in milk) were used to compare the effects of feeding diets based on grass followed by hay during 2 consecutive 14-d periods separated by a 5-d transition during which extensively wilted grass was fed. In the second experiment, 5 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (53 d in milk) were assigned to 1 of 2 blocks and allocated treatments according to a replicated 3×3 Latin square design with 14-d periods to compare the effects of hay, UTS, and FAS. Cows received 7 or 9 kg/d of the same concentrate in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Conservation of grass by drying, but not ensiling, decreased forage fatty acid content primarily due to losses of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Compared with grass, feeding hay had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI), rumen pH, or fermentation characteristics, other than increasing ammonia content, but lowered whole-tract organic matter and fiber digestibility (experiment 1). Relative to hay, silage increased DMI, rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and molar proportions of butyrate, and decreased molar acetate proportions (experiment 2). Compared with UTS, FAS increased DMI, had no effect on rumen ammonia or VFA concentrations, but tended to lower rumen pH and the molar ratio of lipogenic to glucogenic VFA. Conservation method had no substantial effect on ruminal or whole-tract digestibility coefficients. Compared with fresh grass and silages, hay decreased lipolysis and biohydrogenation (BH) of dietary unsaturates in the rumen, resulting in similar flows of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, but lower amounts of trans-11 18:1 and Δ11,13 18:2 at the omasum. The extent of silage fermentation had minimal influence on ruminal lipid metabolism. Treatments were not associated with changes in the relative abundance of specific bacteria known to be capable of BH or rumen protozoal numbers. In conclusion, conservation method altered forage lipids, the extent of lipolysis and BH in the rumen, and the flow of fatty acids at the omasum, in the absence of substantial changes in ruminal Butyrivibrio populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Kairenius
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - L K Crosley
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - S Muetzel
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - P Huhtanen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Toivonen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - R J Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - K J Shingfield
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Hristov A, Domitrovich C, Wachter A, Cassidy T, Lee C, Shingfield K, Kairenius P, Davis J, Brown J. Effect of replacing solvent-extracted canola meal with high-oil traditional canola, high-oleic acid canola, or high-erucic acid rapeseed meals on rumen fermentation, digestibility, milk production, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4057-74. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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