Efficacy and complications of transposition surgery in Duane esotropia syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To study the long-term efficacy and the complications of several transposition techniques for the treatment of Duane syndrome. These included, full vertical rectus transposition, partial vertical rectus transposition, transposition without muscle disinsertion, and superior rectus transposition.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A retrospective study of the patients diagnosed with Duane syndrome, and who underwent any of the different transposition techniques associated or not to the medial rectus recession with a follow-up longer than 12 months. A good result was considered a final deviation≤10 prism dioptres (pd) in primary position, anomalous head posture<10°, and an improvement of the abduction without diplopia.

RESULTS

Seven cases were included (6 women, 6 unilateral), and a mean age of 37.71 years. Pre-operative central gaze esotropia of 28±11.68pd decreased to 6±4.62pd at the final visit (P=.009). The anomalous head posture decreased in 6 patients, and the abduction improved one degree from -3.14 to -2.14 (mean). An induced vertical deviation≤8pd was observed in 4 cases. None experienced diplopia at the final visit. The percentage of reoperations was 71.42%. Only 28.57% had a favourable outcome with a single surgery, which increased to 71.42% with further surgeries at the final follow-up. Mean evolution time was 52±31.65 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Vertical rectus transpositions in Duane syndrome with moderate or severe clinical signs have only been effective in a small percentage of the cases. Most of them required further surgeries to resolve the complications or the under-corrections.

Unilateral accommodation spasm: Case report and literature review

This case report describes a probable unilateral accommodation spasm in a 10 year-old girl with no significant medical history. The right eye showed decreased visual acuity, 0.2 to 0.6 for far distance and 0.125 for near distance. Refraction without cycloplegia showed myopization up to -6 and cycloplegic refraction of+0.50. The patient had normal ocular motility, orthophoria, normal pupil reflex, normal anterior and posterior segments, normal optical coherence tomography. Neurophysiological tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging were all normal. Treatment with atropine 1% drops for 15 days improved distance visual acuity to 0.8. Accommodation spasm is a rare condition and is usually bilateral. Imaging test are necessary because it may be associated with ocular or head trauma. Treatment consists of cycloplegic drugs (atropine, cyclopentolate); however, there is no defined guideline.

Causes and surgical treatment of diplopia and strabismus secondary to myasthenia gravis

OBJECTIVE

To present a report of the ocular motility disorders, treatment and outcomes of myasthenia gravis (MG).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A retrospective study was performed on the data of patients with MG. An evaluation was made using mean age, gender, initial diagnosis, ocular deviation, time of onset of clinical characteristics, treatment and results. Resolution of diplopia and/or ocular deviation in primary and reading gaze was considered a good outcome at the end of follow-up.

RESULTS

A total of 14 cases were included. The mean age of the sample was 55.64 years, of which 9 were women, and 10 cases were bilateral. The diagnosis was made by ophthalmologists in 4 cases. The initial diagnoses were diverse: bilateral cranial third nerve palsy in 3, unilateral third nerve palsy in 1, superior or inferior rectus palsy in 3, sixth nerve palsy in 2, fourth nerve palsy in 1, exotropia in 3 and esotropia in 1. Diplopia was presented in 14 cases and 9 associated ptosis. The different types of strabismus were horizontal ocular deviation in 11 cases: 8 with exotropia, and 4 with vertical deviation. Strabismus surgery was performed in 4 cases that did not respond to medical treatment, with a good final outcome. Pharmacological treatment resolved diplopia in 6 cases, and prisms in one. Ptosis surgery was only necessary in one patient. Outcome was favourable in 78.57% at the end of follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Acute onset diplopia caused by strabismus with variable angle or oculomotor palsy, associated or not with a ptosis can indicate MG. There were favourable outcomes with strabismus surgery. Pharmacological treatment did not resolve the diplopia in all cases.

Indications and outcome of vertical rectus partial recessions

OBJECTIVE

To assess the indications and results obtained with partial vertical recti recessions in patients with diplopia and small-angle vertical strabismus (≤10 dp).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on 9 patients that were operated on with partial temporal or nasal recession of the superior (SR) or inferior rectus (IR), during 2017. A good outcome was considered when diplopia was resolved in primary position and infraversion, at the end of follow-up.

RESULTS

A total of 9 cases were included, with a mean age 66.3 years (55.5% women), diagnosed with sixth nerve palsy (3), incomplete third nerve palsy (2), sagging eye (2), age related strabismus (1), and restrictive strabismus post-retinal surgery (1). Mean preoperative vertical deviation was 8.2 dp in primary position and the post-operative vertical deviation was 0.8 dp (mean difference was statistically significant, P=.007). In 4 cases, the SR was operated on (temporal pole in 3 and nasal in 1). The IR was operated on in 5 patients (temporal pole in 4 and nasal in 1). Mean recession was 3.77mm. In 55.5% of case diplopia was eliminated, and in a 33.3% a well-tolerated, intermittent diplopia persisted. A good outcome was obtained in 88.8% of the cases at the end of follow-up (mean: 7. 1 months), with no over-corrections.

CONCLUSIONS

Partial SR or IR recessions obtained good results in most of the cases with small angle vertical strabismus and diplopia. Although post-operative torsion or modification of the pre-operative torsion was not observed, a prior study should be made of torsion.

Age-related distance esotropia: Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To describe the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of a group of patients with age-related distance esotropia (ARDE).

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on a consecutive case series of 16 adult patients diagnosed with ARDE between 2008 and 2015. The clinical features evaluated included mean age and gender, primary position deviations at distance and near, measured in prism dioptres (pd), treatment offered in each case, and post-surgical deviations. Ductions and versions were full, with no evidence of lateral rectus paresis. None of these patients had any obvious underlying neurological disorder, such as, high myopia or thyroid disease. A good result is considered to be the disappearance of diplopia in all positions of gaze.

RESULTS

A total of 16 patients (11 females [68.8%]) were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 78.19±6.77 years. The mean initial esodeviation was 2.25±3.08 pd at near (-4 to +8 pd) and 9.5±4.18 pd at distance (2 to 18 pd). Treatment was not necessary in 5 cases because the symptoms were intermittent or well-tolerated. Of the 11 patients with symptoms, one was corrected with an external base therapeutic prism. Botulinum toxin was administered in another patient, without satisfactory results. Unilateral medial rectus muscle recession was performed on one patient, and unilateral lateral rectus plication on 7 patients, indicating prisms before surgery. One patient refused surgery despite continuous diplopia in far vision. After a mean follow-up of 16.5 months, all operated patients were asymptomatic.

CONCLUSIONS

Not all patients with ARDE require treatment, as the tolerance to diplopia varies from one subject to another. Both medial rectus weakening and lateral rectus strengthening provides excellent results.

[Consecutive exotropia surgery]

PURPOSE

To evaluate the factors involved in the development of consecutive exotropia (XTc), and the surgical procedures used for its treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective study on 30 patients who underwent surgery for XTc was carried out in our Department. The following characteristics were studied prior to surgery: anamnesis, refraction, deviation angle measurement, detection of amblyopia and diplopia prior to the operation, abnormal head posture rotations and presence of any vertical deviation and anisotropy. The surgical technique used was individually considered for each patient and included bilateral lateral rectus recessions and/or unilateral medial rectus advancement to its/their original insertion site.

RESULTS

Before surgery, 53.33% of our patients showed amblyopia, 66.66% of them showed rotation limitation, 46.66% showed dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), 20% had abnormal head posture and 10% diplopia. <<Good>> results (residual deviation of 10 prism diopters or less) were obtained in 70% of our patients. More than half of our cases were corrected with one single procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of amblyopia, rotation limitations and vertical deviations (DVD and/or alphabetical syndromes) were found to be the most common factors in the development of a XTc in our study. The results indicate that a residual angle less than 10 prism diopters is obtained in 70% of our patients. The technique of choice is a bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession for deviations up to 35 prism diopters. The association of an advancement of one or both medial rectus muscles is necessary when the initial deviation exceeds 35 prism diopters.