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Boss R, Cosandey A, Luini M, Artursson K, Bardiau M, Breitenwieser F, Hehenberger E, Lam T, Mansfeld M, Michel A, Mösslacher G, Naskova J, Nelson S, Podpečan O, Raemy A, Ryan E, Salat O, Zangerl P, Steiner A, Graber HU. Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:515-28. [PMID: 26601578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is globally one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in cattle. Previous studies using ribosomal spacer (RS)-PCR, however, demonstrated in Swiss cows that Staph. aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections are genetically heterogeneous, with Staph. aureus genotype B (GTB) and GTC being the most prominent genotypes. Furthermore, Staph. aureus GTB was found to be contagious, whereas Staph. aureus GTC and all the remaining genotypes were involved in individual cow disease. In addition to RS-PCR, other methods for subtyping Staph. aureus are known, including spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). They are based on sequencing the spa and various housekeeping genes, respectively. The aim of the present study was to compare the 3 analytic methods using 456 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from milk of bovine intramammary infections and bulk tanks obtained from 12 European countries. Furthermore, the phylogeny of animal Staph. aureus was inferred and the zoonotic transfer of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans was studied. The analyzed strains could be grouped into 6 genotypic clusters, with CLB, CLC, and CLR being the most prominent ones. Comparing the 3 subtyping methods, RS-PCR showed the highest resolution, followed by spa typing and MLST. We found associations among the methods but in many cases they were unsatisfactory except for CLB and CLC. Cluster CLB was positive for clonal complex (CC)8 in 99% of the cases and typically positive for t2953; it is the cattle-adapted form of CC8. Cluster CLC was always positive for tbl 2645 and typically positive for CC705. For CLR and the remaining subtypes, links among the 3 methods were generally poor. Bovine Staph. aureus is highly clonal and a few clones predominate. Animal Staph. aureus always evolve from human strains, such that every human strain may be the ancestor of a novel animal-adapted strain. The zoonotic transfer of IMI- and milk-associated strains of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans seems to be very limited and different hosts are not considered as a source for mutual, spontaneous infections. Spillover events, however, may happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boss
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - A Cosandey
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - K Artursson
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Bardiau
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Breitenwieser
- Milchprüfring Baden-Württemberg e. V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Germany
| | - E Hehenberger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Th Lam
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M Mansfeld
- Carinthian Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Kirchengasse 43, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - A Michel
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - G Mösslacher
- Animal Health Organisation Upper Austria, Bahnhofplatz 1, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - J Naskova
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - S Nelson
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevalsvn 72, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - O Podpečan
- Ambulatory Clinic for Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva ul. 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Raemy
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - E Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - O Salat
- Veterinary Clinic of Haute Auvergne, Allauzier, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - P Zangerl
- Federal Institute for Alpine Dairying BAM, 6200 Jenbach, Austria
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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Cosandey A, Boss R, Luini M, Artursson K, Bardiau M, Breitenwieser F, Hehenberger E, Lam T, Mansfeld M, Michel A, Mösslacher G, Naskova J, Nelson S, Podpečan O, Raemy A, Ryan E, Salat O, Zangerl P, Steiner A, Graber HU. Staphylococcus aureus genotype B and other genotypes isolated from cow milk in European countries. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:529-40. [PMID: 26585469 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is globally one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in cattle. Previous studies, however, have demonstrated in Swiss cows that Staph. aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infection is genetically heterogeneous, with Staph. aureus genotype B (GTB) and GTC being the most prominent genotypes. In addition, Staph. aureus GTB was found to be contagious, whereas Staph. aureus GTC and all the remaining genotypes were involved in individual cow disease. The aim of this study was to subtype strains of Staph. aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk and bulk tank milk to obtain a unified view of the presence of bovine staphylococcal subtypes in 12 European countries. A total of 456 strains of Staph. aureus were subjected to different typing methods: ribosomal spacer PCR, detection of enterotoxin genes, and detection of gene polymorphisms (lukE, coa). Major genotypes with their variants were combined into genotypic clusters (CL). This study revealed 5 major CL representing 76% of all strains and comprised CLB, CLC, CLF, CLI, and CLR. The clusters were characterized by the same genetic properties as the Swiss isolates, demonstrating high clonality of bovine Staph. aureus. Interestingly, CLB was situated in central Europe whereas the other CL were widely disseminated. The remaining 24% of the strains comprised 41 genotypes and variants, some of which (GTAM, GTBG) were restricted to certain countries; many others, however, were observed only once.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cosandey
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PO Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - R Boss
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - K Artursson
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Bardiau
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Breitenwieser
- Milchprüfring Baden-Württemberg e. V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Germany
| | - E Hehenberger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PO Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Th Lam
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M Mansfeld
- Carinthian Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Kirchengasse 43, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - A Michel
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PO Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - G Mösslacher
- Animal Health Organisation Upper Austria, Bahnhofplatz 1, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - J Naskova
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - S Nelson
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevalsvn 72, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - O Podpečan
- Ambulatory Clinic for Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva ul. 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Raemy
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PO Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - E Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - O Salat
- Veterinary Clinic of Haute Auvergne, Allauzier, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - P Zangerl
- Federal Institute for Alpine Dairying BAM, 6200 Jenbach, Austria
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PO Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The staining of gram-positive and gram-negative cultures with acridine orange in metabolically active and inactive states was investigated using a Bactoscan, direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT), and standard plate count as the reference method. The evaluation of the bacterial cultures in the Bactoscan revealed a linear relationship between Bactoscan counts (pulses) and the quantity of pure culture suspension used. But the proper detection of bacteria with the fluorescence optic methods was dependent on the type of microorganism and the physiological state of the cells. The Bactoscan and DEFT underestimated the bacterial counts of gram-negative cultures as compared with standard plate counting. When stained with acridine orange, metabolically active bacteria showed more orange fluorescence and a lower percentage of green fluorescent cells as compared with inactive bacteria. Bactoscan pulse height analysis (PHA) diagrams, graphs of the detected pulses and their intensity, showed low pulses of inactive bacteria. Many of these weak pulses were eliminated from counting because of their faint fluorescent staining. In contrast, PHA diagrams of metabolically active microorganisms showed bright staining and, therefore, high pulses. A complete count of these bacteria was possible. These investigations point out that discrepancies between the fluorescence optical counting methods and the standard plate count depend strongly on the staining of the cultures with acridine orange and, therefore, on the type of microorganism and the metabolic state of the cells measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rapposch
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Federal Institute for Alpine Dairying, Rotholz, Jenbach, Austria
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