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Totakul P, Matra M, Sommai S, Viennasay B, Wanapat M. Combination effects of phytonutrient pellet and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient degradability using in vitro technique. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:97. [PMID: 38453787 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Phytonutrients (PTN) namely saponins (SP) and condensed tannins (CT) have been demonstrated to assess the effect of rumen fermentation and methane mitigation. Phytonutrient pellet containing mangosteen, rambutan, and banana flower (MARABAC) and lemongrass including PTN, hence these plant-phytonutrients supplementation could be an alternative plant with a positive effect on rumen fermentation. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of MARABAC and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder on in vitro fermentation modulation and the ability to mitigate methane production. The treatments were arranged according to a 3 × 3 Factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two experimental factors consisted of MARABAC pellet levels (0%, 1%, and 2% of the total substrate) and lemongrass supplementation levels (0%, 1%, and 2% of the total substrate). The results of this study revealed that supplementation with MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder significantly improved gas production kinetics (P < 0.01) and rumen fermentation end-products especially the propionate production (P < 0.01). While rumen methane production was subsequently reduced by both factors. Additionally, the in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were greatly improved (P < 0.05) by the respective treatments. MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder combination showed effective methane mitigation by enhancing rumen fermentation end-products especially the propionate concentration and both the IVDMD and IVOMD, while mitigated methane production. The combined level of both sources at 2% MARABAC pellet and 2% lemongrass powder of total substrates offered the best results. Therefore, MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder supplementation could be used as an alternative source of phytonutrient in dietary ruminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajaree Totakul
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, 12130, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Matra M, Phupaboon S, Totakul P, Prommachart R, Shah AA, Shah AM, Wanapat M. Microencapsulation of Mitragyna leaf extracts to be used as a bioactive compound source to enhance in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbial dynamics. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:74-83. [PMID: 37946435 PMCID: PMC10766463 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitragyna speciosa Korth is traditionally used in Thailand. They have a high level of antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds, the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and decrease methane production. The aim of the study was to investigate the different levels of microencapsulated-Mitragyna leaves extracts (MMLE) supplementation on nutrient degradability, rumen ecology, microbial dynamics, and methane production in an in vitro study. METHODS A completely randomized design was used to assign the experimental treatments, MMLE was supplemented at 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of the total dry matter (DM) substrate. RESULTS The addition of MMLE significantly increased in vitro dry matter degradability both at 12, 24, and 48 h, while ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was improved with MMLE supplementation. The MMLE had the greatest propionate and total volatile fatty acid production when added with 6% of total DM substrate, while decreased the methane production (12, 24, and 48 h). Furthermore, the microbial population of cellulolytic bacteria and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens were increased, whilst Methanobacteriales was decreased with MMLE feeding. CONCLUSION The results indicated that MMLE could be a potential alternative plant-based bioactive compound supplement to be used as ruminant feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Srisan Phupaboon
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130,
Thailand
| | - Ronnachai Prommachart
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology, Tawan-Ok 20110,
Thailand
| | - Assar Ali Shah
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Ali Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Livestock Production, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sakrand 67210, Sindh,
Pakistan
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
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Pongjongmit T, Norrapoke T, Ampapon T, Totakul P, Khonkhaeng B. Effects of cassava chips ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) and rain tree pods ( Samanea saman) fermented with traditional fermentation starter (loog-pang kaomark) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in goats. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2684-2690. [PMID: 35994678 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2112687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
To obtain guidelines for improving the quality of animal feed on production performance, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in goats. A total of 16 native-bore crossbred goats were used. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was planned to compare four supplementation forms. There were four different loog-pang kaomark fermented cassava chips and rain tree pods (CRFLK) at proportions 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60, respectively. The results of this study found that rice straw intake in terms of kg was higher in goats fed CRFLK 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60. While CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility were increased in goat fed CRFLK 50:50 and 40:60. The concentration of acetic acid was decreased by supplementation of CRFLK (p < 0.05) whereas NH3-N and propionic acid were increased (p < 0.05) by goat fed CRFLK. However, CH4 was decreased (p < 0.05) as a result of supplementation of CRFLK. The goat fed CRFLK decreased the protozoal population (p < 0.05). Moreover, the bacteria population was increased by fed with CRFLK (p < 0.05). This study concluded that feeding concentrate inclusion with CRFLK 50:50 and 40:60 resulted in higher propionic acid, CP digestibility, and lowest CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanitpan Pongjongmit
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Thitima Norrapoke
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Thiwakorn Ampapon
- Department of Animal science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of technology Isan Surin Campus, Surin, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Thailand
| | - Benjamad Khonkhaeng
- Department of Agricultural Innovation and Technology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Viennasay B, Totakul P, Matra M, Phesatcha B, Wanapat M. Influence of bamboo grass (Tiliacora triandra, Diels) pellet supplementation on in vitro fermentation and methane mitigation. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:4927-4932. [PMID: 35266158 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of bamboo grass (Tiliacora triandra, Diels) pellet (BP) containing phytonutrients on rumen fermentation under various level of roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios. The experimental treatments were randomly assigned following a completely randomized design using a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. The first factor was ratios of R:C at 100:0, 70:30, and 30:70 and the second factor was BP supplementation levels at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of dry matter substrate, respectively. RESULTS The ratio of R:C significantly enhanced rumen gas production especially when increased level of concentrate. Moreover, dry matter degradability of fermentation were improved (P < 0.01) by R:C and level of BP supplementation, and there was an interactive effect. The ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N) concentration, protozoal population and methane (CH4 ) production were remarkably influenced (P < 0.01). There were highly significant interactive effects between ratio of R:C and level of BP supplementation. Furthermore, fermentation parameters especially those of propionate (C3 ) concentration was profoundly increased by higher ratio of R:C and by the BP supplementation, interactive effect (P < 0.01). Notably, both level of R:C and BP supplementation significantly reduced NH3 -N concentration and CH4 production. Interactive effects of both factors were obtained (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The ratio of R:C at 30:70 with BP supplementation at 4% could enhance fermentation characteristics and reduce CH4 production, while the interactive effects were additionally observed. The BP could be a good phytonutrient source to modulate rumen fermentation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, 12130, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Burarat Phesatcha
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Coleman DN, Totakul P, Onjai-Uea N, Aboragah A, Jiang Q, Vailati-Riboni M, Pate RT, Luchini D, Paengkoum P, Wanapat M, Cardoso FC, Loor JJ. Rumen-protected methionine during heat stress alters mTOR, insulin signaling, and 1-carbon metabolism protein abundance in liver, and whole-blood transsulfuration pathway genes in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7787-7804. [PMID: 35879168 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of rumen-protected Met (RPM) during a heat stress (HS) challenge on (1) hepatic abundance of mTOR, insulin, and antioxidant signaling proteins, (2) enzymes in 1-carbon metabolism, and (3) innate immunity. Holstein cows (n = 32; mean ± standard deviation, 184 ± 59 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 environmental groups, and 1 of 2 diets [total mixed ration (TMR) with RPM (Smartamine M; 0.105% dry matter as top-dress) or TMR without (CON); n = 16/diet] in a split-plot crossover design. There were 2 periods with 2 phases. During phase 1 (9 d), all cows were in thermoneutral conditions (TN; temperature-humidity index = 60 ± 3) and fed ad libitum. During phase 2 (9 d), half the cows (n = 8/diet) were exposed to HS using electric heat blankets. The other half (n = 8/diet) remained in TN, but was pair-fed to HS counterparts. After a 14-d washout and 7-d adaptation period, the study was repeated (period 2) and environmental treatments were inverted relative to phase 2, but dietary treatments were the same. Blood was collected on d 6 of each phase 2 to measure immune function and isolate whole-blood RNA. Liver biopsies were performed at the end of each period for cystathione β-synthase (CBS) and methionine adenosyltransferase activity, glutathione concentration, and protein abundance. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Abundance of CUL3, inhibitor of antioxidant responses, tended to be downregulated by HS suggesting increased oxidative stress. Heat-shock protein 70 abundance was upregulated by HS. Phosphorylated mTOR abundance was greater overall with RPM, suggesting an increase in pathway activity. An environment × diet (E × D) effect was observed for protein kinase B (AKT), whereas there was a tendency for an interaction for phosphorylated AKT. Abundance of AKT was upregulated in CON cows during HS versus TN, this was not observed in RPM cows. For phosphorylated AKT, tissue from HS cows fed CON had greater abundance compared with all other treatments. The same effect was observed for EIF2A (translation initiation) and SLC2A4 (insulin-induced glucose uptake). An E × D effect was observed for INSR due to upregulation in CON cows during HS versus TN cows fed CON or RPM. There was an E × D effect for CBS, with lower activity in RPM versus CON cows during HS. The CON cows tended to have greater CBS during HS versus TN. An E × D effect was observed for methionine adenosyltransferase, with lower activity in RPM versus CON during HS. Although activity increased in CON during HS versus TN, RPM cows tended to have greater activity during TN. Neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst and monocyte phagocytosis decreased with HS. An (E × D) effect was observed for whole-blood mRNA abundance of CBS, SOD1 and CSAD; RPM led to upregulation during TN versus HS. Regardless of diet, CDO1, CTH, and SOD1 decreased with HS. Although HS increased hepatic HSP70 and seemed to alter antioxidant signaling, feeding RPM may help cows maintain homeostasis in mTOR, insulin signaling, and 1-carbon metabolism. Feeding RPM also may help maintain whole-blood antioxidant response during HS, which is an important aspect of innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - P Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - N Onjai-Uea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 3000, Thailand
| | - A Aboragah
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Q Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - P Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 3000, Thailand
| | - M Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Totakul P, Viennasay B, Sommai S, Matra M, Infascelli F, Wanapat M. Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Mill. Johnston) pellet supplementation improved rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ampapon T, Viennasay B, Matra M, Totakul P, Wanapat M. Phytonutrients in Red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus, L.) and Feed Ratios Enhanced Rumen Fermentation Dynamics, Suppress Protozoal Population, and Methane Production. Front Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.741543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative modifiers of rumen fermentation to improve the production efficiency of livestock production is highly essential. This in vitro fermentation experiment was conducted using a factorial arrangement of two ratios of roughage to concentrate and seven levels of red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) leaf powder (RALP) as a percentage of total substrate in a completely randomized design (CRD). There were two factors: factor A was two ratios of roughage (R) to concentrate (C) at 60:40 and 40:60 and factor B was levels of RALP supplementation at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12% dry matter (DM) of total dietary substrate. The results revealed that a R:C ratio at 40:60 increased rumen fermentation and reduced methane production (p < 0.05). The RALP incorporation as a feed additive was highly promising in enhancing propionate (C3) concentration, reducing acetate (C2) to (C3) ratio, and the protozoal population, while mitigating methane (CH4) production. Furthermore, DM degradation percentages were remarkably enhanced by increasing the RALP levels and R:C ratio at 40:60. In conclusion, plants rich in phytonutrients and minerals such as RALP and the lower R:C ratio showed a promising role in modulating rumen fermentation, mitigating methane production, as well as increasing substrate DM degradability.
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Phesatcha B, Phesatcha K, Viennaxay B, Matra M, Totakul P, Wanapat M. Cricket Meal (Gryllus bimaculatus) as a Protein Supplement on In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation. Insects 2022; 13:insects13020129. [PMID: 35206703 PMCID: PMC8877429 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Protein sources of high quality and sustainability are found in insects. In many regions, insects are a primary food source, such as in Africa, South America, Asia, and Oceania. Insects are considered promising alternative feed sources, in particular as a source of protein. The use of edible insects as high-protein sources is widespread, and cricket has been proved to be a potential food and feed insect species. Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) also contain 54.10% crude protein, 6.90% crude fiber, 26.90% fat, and 78.90% total digestible nutrient, as well as a variety of essential amino acids, including methionine, lysine, histidine, valine, and leucine. In addition, insects have been investigated as a source of protein in diets of poultry, swine, and fish. However, there are currently little data on the utilization of insects as ruminant feed. The objective of this experiment was to conduct the effects of Cricket meal (Gryllus bimaculatus) (CM) as a protein replacement for soybean meal on in vitro fermentation end products, gas production, nutrient degradability, and methane mitigation. Abstract The aim of this work was to conduct the effects of cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meal (CM) as a protein supplement on in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation, and methane (CH4) mitigation. Dietary treatments were randomly assigned using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. The first factor was two ratios of roughage to concentrate (R:C at 60:40 and 40:60), and the second factor was the level of CM to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. It was found that in vitro DM degradability and the concentration of propionic (C3) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the potential extent of gas production (a + b), acetate (C2), acetate and propionate (C2:C3) ratio, and protozoal population were reduced (p < 0.05) by lowering the R:C ratio and the replacement of SBM by CM. In addition, rumen CH4 production was mitigated (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of CM for SBM. In this study, CM has the potential to improve rumen fermentation by enhancing C3 concentration and DM degradability, reduced methane production, and C2:C3 ratio. The effects were more pronounced (p < 0.05) at low levels of roughage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burarat Phesatcha
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Kampanat Phesatcha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand; or
| | - Bounnaxay Viennaxay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (B.V.); (M.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (B.V.); (M.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (B.V.); (M.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (B.V.); (M.M.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-4320-2368
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Shah AA, Totakul P, Matra M, Cherdthong A, Harnboonsong Y, Wanapat M. Nutritional composition of various insects and potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets -A review. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:317-331. [PMID: 34991214 PMCID: PMC8831828 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation is to determine the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets. The feeding industry is to develop a production system that uses accessible resources, such as feed resources, and concentrate on their potential impacts on production yield and nutritional quality. Invertebrate insects, such as black soldier flies, grasshopper mealworms, housefly larvae, and crickets, have been naturally as human food and as nonruminants and aqua culture while for ruminants are of limitations. Insects can be mass-produced, participating in a circular economy that minimizes or eliminates food- and feed-waste through bioconversion. Although the model for formula-scale production of insects as feed for domestic animals has been explored for a number of years, significant production and transformation of conventional protein resources remains to be deeply investigated. This review will focus on the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential uses as alternative protein sources, as well as their roles for potential use to promote and support sustainable animal production. Furthermore, nutritional compositions, such as high protein, lauric acid omega 6, and omega 3, and bioactive compounds, such as chitin, are of great potential use for animal feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assar Ali Shah
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yupa Harnboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Wanapat M, Viennasay B, Matra M, Totakul P, Phesatcha B, Ampapon T, Wanapat S. Supplementation of fruit peel pellet containing phytonutrients to manipulate rumen pH, fermentation efficiency, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:4543-4550. [PMID: 33452814 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytonutrient pellet, a new rumen enhancer, was formulated from various tropical fruit peels containing phytonutrients (condensed tannins and saponins) and named MARABAC. To substantiate the MARABAC supplementation effect, it was supplemented with low and high levels of concentrate supplementation in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using beef cattle. Based on this investigation, interesting findings were highlighted and are reported herein. RESULTS The high level of concentrate supplementation (HCS) reduced rumen pH remarkably, but was buffered and enhanced by MARABAC supplementation. Rumen pH was reduced to 5.74 at 8 h, post feeding upon receiving HCS, and was buffered back to 6.19 with MARABAC supplementation. The supplementation exhibited an additional pronounced (P < 0.01) effect on improving nutrient digestibility and efficiency of microbial nitrogen supply, mitigating rumen methane production and reducing protozoal population. Rumen and fermentation end-products, especially propionate production, were enhanced (P < 0.05), while rumen methane production was subsequently mitigated (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION MARABAC is a new promising dietary rumen enhancer for future replacement of chemicals and antibiotics used to enhance the rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, more in vivo feeding trials should be further conducted to elucidate the insight impacts. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Burarat Phesatcha
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Thiwakorn Ampapon
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Surin Campus, Surin, Thailand
| | - Sadudee Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Totakul P, Matra M, Sommai S, Wanapat M. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf pellet can manipulate rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1607-1615. [PMID: 33677917 PMCID: PMC8495344 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf has been found to be an important source of protein, vitamins, minerals, as well as phytonutrients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) with various level of crude protein (CP) in the concentrate on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in in vitro gas production technique. Methods In an in vitro rumen fermentation study the dietary treatments were arranged according to a 3×5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, consisting of Factor A: three levels of CP of concentrate mixtures (14%, 16%, and 18% CP, respectively) and Factor B: five levels of CHYP supplementation (at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of dry matter substrates). Results The gas production kinetics, fraction (a) and fraction (b) were lower (p<0.05) with an increasing CHYP addition. Additionally, the fraction (a+b) was found to yield a significant interaction (p<0.05) while the fraction (c) was not impacted by CHYP addition. However, in vitro DM degradability was enhanced and interactive (p<0.05), using 16% CP of concentrate with 6% and 8% CHYP, when compared with 18% CP in the non-addition. Additionally, the treatment with higher CP of the concentrate was higher in NH3-N concentration (p<0.001) and by CHYP supplementation group (p<0.05). Nevertheless, protozoal counts in the rumen were remarkably decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of CHYP supplementation. Furthermore, rumen C2 concentration was lower (p<0.05) in the treatments with CHYP supplementation, while C3 was significantly increased and interactive (p<0.05) between levels of CP and CHYP supplementation especially at 8% CHYP supplementation. Conclusion Based on this study, the results revealed CHYP as a promising feed supplement to enhance rumen fermentation and to mitigate methane production. However, in vivo feeding experiments should be subsequently conducted to elucidate the effect of CHYP supplementation on rumen fermentation, as well as ruminant production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Wanapat M, Totakul P, Viennasay B, Matra M. Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea, L.) silage can enrich rumen fermentation process, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen utilization efficiency in beef cattle crossbreds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:187. [PMID: 33651183 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of leguminous fodder silage on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and utilization in beef cattle crossbreds. Four cattle, with an average live weight of 280 ± 10 kg, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with supplementation of various levels of sunnhemp silage (SHS). Sunnhemp silage was fed to cattle at 0, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg DM SHS/head/day. The DM, OM, and CP digestibilities were increased (P < 0.05), and the highest value was found by feeding 2 kg DM SHS/head/day. Total volatile fatty acids and individual volatile fatty acid (VFA) especially C3 were increased (P < 0.01), while C2 and C2:C3 ratios were decreased (P < 0.01) when SHS was supplemented. Nitrogen utilization efficiency and urinary purine derivatives were increased (P < 0.01) by the SHS supplementation. In conclusion, these data suggest that feeding SHS at 1.5 to 2 kg DM/ head/day can significantly increase rumen fermentation end-products, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and microbial protein synthesis. Sunnhemp silage can be practically processed and provided as a good roughage source for ruminants. Therefore, sunnhemp silage is recommended as a feeding intervention in the sub-tropical and tropical regions to support the sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Totakul P, Viennasay B, Sommai S, Matra M, Infascelli F, Wanapat M. Supplemental effect of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf pellet on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in growing crossbred bulls. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1880978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Federico Infascelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Matra M, Totakul P, Wanapat M. Utilization of dragon fruit waste by-products and non-protein nitrogen source: Effects on in vitro rumen fermentation, nutrients degradability and methane production. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Matra M, Totakul P, Viennasay B, Phesatcha B, Wanapat M. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peel pellet as a rumen enhancer in Holstein crossbred bulls. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:594-602. [PMID: 32882772 PMCID: PMC7961273 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dragon fruit peel pellet (DFPP) as a rumen enhancer of dry matter consumption, nutrient digestibilities, ruminal ecology, microbial protein synthesis and rumimal methane production in Holstein crossbred bulls. Methods Four animals, with an average live-weight of 200±20 kg were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the influence of DFPP supplementation. There were four different dietary treatments: without DFPP, and with 200, 300, and 400 g/h/d, respectively. Results Results revealed that dry matter consumption of total intake, rice straw and concentrate were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). It was also found that ruminal pH was not different among treatments (p>0.05), whilst protozoal group was reduced when DFPP increased (p<0.01). Blood urea nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were increased at 400 g of DFPP supplementation (p<0.01). Additionally, volatile fatty acid production of propionate was significantly enhanced by the DFPP supplementation (p<0.05), while production of methane was consequently decreased (p<0.05). Furthermore, microbial protein synthesis and urinary purine derivatives were remarkably increased especially at 400 g of DFPP supplementation (p<0.05). Conclusion Plant secondary compounds or phytonutrients (PTN) containing saponins (SP) and condensed tannins (CT) have been reported to influence rumen fermentation. DFPP contains both CT and SP as a PTN. The addition of 400 g of DFPP resulted in improved rumen fermentation end-products especially propionate (C3) and microbial protein synthesis. Therefore, DFPP is a promising rumen enhancer and indicated a significant potential of DFPP as feedstuff for ruminant feed to mitigate rumen methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Burarat Phesatcha
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Sommai S, Ampapon T, Mapato C, Totakul P, Viennasay B, Matra M, Wanapat M. Replacing soybean meal with yeast-fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, rumen microorganism, fermentation, and N-balance in Thai native beef cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2035-2041. [PMID: 32016880 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The principle of the study was to assess the influence of yeast-fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) as a protein supplement on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, rumen microbial protein synthesis, fermentation end-products, and N-balance in Thai native beef cattle. The experiment was conducted following the 4 × 4 Latin square design using 4 levels of YFCP supplementation (0, 100, 200, and 300 g/head/day) in 3-year-old Thai native beef cattle crossbreds. The response of YFCP supplementation level using rice straw as a roughage source revealed promising results. The rumen ecology parameters including cellulolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic bacterial population were significantly increased while the protozoal population were reduced, as affected by increasing level of YFCP supplementation (P < 0.05). In parallel with these results, totals VFA, propionate (C3) production in the rumen, and the ratio of C2:C3 were remarkably increased (P < 0.01), while rumen methane production by prediction from VFA was decreased (P < 0.01), as YFCP supplementation increased. Regarding, the nutrient digestibilities, those of OM and CP were remarkably enhanced (P < 0.01), hence increased DM intake. Furthermore, the use of YFCP at high level resulted in the highest N-balance and N retention absorption (P < 0.01). The results indicated that YFCP can be nutritionally enhanced by yeast fermentation, thus is promising to be used as a protein source in ruminant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thiwakorn Ampapon
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chaowarit Mapato
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Viennasay B, Wanapat M, Totakul P, Phesatcha B, Ampapon T, Cherdthong A. Effect of Flemingia macrophylla silage on in vitro fermentation characteristics and reduced methane production. Anim Prod Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fodder shrub, Flemingia macrophylla silage (FMS), was nutritionally evaluated for rumen fermentation characteristics using an in vitro gas production technique. Dietary treatments were imposed in a 2 × 7 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design. The first factor was two ratios of roughage:concentrate (R:C at 60:40 and 40:60), and the second factor was seven levels of FMS supplementation at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g/kg of dietary substrate. The results revealed that a R:C ratio at 40:60 increased the kinetics of gas production (P < 0.001). Moreover, supplementation of FMS increased in vitro degradability and the concentration of propionic acid (P < 0.001), whereas acetic acid concentration, protozoal population and methane production were reduced (P < 0.001). In conclusion, supplementation of FMS at 120 g/kg of dietary substrate improved rumen fermentation and subsequently reduced methane production. However, in vivo feeding trials using FMS should be conducted to gain more information for further implementations.
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