Modified Beaded Materials from Recycled Wastes of Bagasse and Bagasse Fly Ash with Iron(III) Oxide-Hydroxide and Zinc Oxide for the Removal of Reactive Blue 4 Dye in Aqueous Solution

Dye contamination in wastewater affects the photosynthesis of aquatic plants and algae by blocking the sunlight, and it induces toxicity to aquatic organisms, which might result in human health effects. Thus, the treatment of dyes in wastewater is required before discharging into the receiving water for safety purposes. Six dye adsorbent materials bagasse beads (BB), bagasse fly ash beads (BFB), bagasse beads with mixed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (BBF), bagasse fly ash beads with mixed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (BFBF), bagasse beads with mixed zinc oxide (BBZ), and bagasse fly ash beads with mixed zinc oxide (BFBZ) were synthesized and investigated using various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with focused ion beam (FESEM-FIB), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A series of batch experiments on the effects of dosage (0.5-3 g), contact time (3-18 h), temperature (30-80°C), pH (3-11), and initial concentration (30-90 mg/L) were used to investigate reactive blue 4 (RB4) dye removal efficiencies in aqueous solution, and their adsorption isotherms and kinetics were studied for explaining their adsorption patterns and mechanisms. All dye adsorbent materials demonstrated semicrystalline structures, and their surface morphologies had a spherical shape with coarse surfaces. Five main elements of oxygen, carbon, calcium, chlorine, and sodium and six main functional groups of alcohol and carboxylic acid (O-H), carbon dioxide (O=C=O), aromatic groups (C=O and N=O), alkene (C-H), and sodium alginate (C-O-C) were detected in all dye adsorbent materials. For batch tests, they could remove RB4 dye by more than 90%, and BFBF exhibited the highest RB4 dye removal efficiency at 99.36%. Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models well explained their adsorption patterns and mechanisms, in which BFBF demonstrated a higher maximum adsorption capacity (q _m) of 10.277 mg/g than that of other dye adsorbent materials. Therefore, all dye adsorbent materials offer good potential for further industrial applications.