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Finotello F, Mayer C, Plattner C, Laschober G, Rieder D, Hackl H, Krogsdam A, Loncova Z, Posch W, Wilflingseder D, Sopper S, Ijsselsteijn M, Brouwer TP, Johnson D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Sanders ME, Estrada MV, Ericsson-Gonzalez P, Charoentong P, Balko J, da Cunha Carvalho de Miranda NF, Trajanoski Z. Correction to: Molecular and pharmacological modulators of the tumor immune contexture revealed by deconvolution of RNA-seq data. Genome Med 2019; 11:50. [PMID: 31358023 PMCID: PMC6661746 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finotello
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Mayer
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Plattner
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Laschober
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Rieder
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anne Krogsdam
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zuzana Loncova
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marieke Ijsselsteijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P Brouwer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas Johnson
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yaomin Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Department Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Monica V Estrada
- Department Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paula Ericsson-Gonzalez
- Department Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pornpimol Charoentong
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justin Balko
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innrain 66A, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Finotello F, Mayer C, Plattner C, Laschober G, Rieder D, Hackl H, Krogsdam A, Loncova Z, Posch W, Wilflingseder D, Sopper S, Ijsselsteijn M, Brouwer TP, Johnson D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Sanders ME, Estrada MV, Ericsson-Gonzalez P, Charoentong P, Balko J, de Miranda NFDCC, Trajanoski Z. Molecular and pharmacological modulators of the tumor immune contexture revealed by deconvolution of RNA-seq data. Genome Med 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 31126321 PMCID: PMC6534875 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce quanTIseq, a method to quantify the fractions of ten immune cell types from bulk RNA-sequencing data. quanTIseq was extensively validated in blood and tumor samples using simulated, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry data.quanTIseq analysis of 8000 tumor samples revealed that cytotoxic T cell infiltration is more strongly associated with the activation of the CXCR3/CXCL9 axis than with mutational load and that deconvolution-based cell scores have prognostic value in several solid cancers. Finally, we used quanTIseq to show how kinase inhibitors modulate the immune contexture and to reveal immune-cell types that underlie differential patients' responses to checkpoint blockers.Availability: quanTIseq is available at http://icbi.at/quantiseq .
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finotello
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Mayer
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Plattner
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Laschober
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Rieder
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anne Krogsdam
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zuzana Loncova
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marieke Ijsselsteijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P Brouwer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas Johnson
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yaomin Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Department Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Monica V Estrada
- Department Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paula Ericsson-Gonzalez
- Department Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pornpimol Charoentong
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justin Balko
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innrain 66A, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Balko JM, Johnson DB, Ericsson-Gonzalez P, Nixon MJ, Salgado R, Sanchez V, Shreeder DM, Rimm DL, Loi S, Kim JY, Bordeaux J, Sanders ME, Davis RS. Abstract P1-08-02: Breast tumor-specific MHC-II expression drives a unique pattern of adaptive resistance to antitumor immunity through MHC-II receptor checkpoint engagement. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p1-08-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: We have previously shown that some breast cancers express major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), correlating with enhanced immune infiltration. In other tumor types, we have shown that MHC-II expression on tumor cells predicts clinical response to checkpoint inhibition. We sought to determine the direct effects of MHC-II on anti-tumor immunity and characterize mechanisms of immune escape in this breast cancer subset.
Methods: To determine the functional effects of MHC-II on tumor cells, we generated isogenic mouse breast tumor cells with enforced MHC-II expression and determined their ability to generate tumors in syngeneic mice, the impact on immunity, and their response to checkpoint inhibition. In a series of molecularly-characterized HER2+ (n=8) and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC; n=103), we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) for Lag-3, PD-L1, CD4, CD8, FCRL6, and granzyme B.
Results: Following injection in syngeneic immunocompetent mice, MHC-II+ mouse breast tumors were more frequently rejected (p=0.04) and recruited greater numbers of CD4+ TILs. When MHC-II+ tumors escaped rejection, they expressed higher degrees of PD-1 and Lag-3 in the tumor and in the draining lymph node. Since Lag-3 is a checkpoint that specifically targets MHC-II, we hypothesized that MHC-II+ breast cancers escape anti-tumor immunity through suppressing MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation. Combinations of anti-Lag-3 and anti-Pd-1 antibodies inhibited growth of MHC-II+ tumors. These findings led us to also explore Fc receptor-like 6 (FCRL6), a previously reported MHC-II receptor expressed on NK and cytotoxic T cells. Residual MHC-II+ TNBC post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) recruited greater numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ TILs (p=0.0001 and p=0.0002), suggesting enhanced immune recognition. However, MHC-II+ TNBCs also demonstrated a greater frequency of Lag-3+ and FCRL6+ TILs (p<0.001 and p=0.01, respectively) which frequently co-occurred (p=0.003). Thus, our data suggest that MHC-II expression in breast tumors supports recruitment of MHC-II-specific checkpoint-positive TILs. In line with this concept, QIF analysis demonstrated that the presence of Lag3+ and/or FCRL6+ TILs was strongly associated with suppression of T cell cytotoxicity as assessed by granzyme-B+ CD8+ T cells (p=0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). Functional analyses of FCRL6 on human NK cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) demonstrated that like Lag3, FCRL6 is a checkpoint which engages MHC-II and suppresses cytotoxic NK and T cell activity.
Conclusions: These data suggest that MHC-II+ breast tumors are immunologically active and circumvent anti-tumor immunity by targeting MHC-II antigen presentation through recruitment of Lag-3+ and FCRL6+ TILs. We describe herein FCRL6 as a novel bona fide immune checkpoint which targets MHC-II, which may impact a variety of cancers. MHC-II expression status may be a useful biomarker for patient stratification on anti-PD-1/anti-Lag-3 combination, and eventually, anti-PD-1/anti-FCRL6 combinations in patients with breast cancer.
Citation Format: Balko JM, Johnson DB, Ericsson-Gonzalez P, Nixon MJ, Salgado R, Sanchez V, Shreeder DM, Rimm DL, Loi S, Kim JY, Bordeaux J, Sanders ME, Davis RS. Breast tumor-specific MHC-II expression drives a unique pattern of adaptive resistance to antitumor immunity through MHC-II receptor checkpoint engagement [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Balko
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - DB Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - P Ericsson-Gonzalez
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - MJ Nixon
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - R Salgado
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - V Sanchez
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - DM Shreeder
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - DL Rimm
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - S Loi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - JY Kim
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - J Bordeaux
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - ME Sanders
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
| | - RS Davis
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; GZA and Jules Bordet Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis Company; University of Alabama
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Balko JM, Johnson DB, Wang DY, Ericsson-Gonzalez P, Nixon M, Salgado R, Sanchez V, Schreeder D, Kim JY, Bordeaux J, Sanders M, Davis RS. MHC-II expression to drive a unique pattern of adaptive resistance to antitumor immunity through receptor checkpoint engagement. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.5_suppl.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
180 Background: Anti-PD-1 therapy is effective in many cancers, but tumor-intrinsic factors governing response and resistance are largely unknown. MHC-II (HLA-DR) expression on tumor cells can predict response to anti-PD-1. Thus, we sought to determine the molecular features of MHC-II+ tumors in the evolution of anti-PD-1 response. Methods: We performed RNA-seq on 58 anti-PD-1 treated melanoma and lung tumors, including a subset of matched specimens prior to treatment and at acquired resistance. We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for immunologic markers, including HLA-DR on tumor cells. In triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC; n = 103), we performed IHC and/or quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) for LAG3, PD-L1, CD4, CD8, Fc-receptor-like 6 (FCRL6), and granzyme B (GZMB). QIF images were assessed by Automated Quantitative Analysis (AQUA). To determine the functional effect of MHC-II on tumor cells, we generated isogenic MHC-II+ mouse tumors and assessed immune responsiveness and efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Results: We identified unique inflammatory signatures in HLA-DR+ tumors, correlating with enhanced pre-treatment CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and response to anti-PD-1. LAG3+ and FCRL6+ TILs were enriched in HLA-DR+ tumors. LAG3 and FCRL6, known inhibitory receptors which bind MHC-II, were elevated at anti-PD-1 resistance. Similarly, in > 100 TNBCs, HLA-DR+ tumor cells associated with increased CD4+ and CD8+ TILs and enhanced LAG3+ and FCRL6+ TILs. Further, presence of MHC-II-suppressing (LAG3+/FCRL6+) TILs associated with decreased GZMB+ CD8+ T cells, suggesting suppressed cytotoxicity. In mice, enforced expression of MHC-II on tumor cells enhanced CD4-enhanced anti-tumor immunity but was thwarted by LAG3+ TIL recruitment. Combined anti-LAG3 and anti-PD-1 therapy was selectively effective in MHC-II+ tumors. Conclusions: MHC-II+ tumors are immunologically active and may circumvent anti-tumor immunity by targeting MHC-II antigen presentation via recruitment of MHC-II-suppressing TILs. MHC-II expression may be useful to stratify patients to anti-PD-1/anti-LAG3 and eventually, anti-PD-1/anti-FCRL6 combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory/Breast International Group, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ju Young Kim
- Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis subsidiary, Carlsbad, CA
| | - Jennifer Bordeaux
- Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis subsidiary, Carlsbad, CA
| | | | - Randall S. Davis
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Birmingham, AL
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