|
1
|
Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Parise RS, Neel L, Shankar T, Patel S, Lowery P, Smith F, Dhanasekaran M, Moore T. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Review of Its Mutations, Its Implications and Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1195. [PMID: 34696303 PMCID: PMC8537675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread increase in multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants is causing a significant health concern in the United States and worldwide. These variants exhibit increased transmissibility, cause more severe disease, exhibit evasive immune properties, impair neutralization by antibodies from vaccinated individuals or convalescence sera, and reinfection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified SARS-CoV-2 variants into variants of interest, variants of concern, and variants of high consequence. Currently, four variants of concern (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2) and several variants of interests (B.1.526, B.1.525, and P.2) are characterized and are essential for close monitoring. In this review, we discuss the different SARS-CoV-2 variants, emphasizing variants of concern circulating the world and highlight the various mutations and how these mutations affect the characteristics of the virus. In addition, we discuss the most common vaccines and the various studies concerning the efficacy of these vaccines against different variants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Rachel S. Parise
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Tharanath Shankar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India;
| | - Shriya Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA;
| | - Payton Lowery
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Dunkleman E, Lowery P, Cassady M. A COMMUNITY COLLEGE AND A VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITAL INITIATE A CAREER PROGRESSION ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING PROGRAM. J Contin Educ Nurs 1974; 5:27-31. [PMID: 4497518 DOI: 10.3928/0022-0124-19740901-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|