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Horling FM, Reipert BM, Allacher P, Engl W, Pan L, Tangada SD. Immunogenicity profile of rurioctocog alfa pegol in previously treated patients with severe congenital hemophilia A. Blood Adv 2024:bloodadvances.2023011780. [PMID: 38564770 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rurioctocog alfa pegol is an extended half-life full-length recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) bound to 20 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) that has been shown to be well tolerated and efficacious in the treatment and prevention of bleeding events in previously treated patients with severe hemophilia A. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of immunogenicity data collected during 6 clinical studies of rurioctocog alfa pegol including a total of 360 unique previously treated patients with severe hemophilia A. The analysis included treatment-emerging FVIII neutralizing antibodies (FVIII inhibitors), pre-existing and treatment-emerging antibodies binding to FVIII, PEG-FVIII, or PEG, and treatment-emerging antibodies binding to Chinese hamster ovary host cell proteins. Moreover, the potential association between the presence of these binding antibodies and adverse events (AEs) observed in patients was investigated and the potential impact of these antibodies on the incremental recovery of rurioctocog alfa pegol in patients was analyzed. Overall, the data indicate that rurioctocog alfa pegol is not associated with any unexpected immunogenicity characteristics. One of the 360 patients developed a transient FVIII inhibitor with a titer of 0.6 BU/mL, which was not associated with any serious AEs. Antibodies binding to FVIII, PEG-FVIII, or PEG were not detected at the time when the inhibitor was present. Moreover, 54 of the 360 patients either entered the clinical studies with pre-existing binding antibodies or developed these antibodies after exposure to rurioctocog alfa pegol. These antibodies were transient in most patients and did not show any causal relationship to either AEs or spontaneous bleeding episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Werner Engl
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a Takeda company, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luying Pan
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc.,, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Oomen I, Verhagen M, Miranda M, Allacher P, Beckers EAM, Blijlevens NMA, van der Bom JG, Coppens M, Driessens M, Eikenboom JCJ, Fijnvandraat K, Hassan S, van Heerde WL, Hooimeijer HL, Jansen JH, Kaijen P, Leebeek FWG, Meijer D, Paul H, Rijpma SR, Rosendaal FR, Smit C, van Vulpen LFD, Voorberg J, Schols SEM, Gouw SC. The spectrum of neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-FVIII antibodies in a nationwide cohort of 788 persons with hemophilia A. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355813. [PMID: 38455035 PMCID: PMC10918462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies have been reported to exhibit both neutralizing and non-neutralizing characteristics. This is the first study investigating the full spectrum of FVIII-specific antibodies, including non-neutralizing antibodies, very-low titer inhibitors, and inhibitors, in a large nationwide population of persons with hemophilia A of all severities. Methods All persons with hemophilia A (mild (FVIII > 5-40 IU/dL)/moderate [FVIII 1-5 IU/dL)/severe (FVIII < 1 IU/dL)] with an available plasma sample who participated in the sixth Hemophilia in the Netherlands study between 2018 and 2019 were included. The presence of anti-FVIII antibodies of the immunoglobulin A, M, and G isotypes and IgG subclasses, along with antibody titer levels, were assessed using direct-binding ELISAs. FVIII specificity was assessed using a competition-based ELISA approach. The inhibitor status was determined using the Nijmegen ultra-sensitive Bethesda assay (NusBA) and the Nijmegen Bethesda assay (NBA). Results In total, 788 persons with hemophilia A (336 (42.6%) mild, 123 (15.6%) moderate, 329 (41.8%) severe hemophilia) were included. The median age was 45 years (IQR 24-60), and the majority (50.9%) had over 150 exposure days to FVIII concentrates. Within our population, 144 (18.3%) individuals had non-neutralizing FVIII-specific antibodies, 10 (1.3%) had very low-titer inhibitors (NusBA positive; NBA negative), and 13 (1.6%) had inhibitors (both NusBA and NBA positive). IgG1 was the most abundant FVIII-specific antibody subclass, and the highest titer levels were found for IgG4. In individuals without a reported history of inhibitor development, no clear differences were observed in antibody patterns between those who were minimally or highly exposed to FVIII concentrates. IgG4 subclass antibodies were only observed in persons with a reported history of FVIII inhibitor or in those with a currently detected (very low-titer) inhibitor. Conclusion In this cross-sectional study, we identified non-neutralizing antibodies in a relatively large proportion of persons with hemophilia A. In contrast, in our population, consisting of persons highly exposed to FVIII concentrates, (very low-titer) inhibitors were detected only in a small proportion of persons, reflecting a well-tolerized population. Hence, our findings suggest that only a small subpopulation of non-neutralizing FVIII-specific antibodies is associated with clinically relevant inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Oomen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Verhagen
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Hemophilia Treatment Center Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Allacher
- Institute Krems Bioanalytics, International Management Center (IMC) University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Erik A. M. Beckers
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. A. Blijlevens
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Hemophilia Treatment Center Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna G. van der Bom
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Coppens
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen C. J. Eikenboom
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shermarke Hassan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Waander L. van Heerde
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Hemophilia Treatment Center Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Enzyre BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - H. Louise Hooimeijer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joop H. Jansen
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Kaijen
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Meijer
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helmut Paul
- Institute Krems Bioanalytics, International Management Center (IMC) University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Sanna R. Rijpma
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cees Smit
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lize F. D. van Vulpen
- Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Saskia E. M. Schols
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Hemophilia Treatment Center Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Samantha C. Gouw
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Reipert BM, Allacher P, Hausl C, Pordes AG, Ahmad RU, Lang I, Ilas J, Windyga J, Klukowska A, Muchitsch EM, Schwarz HP. Modulation of factor VIII-specific memory B cells. Haemophilia 2011; 16:25-34. [PMID: 20536983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of inhibitory antibodies against factor VIII (FVIII) is the major complication in patients with haemophilia A who are treated with FVIII products. Memory B cells play an essential role in maintaining established antibody responses. Upon re-exposure to the same antigen, they are rapidly re-stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells (ASC) that secrete high-affinity antibodies. It is, therefore, reasonable to believe that memory B cells have to be eradicated or inactivated for immune tolerance induction therapy to be successful in patients with haemophilia A and FVIII inhibitors. The aim of our studies was the development of strategies to prevent FVIII-specific memory B cells from becoming re-stimulated. We established a 6-day in vitro culture system that enabled us to study the regulation of FVIII-specific murine memory-B-cell re-stimulation. We tested the impact of the blockade of co-stimulatory interactions, of different concentrations of FVIII and of ligands for toll-like receptors (TLR). The blockade of B7-CD28 and CD40-CD40 ligand interactions prevented FVIII-specific murine memory B cells from becoming re-stimulated by FVIII in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, high concentrations of FVIII blocked re-stimulation of FVIII-specific murine memory B cells. Triggering of TLR7 amplified re-stimulation by low concentrations of FVIII and prevented blockade by high concentrations of FVIII. We conclude that we defined modulators that either amplify or inhibit the re-stimulation of FVIII-specific murine memory B cells. Currently, we are investigating whether the same modulators operate in patients with haemophilia A and FVIII inhibitors.
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