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Zapien-Campos B, Ahmadi Ganjeh Z, Both S, Dendooven P. Measurement of the 12C(p,n) 12N reaction cross section below 150 MeV. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:075025. [PMID: 38382103 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad2b97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Proton therapy currently faces challenges from clinical complications on organs-at-risk due to range uncertainties. To address this issue, positron emission tomography (PET) of the proton-induced11C and15O activity has been used to provide feedback on the proton range. However, this approach is not instantaneous due to the relatively long half-lives of these nuclides. An alternative nuclide,12N (half-life 11 ms), shows promise for real-timein vivoproton range verification. Development of12N imaging requires better knowledge of its production reaction cross section.Approach. The12C(p,n)12N reaction cross section was measured by detecting positron activity of graphite targets irradiated with 66.5, 120, and 150 MeV protons. A pulsed beam delivery with 0.7-2 × 108protons per pulse was used. The positron activity was measured during the beam-off periods using a dual-head Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner. The12N production was determined from activity time histograms.Main results. The cross section was calculated for 11 energies, ranging from 23.5 to 147 MeV, using information on the experimental setup and beam delivery. Through a comprehensive uncertainty propagation analysis, a statistical uncertainty of 2.6%-5.8% and a systematic uncertainty of 3.3%-4.6% were achieved. Additionally, a comparison between measured and simulated scanner sensitivity showed a scaling factor of 1.25 (±3%). Despite this, there was an improvement in the precision of the cross section measurement compared to values reported by the only previous study.Significance. Short-lived12N imaging is promising for real-timein vivoverification of the proton range to reduce clinical complications in proton therapy. The verification procedure requires experimental knowledge of the12N production cross section for proton energies of clinical importance, to be incorporated in a Monte Carlo framework for12N imaging prediction. This study is the first to achieve a precise measurement of the12C(p,n)12N nuclear cross section for such proton energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zapien-Campos
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Ahmadi Ganjeh
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Both
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Dendooven
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Barrientos L, Borja-Lloret M, Casaña JV, Dendooven P, García López J, Hueso-González F, Jiménez-Ramos MC, Pérez-Curbelo J, Ros A, Roser J, Senra C, Viegas R, Llosá G. Gamma-ray sources imaging and test-beam results with MACACO III Compton camera. Phys Med 2024; 117:103199. [PMID: 38142615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hadron therapy is a radiotherapy modality which offers a precise energy deposition to the tumors and a dose reduction to healthy tissue as compared to conventional methods. However, methods for real-time monitoring are required to ensure that the radiation dose is deposited on the target. The IRIS group of IFIC-Valencia developed a Compton camera prototype for this purpose, intending to image the Prompt Gammas emitted by the tissue during irradiation. The system detectors are composed of Lanthanum (III) bromide scintillator crystals coupled to silicon photomultipliers. After an initial characterization in the laboratory, in order to assess the system capabilities for future experiments in proton therapy centers, different tests were carried out in two facilities: PARTREC (Groningen, The Netherlands) and the CNA cyclotron (Sevilla, Spain). Characterization studies performed at PARTREC indicated that the detectors linearity was improved with respect to the previous version and an energy resolution of 5.2 % FWHM at 511 keV was achieved. Moreover, the imaging capabilities of the system were evaluated with a line source of 68Ge and a point-like source of 241Am-9Be. Images at 4.439 MeV were obtained from irradiation of a graphite target with an 18 MeV proton beam at CNA, to perform a study of the system potential to detect shifts at different intensities. In this sense, the system was able to distinguish 1 mm variations in the target position at different beam current intensities for measurement times of 1800 and 600 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barrientos
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Borja-Lloret
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - J V Casaña
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Dendooven
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J García López
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (Universidad de Sevilla, CSIC and Junta de Andalucía), E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Hueso-González
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Jiménez-Ramos
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (Universidad de Sevilla, CSIC and Junta de Andalucía), E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Curbelo
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Ros
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Roser
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Senra
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Viegas
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Llosá
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Holm P, Ihantola S, Bogdanoff V, Peräjärvi K, Dendooven P, Tengblad O, Muikku M. Novel environmental monitoring detector for discriminating fallout and airborne radioactivity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22550. [PMID: 38110460 PMCID: PMC10728060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early warning networks are used for detecting abnormal radioactivity levels in the environment. State-of-the-art networks are equipped with both dose rate detectors and spectrometric stations. Current networks don't automatically discriminate between radioactivity on the ground and in the air. A novel directional sensing gamma radiation detector utilizing a collimated phoswich scintillator was developed. The signals from the two scintillator materials are separated using a pulse shape discrimination. The separated signals are employed to determine the radioactivity concentrations on the ground and in the air assuming specific concentration distributions. Limitations related to imperfect directional sensing and dead time are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Holm
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 01370, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Sakari Ihantola
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 01370, Vantaa, Finland
- NeutronGate Oy, 11710, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - Ville Bogdanoff
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 01370, Vantaa, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kari Peräjärvi
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 01370, Vantaa, Finland.
| | - Peter Dendooven
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olof Tengblad
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113-Bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maarit Muikku
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 01370, Vantaa, Finland
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4
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Purushothaman S, Kostyleva D, Dendooven P, Haettner E, Geissel H, Schuy C, Weber U, Boscolo D, Dickel T, Graeff C, Hornung C, Kazantseva E, Kuzminchuk-Feuerstein N, Mukha I, Pietri S, Roesch H, Tanaka YK, Zhao J, Durante M, Parodi K, Scheidenberger C. Quasi-real-time range monitoring by in-beam PET: a case for 15O. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18788. [PMID: 37914762 PMCID: PMC10620432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast and reliable range monitoring method is required to take full advantage of the high linear energy transfer provided by therapeutic ion beams like carbon and oxygen while minimizing damage to healthy tissue due to range uncertainties. Quasi-real-time range monitoring using in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) with therapeutic beams of positron-emitters of carbon and oxygen is a promising approach. The number of implanted ions and the time required for an unambiguous range verification are decisive factors for choosing a candidate isotope. An experimental study was performed at the FRS fragment-separator of GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany, to investigate the evolution of positron annihilation activity profiles during the implantation of [Formula: see text]O and [Formula: see text]O ion beams in a PMMA phantom. The positron activity profile was imaged by a dual-panel version of a Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner. Results from a similar experiment using ion beams of carbon positron-emitters [Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text]C performed at the same experimental setup were used for comparison. Owing to their shorter half-lives, the number of implanted ions required for a precise positron annihilation activity peak determination is lower for [Formula: see text]C compared to [Formula: see text]C and likewise for [Formula: see text]O compared to [Formula: see text]O, but their lower production cross-sections make it difficult to produce them at therapeutically relevant intensities. With a similar production cross-section and a 10 times shorter half-life than [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]O provides a faster conclusive positron annihilation activity peak position determination for a lower number of implanted ions compared to [Formula: see text]C. A figure of merit formulation was developed for the quantitative comparison of therapy-relevant positron-emitting beams in the context of quasi-real-time beam monitoring. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that among the positron emitters of carbon and oxygen, [Formula: see text]O is the most feasible candidate for quasi-real-time range monitoring by in-beam PET that can be produced at therapeutically relevant intensities. Additionally, this study demonstrated that the in-flight production and separation method can produce beams of therapeutic quality, in terms of purity, energy, and energy spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Purushothaman
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - D Kostyleva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Dendooven
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Haettner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - C Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Boscolo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - C Graeff
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Hornung
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Kazantseva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - I Mukha
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Pietri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Roesch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Nuclear Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Y K Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - J Zhao
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - K Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Scheidenberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
- Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR (HFHF), Campus Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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5
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Virta R, Bubba TA, Moring M, Siltanen S, Honkamaa T, Dendooven P. In-air and in-water performance comparison of Passive Gamma Emission Tomography with activated Co-60 rods. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16189. [PMID: 37758755 PMCID: PMC10533838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A first-of-a-kind geological repository for spent nuclear fuel is being built in Finland and will soon start operations. To make sure all nuclear material stays in peaceful use, the fuel is measured with two complementary non-destructive methods to verify the integrity and the fissile content of the fuel prior to disposal. For pin-wise identification of active fuel material, a Passive Gamma Emission Tomography (PGET) device is used. Gamma radiation emitted by the fuel is assayed from 360 angles around the assembly with highly collimated CdZnTe detectors, and a 2D cross-sectional image is reconstructed from the data. At the encapsulation plant in Finland, there will be the possibility to measure in air. Since the performance of the method has only been studied in water, measurements with mock-up fuel were conducted at the Atominstitut in Vienna, Austria. Four different arrangements of activated Co-60 rods, steel rods and empty positions were investigated both in air and in water to confirm the functionality of the method. The measurement medium was not observed to affect the ability of the method to distinguish modified rod positions from filled rod positions. More extended conclusions about the method performance with real spent nuclear fuel cannot be drawn from the mock-up studies, since the gamma energies, activities, material attenuations and assembly dimensions are different, but full-scale measurements with spent nuclear fuel are planned for 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Virta
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa, Finland.
| | - Tatiana A Bubba
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Mikael Moring
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Samuli Siltanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Honkamaa
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Peter Dendooven
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Kostyleva D, Purushothaman S, Dendooven P, Haettner E, Geissel H, Ozoemelam I, Schuy C, Weber U, Boscolo D, Dickel T, Drozd V, Graeff C, Franczak B, Hornung C, Horst F, Kazantseva E, Kuzminchuk-Feuerstein N, Mukha I, Nociforo C, Pietri S, Reidel CA, Roesch H, Tanaka YK, Weick H, Zhao J, Durante M, Parodi K, Scheidenberger C. Precision of the PET activity range during irradiation with 10C, 11C, and 12C beams. Phys Med Biol 2022; 68. [PMID: 36533621 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca5e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Beams of stable ions have been a well-established tool for radiotherapy for many decades. In the case of ion beam therapy with stable12C ions, the positron emitters10,11C are produced via projectile and target fragmentation, and their decays enable visualization of the beam via positron emission tomography (PET). However, the PET activity peak matches the Bragg peak only roughly and PET counting statistics is low. These issues can be mitigated by using a short-lived positron emitter as a therapeutic beam.Approach.An experiment studying the precision of the measurement of ranges of positron-emitting carbon isotopes by means of PET has been performed at the FRS fragment-separator facility of GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany. The PET scanner used in the experiment is a dual-panel version of a Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner.Main results.High-quality in-beam PET images and activity distributions have been measured from the in-flight produced positron emitting isotopes11C and10C implanted into homogeneous PMMA phantoms. Taking advantage of the high statistics obtained in this experiment, we investigated the time evolution of the uncertainty of the range determined by means of PET during the course of irradiation, and show that the uncertainty improves with the inverse square root of the number of PET counts. The uncertainty is thus fully determined by the PET counting statistics. During the delivery of 1.6 × 107ions in 4 spills for a total duration of 19.2 s, the PET activity range uncertainty for10C,11C and12C is 0.04 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.3 mm, respectively. The gain in precision related to the PET counting statistics is thus much larger when going from11C to10C than when going from12C to11C. The much better precision for10C is due to its much shorter half-life, which, contrary to the case of11C, also enables to include the in-spill data in the image formation.Significance. Our results can be used to estimate the contribution from PET counting statistics to the precision of range determination in a particular carbon therapy situation, taking into account the irradiation scenario, the required dose and the PET scanner characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostyleva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Purushothaman
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Dendooven
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Haettner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - I Ozoemelam
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Boscolo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - V Drozd
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Graeff
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Franczak
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Hornung
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Horst
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Kazantseva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - I Mukha
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Nociforo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Pietri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C A Reidel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Roesch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Nuclear Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Y K Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - H Weick
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Zhao
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Scheidenberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.,II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.,Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR (HFHF), Campus Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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7
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Virta R, Bubba TA, Moring M, Siltanen S, Honkamaa T, Dendooven P. Author Correction: Improved Passive Gamma Emission Tomography image quality in the central region of spent nuclear fuel. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21761. [PMID: 36526678 PMCID: PMC9758221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riina Virta
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.15935.3b0000 0001 1534 674XRadiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Tatiana A. Bubba
- grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Department of Mathematical Sciences of the University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Mikael Moring
- grid.15935.3b0000 0001 1534 674XRadiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Samuli Siltanen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Honkamaa
- grid.15935.3b0000 0001 1534 674XRadiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Peter Dendooven
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Boscolo D, Kostyleva D, Schuy C, Weber U, Haettner E, Purushothaman S, Dendooven P, Dickel T, Drozd V, Franczack B, Geissel H, Hornung C, Horst F, Kazantseva E, Kuzminchuk-Feuerstein N, Lovatti G, Mukha I, Nociforo C, Pietri S, Pinto M, Reidel CA, Roesch H, Sokol O, Tanaka YK, Weick H, Zhao J, Scheidenberger C, Parodi K, Durante M. Depth dose measurements in water for 11C and 10C beams with therapy relevant energies. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 2022; 1043:167464. [PMID: 36345417 PMCID: PMC7613790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2022.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the favorable depth-dose distribution and the radiobiological properties of heavy ion radiation, ion beam therapy shows an improved success/toxicity ratio compared to conventional radiotherapy. The sharp dose gradients and very high doses in the Bragg peak region, which represent the larger physical advantage of ion beam therapy, make it also extremely sensitive to range uncertainties. The use of β +-radioactive ion beams would be ideal for simultaneous treatment and accurate online range monitoring through PET imaging. Since all the unfragmented primary ions are potentially contributing to the PET signal, these beams offer an improved image quality while preserving the physical and radiobiological advantages of the stable counterparts. The challenging production of radioactive ion beams and the difficulties in reaching high intensities, have discouraged their clinical application. In this context, the project Biomedical Applications of Radioactive ion Beams (BARB) started at GSI (Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH) with the main goal to assess the technical feasibility and investigate possible advantages of radioactive ion beams on the pre-clinical level. During the first experimental campaign 11C and 10C beams were produced and isotopically separated with the FRagment Separator (FRS) at GSI. The β +-radioactive ion beams were produced with a beam purity of 99% for all the beam investigated (except one case where it was 94%) and intensities potentially sufficient to treat a small animal tumors within few minutes of irradiation time, ∼ 106 particle per spill for the 10C and ∼ 107 particle per spill for the 11C beam, respectively. The impact of different ion optical parameters on the depth dose distribution was studied with a precision water column system. In this work, the measured depth dose distributions are presented together with results from Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Boscolo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daria Kostyleva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uli Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Emma Haettner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Timo Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Vasyl Drozd
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Christine Hornung
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Horst
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Erika Kazantseva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Ivan Mukha
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chiara Nociforo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephane Pietri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Pinto
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Heidi Roesch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Sokol
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Weick
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Christoph Scheidenberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Dendooven P, Ozoemelam I, van der Graaf E, van Goethem MJ, Kapusta M, Zhang N, Brandenburg S. Real-time positron emission imaging for range verification in helium beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(22)00105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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10
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Boscolo D, Kostyleva D, Safari MJ, Anagnostatou V, Äystö J, Bagchi S, Binder T, Dedes G, Dendooven P, Dickel T, Drozd V, Franczack B, Geissel H, Gianoli C, Graeff C, Grahn T, Greiner F, Haettner E, Haghani R, Harakeh MN, Horst F, Hornung C, Hucka JP, Kalantar-Nayestanaki N, Kazantseva E, Kindler B, Knöbel R, Kuzminchuk-Feuerstein N, Lommel B, Mukha I, Nociforo C, Ishikawa S, Lovatti G, Nitta M, Ozoemelam I, Pietri S, Plaß WR, Prochazka A, Purushothaman S, Reidel CA, Roesch H, Schirru F, Schuy C, Sokol O, Steinsberger T, Tanaka YK, Tanihata I, Thirolf P, Tinganelli W, Voss B, Weber U, Weick H, Winfield JS, Winkler M, Zhao J, Scheidenberger C, Parodi K, Durante M. Radioactive Beams for Image-Guided Particle Therapy: The BARB Experiment at GSI. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737050. [PMID: 34504803 PMCID: PMC8422860 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several techniques are under development for image-guidance in particle therapy. Positron (β+) emission tomography (PET) is in use since many years, because accelerated ions generate positron-emitting isotopes by nuclear fragmentation in the human body. In heavy ion therapy, a major part of the PET signals is produced by β+-emitters generated via projectile fragmentation. A much higher intensity for the PET signal can be obtained using β+-radioactive beams directly for treatment. This idea has always been hampered by the low intensity of the secondary beams, produced by fragmentation of the primary, stable beams. With the intensity upgrade of the SIS-18 synchrotron and the isotopic separation with the fragment separator FRS in the FAIR-phase-0 in Darmstadt, it is now possible to reach radioactive ion beams with sufficient intensity to treat a tumor in small animals. This was the motivation of the BARB (Biomedical Applications of Radioactive ion Beams) experiment that is ongoing at GSI in Darmstadt. This paper will present the plans and instruments developed by the BARB collaboration for testing the use of radioactive beams in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Boscolo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daria Kostyleva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Juha Äystö
- University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tim Binder
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Timo Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Vasyl Drozd
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Graeff
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tuomas Grahn
- University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Florian Greiner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Emma Haettner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Felix Horst
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christine Hornung
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Paul Hucka
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Erika Kazantseva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ronja Knöbel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ivan Mukha
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chiara Nociforo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephane Pietri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Plaß
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heidi Roesch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabio Schirru
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Sokol
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Timo Steinsberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Isao Tanihata
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peter Thirolf
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Voss
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uli Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Helmut Weick
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - John S Winfield
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Winkler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Christoph Scheidenberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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Ozoemelam I, van der Graaf E, van Goethem MJ, Kapusta M, Zhang N, Brandenburg S, Dendooven P. Feasibility of quasi-prompt PET-based range verification in proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:245013. [PMID: 32650323 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aba504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compared to photon therapy, proton therapy allows a better conformation of the dose to the tumor volume with reduced radiation dose to co-irradiated tissues. In vivo verification techniques including positron emission tomography (PET) have been proposed as quality assurance tools to mitigate proton range uncertainties. Detection of differences between planned and actual dose delivery on a short timescale provides a fast trigger for corrective actions. Conventional PET-based imaging of 15O (T1/2 = 2 min) and 11C (T1/2 = 20 min) distributions precludes such immediate feedback. We here present a demonstration of near real-time range verification by means of PET imaging of 12N (T1/2 = 11 ms). PMMA and graphite targets were irradiated with a 150 MeV proton pencil beam consisting of a series of pulses of 10 ms beam-on and 90 ms beam-off. Two modules of a modified Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner (21 × 21 cm2 each), installed 25 cm apart, were used to image the beam-induced PET activity during the beam-off periods. The modifications enable the detectors to be switched off during the beam-on periods. 12N images were reconstructed using planar tomography. Using a 1D projection of the 2D reconstructed 12N image, the activity range was obtained from a fit of the activity profile with a sigmoid function. Range shifts due to modified target configurations were assessed for multiples of the clinically relevant 108 protons per pulse (approximately equal to the highest intensity spots in the pencil beam scanning delivery of a dose of 1 Gy over a cubic 1 l volume). The standard deviation of the activity range, determined from 30 datasets obtained from three irradiations on PMMA and graphite targets, was found to be 2.5 and 2.6 mm (1σ) with 108 protons per pulse and 0.9 and 0.8 mm (1σ) with 109 protons per pulse. Analytical extrapolation of the results from this study shows that using a scanner with a solid angle coverage of 57%, with optimized detector switching and spot delivery times much smaller than the 12N half-life, an activity range measurement precision of 2.0 mm (1σ) and 1.3 mm (1σ) within 50 ms into an irradiation with 4 × 107 and 108 protons per pencil beam spot can be potentially realized. Aggregated imaging of neighboring spots or, if possible, increasing the number of protons for a few probe beam spots will enable the realization of higher precision range measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechi Ozoemelam
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Rodríguez-González T, Guerrero C, Jiménez-Ramos M, Dendooven P, Lerendegui-Marco J, Fraile L, Millán-Callado M, Ozoemelam I, Parrado A, Quesada J. Production yields of 𝛽 + emitters for range verification in proton therapy. EPJ Web Conf 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023924003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In-vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) range verification relies on the comparison of the measured and estimated activity distributions from β+ emitters induced by the proton beam on the most abundant elements in the human body, right after (looking at the long-lived β+ emitters 11C, 13N and 15O) or during (looking at the short-lived β+ emitters 29P, 12N, 38mK and 10C) the irradiation. The accuracy of the estimated activity distributions is basically that of the underlying cross section data. In this context, the aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of the production yields of β+ emitters of interest in proton therapy. In order to measure the long-lived β+ isotopes, a new method has been developed combining the multi-foil technique with the measurement of the induced activity with a clinical PET scanner. This technique has been tested successfully below 18 MeV at CNA (Spain) and will be used at a clinical beam to obtain data up to 230 MeV. However, such method does not allow measuring the production short-lived isotopes (lower half-life). For this, the proposed method combines a series of targets sandwiched between aluminum foils (acting as both degraders and converters) placed between two LaBr3 detectors that will measure the pairs of 511 keV γ-rays. The first tests will take place at the AGOR facility at KVI-CART, in Groningen.
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13
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Ozoemelam I, van der Graaf E, Brandenburg S, Dendooven P. The production of positron emitters with millisecond half-life during helium beam radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:235012. [PMID: 31658450 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab51c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapy with helium ions is currently receiving significantly increasing interest because helium ions have a sharper penumbra than protons and undergo less fragmentation than carbon ions and thus require less complicated dose calculations. For any ion of interest in hadron therapy, the accuracy of dose delivery is limited by range uncertainties. This has led to efforts by several groups to develop in vivo verification techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET), for monitoring of the dose delivery. Beam-on PET monitoring during proton therapy through the detection of short-lived positron emitters such as 12N (T 1/2 = 11 ms), an emerging PET technique, provides an attractive option given the achievable range accuracy, minimal susceptibility to biological washout and provision of near prompt feedback. Extension of this approach to helium ions requires information on the production yield of relevant short-lived positron emitters. This study presents the first measurements of the production of short-lived positron emitters in water, graphite, calcium and phosphorus targets irradiated with 59 MeV/u 3He and 50 MeV/u 4He beams. For these targets, the most produced short-lived nuclides are 13O/12N (T 1/2 = 8.6/11 ms) on water, 13O/12N on graphite, 43Ti/41Sc/42Sc (T 1/2 = 509-680 ms) on calcium, 28P (T 1/2 = 268 ms) on phosphorus. A translation of the results from elemental targets to PMMA and representative tissues such as adipose tissue, muscle, compact and cortical bone, shows the dominance of 13O/12N in at least the first 20 s of an irradiation with 4He and somewhat longer with 3He. As the production of 13O/12N in a 3He irradiation is 3-4 times higher than in a 4He irradiation, from a statistical point of view, range verification using 13O/12N PET imaging will be about 2 times more precise for a 3He irradiation compared to a 4He irradiation.
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14
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Dendooven P, Buitenhuis HJT, Diblen F, Heeres PN, Biegun AK, Fiedler F, van Goethem MJ, van der Graaf ER, Brandenburg S. Corrigendum: Short-lived positron emitters in beam-on PET imaging during proton therapy (2015 Phys. Med. Biol. 60 8923). Phys Med Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab23d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Peura P, Bélanger-Champagne C, Eerola P, Dendooven P, Huhtalo E. Thin NaI(Tl) crystals to enhance the detection sensitivity for molten 241Am sources. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 139:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Us D, Brzezinski K, Buitenhuis T, Dendooven P, Ruotsalainen U. Evaluation of Median Root Prior for Robust In-Beam PET Reconstruction. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2018.2854231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Ozoemelam I, van der Graaf ER, Brandenburg S, Dendooven P. [OA054] Short-lived positron emitters for in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) verification of helium therapy. Phys Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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18
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Bélanger-Champagne C, Vainionpää H, Peura P, Toivonen H, Eerola P, Dendooven P. Design of a novel instrument for active neutron interrogation of artillery shells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188959. [PMID: 29211773 PMCID: PMC5718418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common explosives can be uniquely identified by measuring the elemental H/N ratio with a precision better than 10%. Monte Carlo simulations were used to design two variants of a new prompt gamma neutron activation instrument that can achieve this precision. The instrument features an intense pulsed neutron generator with precise timing. Measuring the hydrogen peak from the target explosive is especially challenging because the instrument itself contains hydrogen, which is needed for neutron moderation and shielding. By iterative design optimization, the fraction of the hydrogen peak counts coming from the explosive under interrogation increased from [Formula: see text]% to [Formula: see text]% (statistical only) for the benchmark design. In the optimized design variants, the hydrogen signal from a high-explosive shell can be measured to a statistics-only precision better than 1% in less than 30 minutes for an average neutron production yield of 109 n/s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pauli Peura
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paula Eerola
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Buitenhuis HJT, Diblen F, Brzezinski KW, Brandenburg S, Dendooven P. Beam-on imaging of short-lived positron emitters during proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:4654-4672. [PMID: 28379155 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6b8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo dose delivery verification in proton therapy can be performed by positron emission tomography (PET) of the positron-emitting nuclei produced by the proton beam in the patient. A PET scanner installed in the treatment position of a proton therapy facility that takes data with the beam on will see very short-lived nuclides as well as longer-lived nuclides. The most important short-lived nuclide for proton therapy is 12N (Dendooven et al 2015 Phys. Med. Biol. 60 8923-47), which has a half-life of 11 ms. The results of a proof-of-principle experiment of beam-on PET imaging of short-lived 12N nuclei are presented. The Philips Digital Photon Counting Module TEK PET system was used, which is based on LYSO scintillators mounted on digital SiPM photosensors. A 90 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron at KVI-CART was used to investigate the energy and time spectra of PET coincidences during beam-on. Events coinciding with proton bunches, such as prompt gamma rays, were removed from the data via an anti-coincidence filter with the cyclotron RF. The resulting energy spectrum allowed good identification of the 511 keV PET counts during beam-on. A method was developed to subtract the long-lived background from the 12N image by introducing a beam-off period into the cyclotron beam time structure. We measured 2D images and 1D profiles of the 12N distribution. A range shift of 5 mm was measured as 6 ± 3 mm using the 12N profile. A larger, more efficient, PET system with a higher data throughput capability will allow beam-on 12N PET imaging of single spots in the distal layer of an irradiation with an increased signal-to-background ratio and thus better accuracy. A simulation shows that a large dual panel scanner, which images a single spot directly after it is delivered, can measure a 5 mm range shift with millimeter accuracy: 5.5 ± 1.1 mm for 1 × 108 protons and 5.2 ± 0.5 mm for 5 × 108 protons. This makes fast and accurate feedback on the dose delivery during treatment possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J T Buitenhuis
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA, Groningen, Netherlands
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20
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Solevi P, Muñoz E, Solaz C, Trovato M, Dendooven P, Gillam JE, Lacasta C, Oliver JF, Rafecas M, Torres-Espallardo I, Llosá G. Performance of MACACO Compton telescope for ion-beam therapy monitoring: first test with proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5149-65. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/14/5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Buitenhuis H, Dendooven P, Biegun A, van der Borden A, Diblen F, van Goethem MJ, van der Schaaf A, van ‘t Veld A, Brandenburg S. PET Scanning Protocols for In-Situ Dose Delivery Verification of Proton Therapy. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)30035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Dendooven P, Buitenhuis H, Diblen F, Biegun A, Fiedler F, van Goethem MJ, van der Graaf E, Brandenburg S. Short-lived Positron Emitters in Beam-on PET Imaging During Proton Therapy. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)30034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Dendooven P, Buitenhuis HJT, Diblen F, Heeres PN, Biegun AK, Fiedler F, van Goethem MJ, van der Graaf ER, Brandenburg S. Short-lived positron emitters in beam-on PET imaging during proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:8923-47. [PMID: 26539812 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/23/8923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The only method for in vivo dose delivery verification in proton beam radiotherapy in clinical use today is positron emission tomography (PET) of the positron emitters produced in the patient during irradiation. PET imaging while the beam is on (so called beam-on PET) is an attractive option, providing the largest number of counts, the least biological washout and the fastest feedback. In this implementation, all nuclides, independent of their half-life, will contribute. As a first step towards assessing the relevance of short-lived nuclides (half-life shorter than that of (10)C, T1/2 = 19 s) for in vivo dose delivery verification using beam-on PET, we measured their production in the stopping of 55 MeV protons in water, carbon, phosphorus and calcium The most copiously produced short-lived nuclides and their production rates relative to the relevant long-lived nuclides are: (12)N (T1/2 = 11 ms) on carbon (9% of (11)C), (29)P (T1/2 = 4.1 s) on phosphorus (20% of (30)P) and (38m)K (T1/2 = 0.92 s) on calcium (113% of (38g)K). No short-lived nuclides are produced on oxygen. The number of decays integrated from the start of an irradiation as a function of time during the irradiation of PMMA and 4 tissue materials has been determined. For (carbon-rich) adipose tissue, (12)N dominates up to 70 s. On bone tissue, (12)N dominates over (15)O during the first 8-15 s (depending on carbon-to-oxygen ratio). The short-lived nuclides created on phosphorus and calcium provide 2.5 times more beam-on PET counts than the long-lived ones produced on these elements during a 70 s irradiation. From the estimated number of (12)N PET counts, we conclude that, for any tissue, (12)N PET imaging potentially provides equal to superior proton range information compared to prompt gamma imaging with an optimized knife-edge slit camera. The practical implementation of (12)N PET imaging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dendooven
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747AA Groningen, The Netherlands
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Buitenhuis HJT, Dendooven P, Diblen F, Biegun AK, van Goethem MJ, van der Graaf ER, Brandenburg S. SU-C-204-07: The Production of Short-Lived Positron Emitters in Proton Therapy. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4923831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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25
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Schumann A, Petzoldt J, Dendooven P, Enghardt W, Golnik C, Hueso-González F, Kormoll T, Pausch G, Roemer K, Fiedler F. Simulation and experimental verification of prompt gamma-ray emissions during proton irradiation. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:4197-207. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/10/4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Golnik C, Hueso-González F, Müller A, Dendooven P, Enghardt W, Fiedler F, Kormoll T, Roemer K, Petzoldt J, Wagner A, Pausch G. Range assessment in particle therapy based on promptγ-ray timing measurements. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:5399-422. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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van der Graaf ER, Dendooven P, Brandenburg S. Using standard calibrated geometries to characterize a coaxial high purity germanium gamma detector for Monte Carlo simulations. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:065110. [PMID: 24985855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4882320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A detector model optimization procedure based on matching Monte Carlo simulations with measurements for two experimentally calibrated sample geometries which are frequently used in radioactivity measurement laboratories results in relative agreement within 5% between simulated and measured efficiencies for a high purity germanium detector. The optimization procedure indicated that the increase in dead layer thickness is largely responsible for a detector efficiency decrease in time. The optimized detector model allows Monte Carlo efficiency calibration for all other samples of which the geometry and bulk composition is known. The presented method is a competitive and economic alternative to more elaborate detector scanning methods and results in a comparable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R van der Graaf
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology (KVI-CART), University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Dendooven
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology (KVI-CART), University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Brandenburg
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology (KVI-CART), University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dendooven P, Biegun A, Brandenburg S, Buitenhuis H, Cambraia Lopes P, Diblen F, Oxley D, Schaart D, van der Borden A, van Goethem MJ, van der Schaaf A, Vandenberghe S, van ’t Veld A. 55: TOF-PET scanner configurations for quality assurance in proton therapy: a patient case study. Radiother Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)34076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Hueso-González F, Bemmerer D, Berthel M, Biegun A, Borany J, Dendooven P, Dreyer A, Enghardt W, Fiedler F, Golnik C, Heidel K, Kormoll T, Petzoldt J, Römer K, Schmidt K, Schwengner R, Wagner A, Wagner L, Pausch G. 90: Comparison of Scintillation Detectors based on BGO and LSO for Prompt Gamma Imaging in Particle Therapy. Radiother Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)34111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Biegun AK, Seravalli E, Lopes PC, Rinaldi I, Pinto M, Oxley DC, Dendooven P, Verhaegen F, Parodi K, Crespo P, Schaart DR. Time-of-flight neutron rejection to improve prompt gamma imaging for proton range verification: a simulation study. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:6429-44. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/20/6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Yagi M, Oxley D, Dendooven P, Brandenburg S, Koizumi M, Teshima T. SU-E-T-294: Maximizing the Availability of Positron Emitting Nuclei for Proton Therapy Verification Using Different Beam Irradiation Sequences. Med Phys 2012; 39:3771. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4735364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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32
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Roger T, Büscher J, Bastin B, Kirsebom OS, Raabe R, Alcorta M, Äystö J, Borge MJG, Carmona-Gallardo M, Cocolios TE, Cruz J, Dendooven P, Fraile LM, Fynbo HOU, Galaviz D, Gasques LR, Giri GS, Huyse M, Hyldegaard S, Jungmann K, Kruithof WL, Lantz M, Perea A, Riisager K, Saastamoinen A, Santra B, Shidling PD, Sohani M, Sørensen AJ, Tengblad O, Traykov E, van der Hoek DJ, Van Duppen P, Versolato OO, Wilschut HW. Precise determination of the unperturbed 8B neutrino spectrum. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:162502. [PMID: 22680713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.162502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A measurement of the final state distribution of the (8)B β decay, obtained by implanting a (8)B beam in a double-sided silicon strip detector, is reported here. The present spectrum is consistent with a recent independent precise measurement performed by our collaboration at the IGISOL facility, Jyväskylä [O. S. Kirsebom et al., Phys. Rev. C 83, 065802 (2011)]. It shows discrepancies with previously measured spectra, leading to differences in the derived neutrino spectrum. Thanks to a low detection threshold, the neutrino spectrum is for the first time directly extracted from the measured final state distribution, thus avoiding the uncertainties related to the extrapolation of R-matrix fits. Combined with the IGISOL data, this leads to an improvement of the overall errors and the extension of the neutrino spectrum at high energy. The new unperturbed neutrino spectrum represents a benchmark for future measurements of the solar neutrino flux as a function of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Roger
- Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Seifert S, van Dam HT, Huizenga J, Vinke R, Dendooven P, Löhner H, Schaart DR. Monolithic LaBr3:Ce crystals on silicon photomultiplier arrays for time-of-flight positron emission tomography. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:2219-33. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/8/2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Biegun A, Lopes PC, Rinaldi I, Oxley D, Seravalli E, Verhaegen F, Dendooven P, Parodi K, Schaart D, Crespo P. 259 TIME-OF-FLIGHT METHOD FOR NEUTRON REJECTION IN PROMPT GAMMA IMAGING OF BEAM RANGE AND DENSITY CHANGES IN PROTON THERAPY. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)70226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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van Dam HT, Seifert S, Vinke R, Dendooven P, Löhner H, Beekman FJ, Schaart DR. A practical method for depth of interaction determination in monolithic scintillator PET detectors. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:4135-45. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/13/025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Schaart DR, Seifert S, Vinke R, van Dam HT, Dendooven P, Löhner H, Beekman FJ. LaBr3:Ce and SiPMs for time-of-flight PET: achieving 100 ps coincidence resolving time. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:N179-89. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/7/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Aaltonen J, Gromova EA, Jakovlev VA, Heselius SJ, Dendooven P, Trzaska WH. Proton-induced nuclear reactions in neptunium-237 targets. Production of plutonium tracers in the energy range 15-40 MeV. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2000.88.3-4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in using 236Pu and 237Pu as plutonium tracers has stimulated the search for nuclear reactions for the effective production of these radionuclides. The nuclear reactions 237Np(p,2n)236Pu, 237Np(p,pn)236mNp →β-
236Pu and 237Np(p,n)237Pu were investigated in the proton-energy range 15-40 MeV using the K-130 cyclotron of the University of Jyväskylä and the MGC-20 cyclotron of Åbo Akademi University. The cross sections for these reactions were experimentally derived. Thick-target yields based on the cross sections were calculated. The results are discussed and compared with data previously obtained from other reactions leading to the same end products.
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Aaltonen J, Dendooven P, Gromova EA, Heselius SJ, Jakovlev VA, Trzaska WH. Production of 235Np, 236Pu and 237Pu via nuclear reactions on 235,236,238U and 237Np targets. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.91.10.557.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
A summary of methods for cyclotron production of 235Np (396.1d), 236Pu (2.858y) and 237Pu (45.2d) via nuclear reactions with protons and 3He-ions on 235,236,238U and 237Np targets in wide energy ranges is given. Methods for the chemical separation and purification of these nuclides from the irradiated uranium and neptunium targets are described. Cross sections, yields and radionuclidic purities of 235Np, 236Pu and 237Pu are presented and compared with literature data on the nuclear reactions leading to these radionuclides. The nuclear reactions with the so far highest known yields of 235Np, 236Pu and 237Pu are determined: 236U(p,2n) 235Np, 237Np(p,2n+pnβ
-) 236Pu and 237Np(p,n) 237Pu, respectively. The highest radionuclidic purity of 235Np, 236Pu and 237Pu tracers can be reached with the 236U(p,2n) 235Np, 236U(p,nβ
-) 236Pu and 237Np(3He,t) 237Pu reactions, respectively. In addition new cross sections and yield data of the 236U(3He,p3n) 235Np reaction in the energy range 42.4–60 MeV are given.
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Schaart DR, van Dam HT, Seifert S, Vinke R, Dendooven P, Löhner H, Beekman FJ. A novel, SiPM-array-based, monolithic scintillator detector for PET. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:3501-12. [PMID: 19443953 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/11/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are of great interest to positron emission tomography (PET), as they enable new detector geometries, for e.g., depth-of-interaction (DOI) determination, are MR compatible, and offer faster response and higher gain than other solid-state photosensors such as avalanche photodiodes. Here we present a novel detector design with DOI correction, in which a position-sensitive SiPM array is used to read out a monolithic scintillator. Initial characterization of a prototype detector consisting of a 4 x 4 SiPM array coupled to either the front or back surface of a 13.2 mm x 13.2 mm x 10 mm LYSO:Ce(3+) crystal shows that front-side readout results in significantly better performance than conventional back-side readout. Spatial resolutions <1.6 mm full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) were measured at the detector centre in response to an approximately 0.54 mm FWHM diameter test beam. Hardly any resolution losses were observed at angles of incidence up to 45 degrees , demonstrating excellent DOI correction. About 14% FWHM energy resolution was obtained. The timing resolution, measured in coincidence with a BaF(2) detector, equals 960 ps FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Schaart
- Delft University of Technology, Radiation Detection & Medical Imaging, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
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40
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Fynbo HOU, Diget CAA, Bergmann UC, Borge MJG, Cederkäll J, Dendooven P, Fraile LM, Franchoo S, Fedosseev VN, Fulton BR, Huang W, Huikari J, Jeppesen HB, Jokinen AS, Jones P, Jonson B, Köster U, Langanke K, Meister M, Nilsson T, Nyman G, Prezado Y, Riisager K, Rinta-Antila S, Tengblad O, Turrion M, Wang Y, Weissman L, Wilhelmsen K, Aystö J. Revised rates for the stellar triple-α process from measurement of 12C nuclear resonances. Nature 2005; 433:136-9. [PMID: 15650733 DOI: 10.1038/nature03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the centres of stars where the temperature is high enough, three alpha-particles (helium nuclei) are able to combine to form 12C because of a resonant reaction leading to a nuclear excited state. (Stars with masses greater than approximately 0.5 times that of the Sun will at some point in their lives have a central temperature high enough for this reaction to proceed.) Although the reaction rate is of critical significance for determining elemental abundances in the Universe, and for determining the size of the iron core of a star just before it goes supernova, it has hitherto been insufficiently determined. Here we report a measurement of the inverse process, where a 12C nucleus decays to three alpha-particles. We find a dominant resonance at an energy of approximately 11 MeV, but do not confirm the presence of a resonance at 9.1 MeV (ref. 3). We show that interference between two resonances has important effects on our measured spectrum. Using these data, we calculate the triple-alpha rate for temperatures from 10(7) K to 10(10) K and find significant deviations from the standard rates. Our rate below approximately 5 x 10(7) K is higher than the previous standard, implying that the critical amounts of carbon that catalysed hydrogen burning in the first stars are produced twice as fast as previously believed. At temperatures above 10(9) K, our rate is much less, which modifies predicted nucleosynthesis in supernovae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O U Fynbo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, 8000 Arhus C, Denmark.
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41
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Fynbo HOU, Prezado Y, Bergmann UC, Borge MJG, Dendooven P, Huang WX, Huikari J, Jeppesen H, Jones P, Jonson B, Meister M, Nyman G, Riisager K, Tengblad O, Vogelius IS, Wang Y, Weissman L, Wilhelmsen Rolander K, Aystö J. Clarification of the three-body decay of 12C (12.71 MeV). Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:082502. [PMID: 14525236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.082502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using beta decays of a clean source of 12N produced at the IGISOL facility, we have measured the breakup of the 12C (12.71 MeV) state into three alpha particles with a segmented particle detector setup. The high quality of the data permits solving the question of the breakup mechanism of the 12.71 MeV state, a longstanding problem in few-body nuclear physics. Among existing models, a modified sequential model fits the data best, but systematic deviations indicate that a three-body description is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O U Fynbo
- Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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42
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Campbell P, Thayer HL, Billowes J, Dendooven P, Flanagan KT, Forest DH, Griffith JAR, Huikari J, Jokinen A, Moore R, Nieminen A, Tungate G, Zemlyanoi S, Aystö J. Laser spectroscopy of cooled zirconium fission fragments. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:082501. [PMID: 12190460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.082501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The first on-line laser spectroscopy of cooled fission fragments is reported. The r ions, produced in uranium fission, were extracted and separated using an ion guide isotope separator. The ions were cooled and bunched for collinear laser spectroscopy by a gas-filled linear Paul trap. New results for nuclear mean-square charge radii, dipole, and quadrupole moments are reported across the N=60 shape change. The mean-square charge radii are found to be almost identical to those of the Sr isotones and previously offered modeling of the radial changes is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Campbell
- Schuster Laboratory, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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43
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Laitinen P, Strohm A, Huikari J, Nieminen A, Voss T, Grodon C, Riihimäki I, Kummer M, Aystö J, Dendooven P, Räisänen J, Frank W. Self-diffusion of (31)Si and (71)Ge in relaxed Si(0.20)Ge(0.80) layers. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:085902. [PMID: 12190483 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.085902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-diffusion of implanted (31)Si and (71)Ge in relaxed Si(0.20)Ge(0.80) layers has been studied in the temperature range 730-950 degrees C by means of a modified radiotracer technique. The temperature dependences of the diffusion coefficients were found to be Arrhenius-type with activation enthalpies of 3.6 eV and 3.5 eV and preexponential factors of 7.5 x 10(-3) m(2) s(-1) and 8.1 x 10(-3) m(2) s(-1) for (31)Si and (71)Ge , respectively. These results suggest that, as in Ge, in Si(0.20)Ge(0.80) both (31)Si and (71)Ge diffuse via a vacancy mechanism. Since in Si(0.20)Ge(0.80) (71)Ge diffuses only slightly faster than (31)Si , in self-diffusion studies on Si-Ge (71)Ge radioisotopes may be used as substitutes for the "uncomfortably" short-lived (31)Si radiotracer atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laitinen
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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44
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45
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Penttilä H, Dendooven P, Honkanen A, Huhta M, Lhersonneau G, Oinonen M, Parmonen J, Peräjärvi K, ystö J, Kurpeta J, Persson JR. First observation of beta decay of 108Nb to 108Mo. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 54:2760-2763. [PMID: 9971630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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46
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Lhersonneau G, Dendooven P, Honkanen A, Huhta M, Oinonen M, Penttilä H, ystö J, Kurpeta J, Persson JR, Popov A. First observation of nonyrast levels in 103Zr and level systematics of N = 63 Sr, Zr, and Mo isotones. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 54:1592-1597. [PMID: 9971505 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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47
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Lhersonneau G, Dendooven P, Hankonen S, Honkanen A, Huhta M, Julin R, Juutinen S, Oinonen M, Penttilä H, Savelius A, Törmänen S, ystö J, Butler PA, Cocks JF, Jones PM, Smith JF. Decays of the 97Y isomers to the single neutron nucleus 97Zr. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 54:1117-1128. [PMID: 9971444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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48
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Mehren T, Pfeiffer B, Schoedder S, Kratz K, Huhta M, Dendooven P, Honkanen A, Lhersonneau G, Oinonen M, Parmonen J, Penttilä H, Popov A, Rubchenya V, Äystö J. Beta-Decay Half-Lives and Neutron-Emission Probabilities of Very Neutron-Rich Y to Tc Isotopes. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:458-461. [PMID: 10062816 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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49
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Wauters J, Dendooven P, Huyse M, Reusen G, Lievens P, the ISOLDE. Reply to "Comment on ' alpha -decay properties of neutron-deficient polonium and radon nuclei' ". Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 49:3359. [PMID: 9969628 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.49.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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50
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Wauters J, Bijnens N, Dendooven P, Huyse M, Hwang HY, Reusen G, Kirchner R, Roeckl E. Fine structure in the alpha decay of even-even nuclei as an experimental proof for the stability of the Z=82 magic shell at the very neutron-deficient side. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 72:1329-1332. [PMID: 10056685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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