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McGillan P, Berry NG, Nixon GL, Leung SC, Webborn PJH, Wenlock MC, Kavanagh S, Cassidy A, Clare RH, Cook DA, Johnston KL, Ford L, Ward SA, Taylor MJ, Hong WD, O’Neill PM. Development of Pyrazolopyrimidine Anti- Wolbachia Agents for the Treatment of Filariasis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1421-1426. [PMID: 34527179 PMCID: PMC8436242 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
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Anti-Wolbachia therapy has been identified as
a viable treatment for combating filarial diseases. Phenotypic screening
revealed a series of pyrazolopyrimidine hits with potent anti-Wolbachia activity. This paper focuses on the exploration
of the SAR for this chemotype, with improvement of metabolic stability
and solubility profiles using medicinal chemistry approaches. Organic
synthesis has enabled functionalization of the pyrazolopyrimidine
core at multiple positions, generating a library of compounds of which
many analogues possess nanomolar activity against Wolbachia
in vitro with improved DMPK parameters. A lead compound, 15f, was selected for in vivo pharmacokinetics
(PK) profiling in mice. The combination of potent anti-Wolbachia activity in two in vitro assessments plus the exceptional
oral PK profiles in mice puts this lead compound in a strong position
for in vivo proof-of-concept pharmacodynamics studies
and demonstrates the strong potential for further optimization and
development of this series for treatment of filariasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McGillan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma L. Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Suet C. Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. H. Webborn
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca U.K., Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Wenlock
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca U.K., Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kavanagh
- Oncology Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Cassidy
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel H. Clare
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Darren A. Cook
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L. Johnston
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
- Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Ford
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Taylor
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - W. David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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Swales JG, Tucker JW, Spreadborough MJ, Iverson SL, Clench MR, Webborn PJH, Goodwin RJA. Mapping drug distribution in brain tissue using liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10146-52. [PMID: 26350423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) is a surface sampling technique that incorporates liquid extraction from the surface of tissue sections with nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. Traditional tissue analysis techniques usually require homogenization of the sample prior to analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), but an intrinsic weakness of this is a loss of all spatial information and the inability of the technique to distinguish between actual tissue penetration and response caused by residual blood contamination. LESA-MS, in contrast, has the ability to spatially resolve drug distributions and has historically been used to profile discrete spots on the surface of tissue sections. Here, we use the technique as a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) tool, extracting points at 1 mm spatial resolution across tissue sections to build an image of xenobiotic and endogenous compound distribution to assess drug blood-brain barrier penetration into brain tissue. A selection of penetrant and "nonpenetrant" drugs were dosed to rats via oral and intravenous administration. Whole brains were snap-frozen at necropsy and were subsequently sectioned prior to analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and LESA-MSI. MALDI-MSI, as expected, was shown to effectively map the distribution of brain penetrative compounds but lacked sufficient sensitivity when compounds were marginally penetrative. LESA-MSI was used to effectively map the distribution of these poorly penetrative compounds, highlighting its value as a complementary technique to MALDI-MSI. The technique also showed benefits when compared to traditional homogenization, particularly for drugs that were considered nonpenetrant by homogenization but were shown to have a measurable penetration using LESA-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Swales
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.,Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University , Howard Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, U.K
| | - James W Tucker
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Michael J Spreadborough
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Suzanne L Iverson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University , Howard Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, U.K
| | - Peter J H Webborn
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Richard J A Goodwin
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Biomolecular
Imaging and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591 BMC, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Mohammadreza Shariatgorji
- Biomolecular
Imaging and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591 BMC, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Theodosia Vallianatou
- Biomolecular
Imaging and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591 BMC, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter J. H. Webborn
- Drug Safety & Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Per E. Andrén
- Biomolecular
Imaging and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591 BMC, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Swales JG, Tucker JW, Strittmatter N, Nilsson A, Cobice D, Clench MR, Mackay CL, Andren PE, Takáts Z, Webborn PJH, Goodwin RJA. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Cassette-Dosed Drugs for Higher Throughput Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8473-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Swales
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, U.K
| | - James W. Tucker
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Biomolecular Imaging
and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | - Diego Cobice
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Malcolm R. Clench
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, U.K
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Per E. Andren
- Biomolecular Imaging
and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Takáts
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Peter J. H. Webborn
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
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Ballard P, Brassil P, Bui KH, Dolgos H, Petersson C, Tunek A, Webborn PJH. The right compound in the right assay at the right time: an integrated discovery DMPK strategy. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:224-52. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.691099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wilby AJ, Maeda K, Courtney PF, Debori Y, Webborn PJH, Kitamura Y, Kusuhara H, Riley RJ, Sugiyama Y. Hepatic uptake in the dog: comparison of uptake in hepatocytes and human embryonic kidney cells expressing dog organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B4. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2361-9. [PMID: 21940906 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the dog is frequently used in pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and drug safety studies, little is known about canine drug transporters. Dog organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp1b4) has recently been cloned (Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 151:393-399, 2010), but the contribution of Oatp1b4 to hepatic uptake has yet to be clarified. This study compares the transport characteristics of dog Oatp1b4 with those of human OATP1B1/1B3 and demonstrates the importance of Oatp1b4 in the uptake of anionic compounds in dog hepatocytes. Oatp1b4 is the predominant Oatp in dog liver with expression levels double and 30 times those of Oatp2b1 and Oatp1a2, respectively. Uptake of a range of typical OATP substrates by Oatp1b4-expressing HEK293 cells was compared with that in fresh dog hepatocytes. All compounds tested were transported by Oatp1b4 and uptake intrinsic clearance (CL(int, uptake)) in dog hepatocytes in sodium-free buffer was correlated significantly with CL(int, uptake) in Oatp1b4-expressing cells. Dog in vivo clearance for five substrates was predicted more accurately from CL(int, uptake) than from metabolic intrinsic clearance (CL(int, met)), indicating that uptake governs the overall in vivo hepatic clearance of these anionic compounds in dog. The substrate specificities of dog Oatp1b4 appear to be similar to those of human OATP1B1/OATP1B3, whereas the relative uptake clearance of substrates for Oatp1b4 correlate better with OATP1B3 than with the more abundant hepatic analog OATP1B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Wilby
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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Soars MG, Webborn PJH, Riley RJ. Impact of Hepatic Uptake Transporters on Pharmacokinetics and Drug−Drug Interactions: Use of Assays and Models for Decision Making in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1662-77. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800246x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G. Soars
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Peter J. H. Webborn
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Robert J. Riley
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
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Grime K, Webborn PJH, Riley RJ. Functional Consequences of Active Hepatic Uptake on Cytochrome P450 Inhibition in Rat and Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1670-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Paine SW, Parker AJ, Gardiner P, Webborn PJH, Riley RJ. Prediction of the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, cerivastatin, and indomethacin using kinetic models applied to isolated rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1365-74. [PMID: 18426955 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposition of atorvastatin, cerivastatin, and indomethacin, established substrates of rat hepatic basolateral uptake transporters, has been evaluated in suspended rat hepatocytes. Cell and media concentration-time data were simultaneously fitted to a model incorporating active uptake, permeation, binding, and metabolism. Use of the model to estimate the ratio of intracellular to extracellular steady-state free drug concentrations demonstrated the strong influence of active uptake on the kinetics of atorvastatin (18:1) and cerivastatin (8:1), in comparison with indomethacin (3.5:1). Indomethacin, however, was shown to have a higher uptake clearance (599 +/- 101 microl/min/10(6) cells) than atorvastatin (375 +/- 45 microl/min/10(6) cells) and cerivastatin (413 +/- 47 microl/min/10(6) cells). The high passive permeability of indomethacin (237 +/- 63 microl/min/10(6) cells) clearly negated the effect of the active transport on the overall disposition. An analogous physiological model was constructed that allowed prediction of the in vivo pharmacokinetics, including the free intracellular concentration in liver. Hepatic clearance was well predicted by the model, in contrast to predictions based on standard methods. Volume of distribution was well predicted for indomethacin and predicted reasonably for atorvastatin and cerivastatin and higher than might be expected for an acid compound. Furthermore, the terminal half-life predictions for all three compounds were within 2-fold of the observed values. The ability to estimate the free-intracellular hepatic concentration of uptake substrates has major benefits in terms of predicting pharmacokinetics, potential CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions, and efficacy of hepatically targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Paine
- Department of Discovery Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom.
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Webborn PJH, Parker AJ, Denton RL, Riley RJ. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of hepatic clearance involving active uptake: theoretical and experimental aspects. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:1090-109. [PMID: 17968738 DOI: 10.3109/00498250701557266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of hepatic uptake transporters in drug clearance is well recognized. The subject is reviewed with the intention of providing an overview of the concepts in order to link the increasing knowledge of transporter-mediated uptake into established models of hepatic clearance. In order to understand and quantify their impact, models of hepatic elimination that incorporate permeability barriers are required. Models that include both active and passive uptake into hepatocytes are discussed and simulations of the influence of active uptake and passive diffusion on hepatic clearance are presented. The advantages and weaknesses of a number of in vitro assays of hepatic uptake are described, and their ability to predict hepatic clearance is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J H Webborn
- Physical and Metabolic Science, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, UK.
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Springthorpe B, Bailey A, Barton P, Birkinshaw TN, Bonnert RV, Brown RC, Chapman D, Dixon J, Guile SD, Humphries RG, Hunt SF, Ince F, Ingall AH, Kirk IP, Leeson PD, Leff P, Lewis RJ, Martin BP, McGinnity DF, Mortimore MP, Paine SW, Pairaudeau G, Patel A, Rigby AJ, Riley RJ, Teobald BJ, Tomlinson W, Webborn PJH, Willis PA. From ATP to AZD6140: the discovery of an orally active reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist for the prevention of thrombosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6013-8. [PMID: 17827008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Starting from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the identification of a novel series of P2Y(12) receptor antagonists and exploitation of their SAR is described. Modifications of the acidic side chain and the purine core and investigation of hydrophobic substituents led to a series of neutral molecules. The leading compound, 17 (AZD6140), is currently in a large phase III clinical trial for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and prevention of thromboembolic clinical sequelae.
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Soars MG, Grime K, Sproston JL, Webborn PJH, Riley RJ. Use of Hepatocytes to Assess the Contribution of Hepatic Uptake to Clearance in Vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:859-65. [PMID: 17344337 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.014464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The wealth of information that has emerged in recent years detailing the substrate specificity of hepatic transporters necessitates an investigation into their potential role in drug elimination. Therefore, an assay in which the loss of parent compound from the incubation medium into hepatocytes ("media loss" assay) was developed to assess the impact of hepatic uptake on unbound drug intrinsic clearance in vivo (CL(int ub in vivo)). Studies using conventional hepatocyte incubations for a subset of 36 AstraZeneca new chemical entities (NCEs) resulted in a poor projection of CL(int ub in vivo) (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.002, average fold error = 57). This significant underestimation of CL(int ub in vivo) suggested that metabolism was not the dominant clearance mechanism for the majority of compounds examined. However, CL(int ub in vivo) was described well for this dataset using an initial compound "disappearance" CL(int) obtained from media loss assays (r2 = 0.72, p = 6.3 x 10(-11), average fold error = 3). Subsequent studies, using this method for the same 36 NCEs, suggested that the active uptake into human hepatocytes was generally slower (3-fold on average) than that observed with rat hepatocytes. The accurate prediction of human CL(int ub in vivo) (within 4-fold) for the marketed drug transporter substrates montelukast, bosentan, atorvastatin, and pravastatin confirmed further the utility of this assay. This work has described a simple method, amenable for use within a drug discovery setting, for predicting the in vivo clearance of drugs with significant hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Soars
- Department of Physical and Metabolic Science, AstraZeneca Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 5RH, England.
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