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Straumal BB, Kulagin R, Klinger L, Rabkin E, Straumal PB, Kogtenkova OA, Baretzky B. Structure Refinement and Fragmentation of Precipitates under Severe Plastic Deformation: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:601. [PMID: 35057318 PMCID: PMC8779984 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During severe plastic deformation (SPD), the processes of lattice defect formation as well as their relaxation (annihilation) compete with each other. As a result, a dynamic equilibrium is established, and a steady state is reached after a certain strain value. Simultaneously, other kinetic processes act in opposite directions and also compete with each other during SPD, such as grain refinement/growth, mechanical strengthening/softening, formation/decomposition of solid solution, etc. These competing processes also lead to dynamic equilibrium and result in a steady state (saturation), albeit after different strains. Among these steady-state phenomena, particle fragmentation during the second phase of SPD has received little attention. Available data indicate that precipitate fragmentation slows down with increasing strain, though saturation is achieved at higher strains than in the case of hardness or grain size. Moreover, one can consider the SPD-driven nanocrystallization in the amorphous phase as a process that is opposite to the fragmentation of precipitates. The size of these crystalline nanoprecipitates also saturates after a certain strain. The fragmentation of precipitates during SPD is the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B. Straumal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (R.K.); (B.B.)
- Chernogolovka Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lesnaja Str. 9, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Roman Kulagin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (R.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Leonid Klinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (L.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Eugen Rabkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (L.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Petr B. Straumal
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 49, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga A. Kogtenkova
- Chernogolovka Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lesnaja Str. 9, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Brigitte Baretzky
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (R.K.); (B.B.)
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Straumal BB, Protasova SG, Mazilkin AA, Goering E, Schütz G, Straumal PB, Baretzky B. Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:1936-1947. [PMID: 28144542 PMCID: PMC5238656 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to attain ferromagnetic properties in transparent semiconductor oxides such as ZnO is very promising for future spintronic applications. We demonstrate in this review that ferromagnetism is not an intrinsic property of the ZnO crystalline lattice but is that of ZnO/ZnO grain boundaries. If a ZnO polycrystal contains enough grain boundaries, it can transform into the ferromagnetic state even without doping with "magnetic atoms" such as Mn, Co, Fe or Ni. However, such doping facilitates the appearance of ferromagnetism in ZnO. It increases the saturation magnetisation and decreases the critical amount of grain boundaries needed for FM. A drastic increase of the total solubility of dopants in ZnO with decreasing grain size has been also observed. It is explained by the multilayer grain boundary segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Borisovich Straumal
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- National University for Research and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana G Protasova
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrei A Mazilkin
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Eberhard Goering
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr B Straumal
- National University for Research and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 49, 117991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Brigitte Baretzky
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Tietze T, Audehm P, Chen YC, Schütz G, Straumal BB, Protasova SG, Mazilkin AA, Straumal PB, Prokscha T, Luetkens H, Salman Z, Suter A, Baretzky B, Fink K, Wenzel W, Danilov D, Goering E. Interfacial dominated ferromagnetism in nanograined ZnO: a μSR and DFT study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8871. [PMID: 25747456 PMCID: PMC4352909 DOI: 10.1038/srep08871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamagnetic oxides can, under certain conditions, become ferromagnetic at room temperature and therefore are promising candidates for future material in spintronic devices. Contrary to early predictions, doping ZnO with uniformly distributed magnetic ions is not essential to obtain ferromagnetic samples. Instead, the nanostructure seems to play the key role, as room temperature ferromagnetism was also found in nanograined, undoped ZnO. However, the origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in primarily non-magnetic oxides like ZnO is still unexplained and a controversial subject within the scientific community. Using low energy muon spin relaxation in combination with SQUID and TEM techniques, we demonstrate that the magnetic volume fraction is strongly related to the sample volume fraction occupied by grain boundaries. With molecular dynamics and density functional theory we find ferromagnetic coupled electron states in ZnO grain boundaries. Our results provide evidence and a microscopic model for room temperature ferromagnetism in oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tietze
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Audehm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Boris B Straumal
- 1] Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskii per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia [2] Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia [3] National Research Technological University "MISiS", Leninsky prosp. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia [4] Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Svetlana G Protasova
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mazilkin
- 1] Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia [2] Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Petr B Straumal
- 1] National Research Technological University "MISiS", Leninsky prosp. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia [2] A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science RAS, 117991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Prokscha
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Luetkens
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Zaher Salman
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Suter
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Baretzky
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Denis Danilov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Goering
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Straumal BB, Protasova SG, Mazilkin AA, Tietze T, Goering E, Schütz G, Straumal PB, Baretzky B. Ferromagnetic behaviour of Fe-doped ZnO nanograined films. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2013; 4:361-9. [PMID: 23844341 PMCID: PMC3701427 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the grain boundary (GB) specific area s GB on the appearance of ferromagnetism in Fe-doped ZnO has been analysed. A review of numerous research contributions from the literature on the origin of the ferromagnetic behaviour of Fe-doped ZnO is given. An empirical correlation has been found that the value of the specific grain boundary area s GB is the main factor controlling such behaviour. The Fe-doped ZnO becomes ferromagnetic only if it contains enough GBs, i.e., if s GB is higher than a certain threshold value s th = 5 × 10(4) m(2)/m(3). It corresponds to the effective grain size of about 40 μm assuming a full, dense material and equiaxial grains. Magnetic properties of ZnO dense nanograined thin films doped with iron (0 to 40 atom %) have been investigated. The films were deposited by using the wet chemistry "liquid ceramics" method. The samples demonstrate ferromagnetic behaviour with J s up to 0.10 emu/g (0.025 μB/f.u.ZnO) and coercivity H c ≈ 0.03 T. Saturation magnetisation depends nonmonotonically on the Fe concentration. The dependence on Fe content can be explained by the changes in the structure and contiguity of a ferromagnetic "grain boundary foam" responsible for the magnetic properties of pure and doped ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B Straumal
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- National University for Research and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana G Protasova
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrei A Mazilkin
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Tietze
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eberhard Goering
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr B Straumal
- National University for Research and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 49, 117991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Brigitte Baretzky
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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