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Bernier A, Molnár-Gábor F, Knoppers BM, Borry P, Cesar PMDG, Devriendt T, Goisauf M, Murtagh M, Jiménez PN, Recuero M, Rial-Sebbag E, Shabani M, Wilson RC, Zaccagnini D, Maxwell L. Reconciling the biomedical data commons and the GDPR: three lessons from the EUCAN ELSI collaboratory. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:69-76. [PMID: 37322132 PMCID: PMC10267538 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coming-into-force of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a watershed moment in the legal recognition of enforceable rights to informational self-determination. The rapid evolution of legal requirements applicable to data use, however, has the potential to outstrip the capabilities of networks of biomedical data users to respond to the shifting norms. It can also delegitimate established institutional bodies that are responsible for assessing and authorising the downstream use of data, including research ethics committees and institutional data custodians. These burdens are especially pronounced for clinical and research networks that are of transnational scale, because the legal compliance burden for outbound international data transfers from the EEA is especially high. Legislatures, courts, and regulators in the EU should therefore implement the following three legal changes. First, the responsibilities of particular actors in a data sharing network should be delimited through the contractual allocation of responsibilities between collaborators. Second, the use of data through secure data processing environments should not trigger the international transfer provisions of the GDPR. Third, the use of federated data analysis methodologies that do not provide analysis nodes or downstream users access to identifiable personal data as part of the outputs of those analyses should not be considered circumstances of joint controllership, nor lead to the users of non-identifiable data to be considered controllers or processors. These small clarifications of, or modifications to, the GDPR would facilitate the exchange of biomedical data amongst clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bernier
- EUCANCan: European-Canadian Cancer Network, Barcelona, Spain.
- euCanSHare: An EU-Canada Joint Infrastructure for Next-Generation Multi-Heart Research, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor
- EUCANCan: European-Canadian Cancer Network, Barcelona, Spain
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- EUCANCan: European-Canadian Cancer Network, Barcelona, Spain
- euCanSHare: An EU-Canada Joint Infrastructure for Next-Generation Multi-Heart Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal Borry
- euCanSHare: An EU-Canada Joint Infrastructure for Next-Generation Multi-Heart Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Priscilla M D G Cesar
- Institute on Ethics & Policy for Innovation (IEPI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- RECODID: Reconciliation of Cohort Data in Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thijs Devriendt
- euCanSHare: An EU-Canada Joint Infrastructure for Next-Generation Multi-Heart Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melanie Goisauf
- ELSI Services & Research, BBMRI-ERIC, Graz, Austria
- CINECA: Common Infrastructure for International Cohorts in Europe, Canada, and Africa, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Murtagh
- EUCAN-Connect: Federated, FAIR Platform Enabling Large-Scale Analysis of High-Value Cohort Data Connecting Europe and Canada in Personalized Health, Groningen, the Netherlands
- School of Social and Political Studies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Pilar Nicolás Jiménez
- EUCANCan: European-Canadian Cancer Network, Barcelona, Spain
- EuCanImage: A European Cancer Image Platform Linked to Biological and Health Data for Next Generation Artificial Intelligence and Precision Medicine in Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Social and Legal Sciences Applied to the New Technosciences Research Group, Faculty of Law, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Recuero
- EUCANCan: European-Canadian Cancer Network, Barcelona, Spain
- EuCanImage: A European Cancer Image Platform Linked to Biological and Health Data for Next Generation Artificial Intelligence and Precision Medicine in Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Social and Legal Sciences Applied to the New Technosciences Research Group, Faculty of Law, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag
- CINECA: Common Infrastructure for International Cohorts in Europe, Canada, and Africa, Heidelberg, Germany
- CERPOP, Inserm, Toulouse Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Mahsa Shabani
- euCanSHare: An EU-Canada Joint Infrastructure for Next-Generation Multi-Heart Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Metamedica, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca C Wilson
- EUCAN-Connect: Federated, FAIR Platform Enabling Large-Scale Analysis of High-Value Cohort Data Connecting Europe and Canada in Personalized Health, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Davide Zaccagnini
- euCanSHare: An EU-Canada Joint Infrastructure for Next-Generation Multi-Heart Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Lynkeus S.R.L, Roma, Italy
| | - Lauren Maxwell
- RECODID: Reconciliation of Cohort Data in Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Labrador Cañadas MV, Pàmpols Ros T, Dulín Íñiguez E, Pérez Aytés A, García Sagredo JM, Díaz de Bustamante A, Martín Arribas C, García López FJ, Nicolás Jiménez P. [Half a century of newborn screening in Spain: Evolution of ethical, legal and social issues (ELSIs). Part III, social issues.]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2021; 95:e202101016. [PMID: 33496273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision making for the development of newborn screening programs is based on not only medical but also social concerns and involves different stakeholders. Part III of the article focuses on their role in the governance of the programs. First of all, we consider the proactive role that health authorities has played in the evolution to an evidentiary model of policy development currently based on evidence, just as in the preparation of an expert, impartial and transparent opinion on health policy and its coordination with the national health system. And, in accordance with this evidence and with the consensus, health autorities following quality criteria have made an attempt to achieve a more homogeneous approach of the neonatal screening program throughout the territory. Secondly, we address the role of several scientific and professional societies in newborn screening. Among them, it deserves to be mentioned the Spanish Society for Clinical Chemistry, currently Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine (SEQCML), and its Commission of inborn errors of metabolism and the Spanish Society for Newborn Screening (AECNE), which since 1985 and for thirty three years collected the activity of newborn screening centers and established a forum for debate, sharing of knowledge and cooperation among screening centers and with health authorities. Since 1999, the Spanish Society for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (AECOM) exercises an important activity in the field of diagnosis treatment and follow up of patients. Finally, we consider the role of families and the psychosocial aspects of the programme, and the associative activity of patient organizations. In 1990 the Spanish federation of PKU and other disorders (FAEPKU) was found, renamed currently as The Spanish Federation of Inherited Metabolic Diseases; together with the Spanish Federation for Rare Diseases (FEDER), found in 1999, they both have clearly contributed to the patient's empowerment, supporting research and education and establishing a network of cooperation and support for patients and their families. Patient organizations collaborate with health authorities but they have not participated in policy decision making yet. During this half century, the evolution of newborn screening programs have been characterized for a spirit of improvement, by including the development of ethical, legal and social issues. Important technological challenges lie ahead and it will be necessary to know how to use them efficiently, proportionally and fairly in the best interest of newborns and by extension of their family and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Pàmpols Ros
- Sección de errores congénitos del metabolismo-IBC. Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular. Hospital Clínico. Barcelona. España
- Comisión de ética de la Asociación Española de Genética Humana (AEGH). España
- Comité de Ética de la Investigación (CEI) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
| | - Elena Dulín Íñiguez
- Experta en cribado neonatal. Asesora de la Ponencia de Cribado Poblacional de la Dirección General de Salud Pública del Ministerio de Sanidad. Madrid. España
| | - Antonio Pérez Aytés
- Grupo de Investigación en Perinatología. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria. Hospital La Fe. Valencia. España
- Comisión de ética de la Asociación Española de Genética Humana (AEGH). España
| | - José Miguel García Sagredo
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. España
- Comisión de ética de la Asociación Española de Genética Humana (AEGH). España
| | - Aránzazu Díaz de Bustamante
- Unidad de Genética. Hospital Universitario de Móstoles. Madrid. España
- Comisión de ética de la Asociación Española de Genética Humana (AEGH). España
| | - Concepción Martín Arribas
- Subdirección General de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
- Comité de Ética de la Investigación (CEI) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
| | - Fernando José García López
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
- Comité de Ética de la Investigación (CEI) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
| | - Pilar Nicolás Jiménez
- Cátedra de Derecho y Genoma Humano. Universidad del País Vasco. Leioa, Bilbao. España
- Comité de Ética de la Investigación (CEI) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
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Penasa S, de Miguel Beriain I, Barbosa C, Białek A, Chortara T, Pereira AD, Jiménez PN, Sroka T, Tomasi M. The EU General Data Protection Regulation: How will it impact the regulation of research biobanks? Setting the legal frame in the Mediterranean and Eastern European area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0968533218765044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On 25 May 2018, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will come into force. As with the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC), the regulation of biobanks for scientific research will be profoundly affected by this reform. Accordingly, a comparative survey of some of the existing national regulatory frameworks is of value to aid understanding of whether and how EU Member States will need to realign their systems to ensure compliance with the new Regulation. This article provides a comparison of the positions of Member States in the Mediterranean and Eastern European area, focusing especially on the existing regulatory framework on biobanks, the definition of personal and genetic data, the pseudonymization process, the processing of personal data for medical research purposes (and its impact on the right to consent of the individuals involved) and the secondary use of such data. The article concludes that effective implementation of the EU GDPR will represent a decisive catalyst for adaptive harmonization of biobanks regulation in the European framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Tomasi
- University of Trento, Italy; Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
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