The Turkish experience of COVID-19 infection in people with NMOSD and MOGAD: A milder course?

Background

COVID-19 is a multisystemic infection with variables consequences depending on individual and comorbid conditions. The course and outcomes of COVID-19 during neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD) are not clearly known.

Objective/methods

The aim of this study was to examine the features and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in NMOSD and MOGAD patients. The patients' demographic and clinical factors, disease modifying treatment (DMT) used and disease information of COVID-19 infection were recorded. Conditions leading to hospitalization and severe exposure to COVID-19 infection were also analyzed.

Results

The study included 63 patients from 25 centers. Thirty-two patients (50.8%) belong to AQP-4 seropositive group, 13 (20.6%) and 18 (28.6%) were in MOG-positive and double-seronegative groups, respectively. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection and hospitalization were advanced age, high disability level and the presence of comorbid disease. Disease severity was found to be high in double-seronegative NMOSD and low in MOGAD patients. No statistically significant effect of DMTs on disease severity and hospitalization was found.

Conclusion

In NMOSD and MOGAD patients, advanced age, high disability and presence of comorbid disease pose risks for severe COVID-19 infection. There was no direct significant effect of DMTs for COVID-19 infection.

A dynamic relationship between mucosal T helper type 17 and regulatory T-cell populations in nasopharynx evolves with age and associates with the clearance of pneumococcal carriage in humans

Pneumococcal carriage is common in young children, which may account for the high incidence of disease in this age group. Host factors determining the clearance of carriage in humans remain unclear. We aimed to study the relationships between T helper type 17 (Th17) and Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and carriage in children and adults. Frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells in NALT were analysed by flow cytometry in association with age and pneumococcal carriage status. Cytokine responses following pneumococcal stimulation were analysed by cytometric beads array. The frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells in NALT were inversely correlated (R -0.60). Whereas Treg cell frequency decreased with age (R -0.63), both Th17 and the Th17: Treg ratio increased with age (R 0.62 and R 0.64, respectively). Also, the Th17: Treg ratio was higher in carriage-negative than in carriage-positive children (p <0.01). Pneumococcal stimulation of tonsillar cells increased both Th17 and Treg cell numbers, but the Th17: Treg ratio and pattern of cytokine responses differed between carriage-negative and carriage-positive children. The former showed markedly higher Th17: Treg and interleukin-17A: interleukin-10 ratios than in the latter (p <0.01). Pneumococcal stimulation also induces Th17, although the capacity of this Th17 differentiation from naive T cells of young children was low, but increased with age. We demonstrated a dynamic relationship between Th17 and Treg cells in human nasopharynx that evolves with age. The balance between Th17 and Treg cells in NALT appears to be a major host factor closely associated with the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the nasopharynx.

[Loeys-Dietz syndrome (TGFβR2 mutation) in a 4-year-old child with thoracic aortic aneurysm]

Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a rare form of connective tissue disorder, whose clinical features can resemble those of Marfan syndrome, but with a more unpolished appearance. Recently brought out, this pathology remains little known; however, its consequences may be dramatic. We report on the case of a 4-year-old girl followed for a congenital hip dislocation, in which a systematic exam found increased cutaneous elasticity and a bifid uvula, suggesting a connective tissue disorder. Symptoms were unpolished, as the child's height was normal, without any positive cardiac, rheumatological, or ophthalmological family history. Cardiovascular tests found a thoracic aortic aneurysm at the Valsalva sinus (26mm, Z-score=+4.24). A genetic investigation found a TGFβR2 gene mutation, leading to the diagnosis of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 2. Skeletal damage associated with bifid uvula and/or hypertelorism and an aneurysm of the ascending aorta should guide the genetic investigation to the search for TGF-β vasculopathy such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

[Embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation causing hypoxemia in a 7-year-old child]

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal vessels joining the right pulmonary artery to the pulmonary veins. They lead to an extracardiac right-to-left shunt with refractory hypoxemia. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl with a large pulmonary arteriovenous fistula discovered with refractory hypoxemia diagnosed during general anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Radio-opacity was observed on the upper lobe of the right lung. The diagnosis was made using thoracic angiotomography. The proximal arterial vessel arose from the lobar pulmonary artery. The fistula had developed in the entire right upper lobe and drained into two veins flowing into the right superior pulmonary artery. Given the marked hypoxemia, the potential risks of pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary infection, an occlusion of the fistula was indicated. After discussion between surgeons and interventional cardiologists, catheterization was indicated. The occlusion of the fistula was successful at the second attempt after release of a vascular plug in the main proximal vessel. This case illustrates the clinical circumstances of diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula, the diagnostic algorithm for refractory hypoxemia and the therapeutic options, with discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of a catheterization procedure.

Endothelial function and mechanical arterial properties in children born small for gestational age: comparison with obese children

BACKGROUND

Early cardiovascular events preceding atherosclerosis have been reported in children born small for gestational age (SGA).

AIMS

To describe in detail the mechanical and functional arterial properties of SGA children and to compare the data to those of obese children in order to gain a better understanding of the severity of the dysfunction. A control group was required to overcome the lack of normal values.

METHODS

Three groups of 7- to 15-year-old children were included. Sixty children born SGA without obesity, 49 children with obesity and not SGA, and 55 controls underwent complete carotid and brachial arterial measurements using ultrasound and flow-mediated dilation. Biological measurements were performed in the obese and SGA groups.

RESULTS

Mean blood pressure and intima-media thickness were lower in SGA children than in the obese group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively), but not different from the control group. Flow-mediated dilation was lower in SGA than in obese children and in controls (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

These data show that children born SGA have endothelial dysfunction with normal intima-media thickness.