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Dou T, Sanchez L, Irigoyen S, Goff N, Niraula P, Mandadi K, Kurouski D. Biochemical Origin of Raman-Based Diagnostics of Huanglongbing in Grapefruit Trees. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:680991. [PMID: 34489991 PMCID: PMC8417418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses cause substantial changes in plant biochemistry. These changes are typically revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectroscopy-coupled HPLC (HPLC-MS). This information can be used to determine underlying molecular mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A growing body of evidence suggests that changes in plant biochemistry can be probed by Raman spectroscopy, an emerging analytical technique that is based on inelastic light scattering. Non-invasive and non-destructive detection and identification of these changes allow for the use of Raman spectroscopy for confirmatory diagnostics of plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we couple HPLC and HPLC-MS findings on biochemical changes caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (Ca. L. asiaticus) in citrus trees to the spectroscopic signatures of plant leaves derived by Raman spectroscopy. Our results show that Ca. L. asiaticus cause an increase in hydroxycinnamates, the precursors of lignins, and flavones, as well as a decrease in the concentration of lutein that are detected by Raman spectroscopy. These findings suggest that Ca. L. asiaticus induce a strong plant defense response that aims to exterminate bacteria present in the plant phloem. This work also suggests that Raman spectroscopy can be used to resolve stress-induced changes in plant biochemistry on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysicsw, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lee Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysicsw, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonia Irigoyen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Kranthi Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco, Weslaco, TX, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysicsw, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Irigoyen S, Ramasamy M, Pant S, Niraula P, Bedre R, Gurung M, Rossi D, Laughlin C, Gorman Z, Achor D, Levy A, Kolomiets MV, Sétamou M, Badillo-Vargas IE, Avila CA, Irey MS, Mandadi KK. Plant hairy roots enable high throughput identification of antimicrobials against Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5802. [PMID: 33199718 PMCID: PMC7669877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major bottleneck in identifying therapies to control citrus greening and other devastating plant diseases caused by fastidious pathogens is our inability to culture the pathogens in defined media or axenic cultures. As such, conventional approaches for antimicrobial evaluation (genetic or chemical) rely on time-consuming, low-throughput and inherently variable whole-plant assays. Here, we report that plant hairy roots support the growth of fastidious pathogens like Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the presumptive causal agents of citrus greening, potato zebra chip and tomato vein greening diseases. Importantly, we leverage the microbial hairy roots for rapid, reproducible efficacy screening of multiple therapies. We identify six antimicrobial peptides, two plant immune regulators and eight chemicals which inhibit Candidatus Liberibacter spp. in plant tissues. The antimicrobials, either singly or in combination, can be used as near- and long-term therapies to control citrus greening, potato zebra chip and tomato vein greening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Irigoyen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | | | - Shankar Pant
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Meena Gurung
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Denise Rossi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Corinne Laughlin
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Diann Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Ismael E Badillo-Vargas
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Avila
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Kranthi K Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Lawaju BR, Niraula P, Lawrence GW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The Glycine max Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) Complex Functions During a Defense Response to Heterodera glycines. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:564495. [PMID: 33262774 PMCID: PMC7686354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, functioning in retrograde trafficking, is a universal structure present among eukaryotes that maintains the correct Golgi structure and function. The COG complex is composed of eight subunits coalescing into two sub-complexes. COGs1-4 compose Sub-complex A. COGs5-8 compose Sub-complex B. The observation that COG interacts with the syntaxins, suppressors of the erd2-deletion 5 (Sed5p), is noteworthy because Sed5p also interacts with Sec17p [alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP)]. The α-SNAP gene is located within the major Heterodera glycines [soybean cyst nematode (SCN)] resistance locus (rhg1) and functions in resistance. The study presented here provides a functional analysis of the Glycine max COG complex. The analysis has identified two paralogs of each COG gene. Functional transgenic studies demonstrate at least one paralog of each COG gene family functions in G. max during H. glycines resistance. Furthermore, treatment of G. max with the bacterial effector harpin, known to function in effector triggered immunity (ETI), leads to the induced transcription of at least one member of each COG gene family that has a role in H. glycines resistance. In some instances, altered COG gene expression changes the relative transcript abundance of syntaxin 31. These results indicate that the G. max COG complex functions through processes involving ETI leading to H. glycines resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisho Ram Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Gary W. Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- *Correspondence: Vincent P. Klink, ;
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Paudel R, Ahmad JK, Bijukacche B, Niraula P. Clinical, electrophysiological and MRI profile of Hirayama disease: A case series. J Neurol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Klink VP, Sharma K, Pant SR, McNeece B, Niraula P, Lawrence GW. Components of the SNARE-containing regulon are co-regulated in root cells undergoing defense. Plant Signal Behav 2017; 12:e1274481. [PMID: 28010187 PMCID: PMC5351740 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1274481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The term regulon has been coined in the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, denoting a structural and physiological defense apparatus defined genetically through the identification of the penetration (pen) mutants. The regulon is composed partially by the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) syntaxin PEN1. PEN1 has homology to a Saccharomyces cerevisae gene that regulates a Secretion (Sec) protein, Suppressor of Sec 1 (Sso1p). The regulon is also composed of the β-glucosidase (PEN2) and an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter (PEN3). While important in inhibiting pathogen infection, limited observations have been made regarding the transcriptional regulation of regulon genes until now. Experiments made using the model agricultural Glycine max (soybean) have identified co-regulated gene expression of regulon components. The results explain the observation of hundreds of genes expressed specifically in the root cells undergoing the natural process of defense. Data regarding additional G. max genes functioning within the context of the regulon are presented here, including Sec 14, Sec 4 and Sec 23. Other examined G. max homologs of membrane fusion genes include an endosomal bromo domain-containing protein1 (Bro1), syntaxin6 (SYP6), SYP131, SYP71, SYP8, Bet1, coatomer epsilon (ϵ-COP), a coatomer zeta (ζ-COP) paralog and an ER to Golgi component (ERGIC) protein. Furthermore, the effectiveness of biochemical pathways that would function within the context of the regulon ave been examined, including xyloglucan xylosyltransferase (XXT), reticuline oxidase (RO) and galactinol synthase (GS). The experiments have unveiled the importance of the regulon during defense in the root and show how the deposition of callose relates to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Brant McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Gary W. Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Sherchand JB, Cuncliffe NA, Tandukar S, Yookoo M, Pandey BD, Niraula P, Panta AR, Nakagomi O. Rotavirus Disease Burden and Molecular Epidemiology in Children with Acute Diarrhoea Age Less than 5 Years in Nepal. J Nepal Paedtr Soc 1970. [DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i3.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine rotavirus disease burden and distribution of rotavirus genotypes in children less than five years of age. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 1768 hospital admitted children under 5 years of age with acute watery diarrhea during November 2005 to October 2008. Rotavirus in stool samples was detected by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) and positive specimens for rotavirus positive was genotyped by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and sequencing methods. Results: The prevalence of rotavirus was 36.59% (647/1768). Detection was higher in male (33.3%) than female (26.9%). The prevalence was higher during the month of January (2005-06) and February in other periods. During 2005-06, high prevalence of rotavirus was noted in children of age between 6-11 months while in 2006-07 and 2007-08 high prevalence was seen in age group 12-23 months. The most common genotyping of rotavirus identified 5 G types and 3 P types. Genotypes G12 and P [8] were most common during both periods studied (G12; 50%, 29% 33.7% in 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively and P[8]; 47%, 35% and 43.5% in 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively). Among six combined genotypes, G12P [6] was most prevalent (34%, 24% and 47.5% in 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively) where as G1P [6] (4%) was seen in year 2007- 08 only. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Nepal. The data on rotavirus genotypes will help inform decisions as to whether rotavirus vaccine should be considered for inclusion in to Nepal’s National Immunization Program. Key words: Rotavirus; Diarrhea; Genotyping; Children DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i3.5360 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2011;31(3): 209-215
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