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Bogam P, Joshi A, Nagarkar S, Jain D, Gupte N, Shashidhara LS, Monteiro JM, Mave V. Burden of COVID-19 and case fatality rate in Pune, India: an analysis of the first and second wave of the pandemic. IJID Regions 2022; 2:74-81. [PMID: 35721428 PMCID: PMC8690685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In India, the second COVID-19 wave case burden was 1.5-fold higher than the first The case fatality rate (CFR) was highest among the >60 years age group The CFR sharply declined from the first to the second wave of the pandemic The highest increase in weekly cases was observed for the 30−44 years age group
Objective To assess trends in case incidence and fatality rate between the first and second waves, we analyzed programmatic COVID-19 data from Pune city, an epicenter of COVID-19 cases in India. Method The trends of cases incidence, time-to-death and case fatality rate (CFR) were analyzed. Poisson regression models adjusted for age and gender were used to determine the independent effect of pandemic waves on mortality. Results Of 465 192 COVID-19 cases, 162 182 (35%) were reported in the first wave and 4146 (2.5%) deaths, and 275 493 (59%) in the second wave and 3184 (1.1%) deaths (P<0.01). The overall CFR was 1.16 per 1000 person-days (PD), which declined from 1.80 per 1000 PD during the first wave to 0.77 per 1000 PD in the second. The risk of death was 1.49 times higher during the first wave (adjusted CFR ratio (aCFRR)1.49; 95% CI: 1.37–1.62) and 35% lower in the second wave (aCFRR 0.65; 95% CI: 0.59–0.70). Conclusion The burden of COVID-19 cases and deaths was more significant in the second wave; however, the CFR declined as the pandemic progressed. Nevertheless, investigating new therapies and implementing mass vaccination against COVID-19 are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Bogam
- BJ Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site (CRS), Pune, India
- Johns Hopkins India, Pune, India
- Corresponding author: Prasad Bogam, MPH, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, India-411001.
| | - Aparna Joshi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Sanket Nagarkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Divyashri Jain
- BJ Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site (CRS), Pune, India
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- BJ Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site (CRS), Pune, India
- Johns Hopkins India, Pune, India
| | - LS Shashidhara
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
- Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana
- Pune Knowledge Cluster, Pune, India
| | - Joy Merwin Monteiro
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
- Pune Knowledge Cluster, Pune, India
- Co-Corresponding author: Joy Merwin Monteiro Ph.D., IISER campus, Baner, Pune 411012.
| | - Vidya Mave
- BJ Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site (CRS), Pune, India
- Johns Hopkins India, Pune, India
- Pune Knowledge Cluster, Pune, India
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Subramanian L, Murthy S, Bogam P, Yan SD, Marx Delaney M, Goodwin CDG, Bobanski L, Rangarajan AS, Bhowmik A, Kashyap S, Ramnarayan N, Hawrusik R, Bell G, Kaur B, Rajkumar N, Mishra A, Alam SS, Semrau KEA. Just-in-time postnatal education programees to improve newborn care practices: needs and opportunities in low-resource settings. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-002660. [PMID: 32727842 PMCID: PMC7394013 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, many newborns die in the first month of life, with most deaths happening in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). Families’ use of evidence-based newborn care practices in the home and timely care-seeking for illness can save newborn lives. Postnatal education is an important investment to improve families’ use of evidence-based newborn care practices, yet there are gaps in the literature on postnatal education programmes that have been evaluated to date. Recent findings from a 13 000+ person survey in 3 states in India show opportunities for improvement in postnatal education for mothers and families and their use of newborn care practices in the home. Our survey data and the literature suggest the need to incorporate the following strategies into future postnatal education programming: implement structured predischarge education with postdischarge reinforcement, using a multipronged teaching approach to reach whole families with education on multiple newborn care practices. Researchers need to conduct robust evaluation on postnatal education models incorporating these programee elements in the LMIC context, as well as explore whether this type of education model can work for other health areas that are critical for families to survive and thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Subramanian
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Megan Marx Delaney
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian D G Goodwin
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren Bobanski
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Sehj Kashyap
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Hawrusik
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Griffith Bell
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Baljit Kaur
- Directorate of Health Services, Punjab, India
| | - N Rajkumar
- Directorate of Health & Family Welfare Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Archana Mishra
- Directorate of Public Health & Family Welfare, National Health Mission, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Katherine E A Semrau
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Global Health Equity & Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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