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Bommareddy PK, Wakimoto H, Martuza RL, Kaufman HL, Rabkin SD, Saha D. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing IL-2 controls glioblastoma growth and improves survival. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008880. [PMID: 38599661 PMCID: PMC11015300 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-008880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly immunosuppressive and often fatal primary brain tumor, lacks effective treatment options. GBMs contain a subpopulation of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) that play a central role in tumor initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. Oncolytic viruses, especially oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), replicate selectively in cancer cells and trigger antitumor immunity-a phenomenon termed the "in situ vaccine" effect. Although talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oHSV armed with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for melanoma, its use in patients with GBM has not been reported. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is another established immunotherapy that stimulates T cell growth and orchestrates antitumor responses. IL-2 is FDA-approved for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma but has not been widely evaluated in GBM, and IL-2 treatment is limited by its short half-life, minimal tumor accumulation, and significant systemic toxicity. We hypothesize that local intratumoral expression of IL-2 by an oHSV would avoid the systemic IL-2-related therapeutic drawbacks while simultaneously producing beneficial antitumor immunity. METHODS We developed G47Δ-mIL2 (an oHSV expressing IL-2) using the flip-flop HSV BAC system to deliver IL-2 locally within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We then tested its efficacy in orthotopic mouse GBM models (005 GSC, CT-2A, and GL261) and evaluated immune profiles in the treated tumors and spleens by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS G47Δ-mIL2 significantly prolonged median survival without any observable systemic IL-2-related toxicity in the 005 and CT-2A models but not in the GL261 model due to the non-permissive nature of GL261 cells to HSV infection. The therapeutic activity of G47Δ-mIL2 in the 005 GBM model was associated with increased intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells, critically dependent on the release of IL-2 within the TME, and CD4+ T cells as their depletion completely abrogated therapeutic efficacy. The use of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade did not improve the therapeutic outcome of G47Δ-mIL2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate that G47Δ-mIL2 is efficacious, stimulates antitumor immunity against orthotopic GBM, and may also target GSC. OHSV expressing IL-2 may represent an agent that merits further exploration in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Bommareddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Brain Tumor Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Brain Tumor Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Brain Tumor Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Brain Tumor Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Brain Tumor Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, California, USA
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Abilene, Texas, USA
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Khushalani NI, Harrington KJ, Melcher A, Bommareddy PK, Zamarin D. Breaking the barriers in cancer care: The next generation of herpes simplex virus-based oncolytic immunotherapies for cancer treatment. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100729. [PMID: 37841530 PMCID: PMC10570124 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the US Food and Drug Administration first approved talimogene laherparepvec for the treatment of melanoma in 2015, the field of oncolytic immunotherapy (OI) has rapidly evolved. There are numerous ongoing clinical studies assessing the clinical activity of OIs across a wide range of tumor types. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor immune response has led to the development of OIs with improved immune-mediated preclinical efficacy. In this review, we discuss the key approaches for developing the next generation of herpes simplex virus-based OIs. Modifications to the viral genome and incorporation of transgenes to promote safety, tumor-selective replication, and immune stimulation are reviewed. We also review the advantages and disadvantages of intratumoral versus intravenous administration, summarize clinical evidence supporting the use of OIs as a strategy to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade, and consider emerging opportunities to improve OI efficacy in the combination setting.
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3
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Jhawar SR, Wang SJ, Thandoni A, Bommareddy PK, Newman JH, Marzo AL, Kuzel TM, Gupta V, Reiser J, Daniels P, Schiff D, Mitchell D, LeBoeuf NR, Simmons C, Goyal S, Lasfar A, Guevara-Patino JA, Haffty BG, Kaufman HL, Silk AW, Zloza A, Giurini EF. Combination oncolytic virus, radiation therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in anti-PD-1-refractory cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006780. [PMID: 37433716 PMCID: PMC10347455 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapies are becoming front-line treatments for many advanced cancers, and combinations of two or more therapies are beginning to be investigated. Based on their individual antitumor capabilities, we sought to determine whether combination oncolytic virus (OV) and radiation therapy (RT) may improve cancer outcomes. METHODS To investigate the activity of this combination therapy, we used in vitro mouse and human cancer cell lines as well as a mouse model of skin cancer. After initial results, we further included immune checkpoint blockade, whose addition constituted a triple combination immunotherapy. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that OV and RT reduce tumor growth via conversion of immunologically 'cold' tumors to 'hot', via a CD8+ T cell-dependent and IL-1α-dependent mechanism that is associated with increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression, and the triple combination of OV, RT, and PD-1 checkpoint inhibition impedes tumor growth and prolongs survival. Further, we describe the response of a PD-1-refractory patient with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma who received the triple combination of OV, RT, and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), and went on to experience unexpected, prolonged control and survival. He remains off-treatment and is without evidence of progression for >44 months since study entry. CONCLUSIONS Effective systemic antitumor immune response is rarely elicited by a single therapy. In a skin cancer mouse model, we demonstrate improved outcomes with combination OV, RT, and ICI treatment, which is associated with mechanisms involving augmented CD8+ T cell infiltration and IL-1α expression. We report tumor reduction and prolonged survival of a patient with skin cancer treated with combination OV, RT, and ICI. Overall, our data provide strong rationale for combining OV, RT, and ICI for treatment of patients with ICI-refractory skin and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin R Jhawar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shang-Jui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aditya Thandoni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jenna H Newman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amanda L Marzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy M Kuzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Preston Daniels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Devora Schiff
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Darrion Mitchell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Simmons
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharad Goyal
- Department of Radiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Bruce G Haffty
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann W Silk
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eileena F Giurini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Silk AW, O’Day SJ, Kaufman HL, Bryan J, Norrell JT, Imbergamo C, Portal D, Zambrano-Acosta E, Palmeri M, Fein S, Wu C, Guerreiro L, Medina D, Bommareddy PK, Zloza A, Fox BA, Ballesteros-Merino C, Ren Y, Shafren D, Grose M, Vieth JA, Mehnert JM. A phase 1b single-arm trial of intratumoral oncolytic virus V937 in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma: results from the CAPRA study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1405-1415. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
CAPRA (NCT02565992) evaluated Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) + pembrolizumab for metastatic/unresectable stage IIIB–IV melanoma.
Methods
Patients received intratumoral V937 on days 1, 3, 5, and 8 (then every 3 weeks [Q3W]) and intravenous pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg Q3W from day 8. Primary endpoint was safety.
Results
Median time from first dose to data cutoff was 32.0 months. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred; 14% (5/36) of patients experienced grade 3‒5 treatment-related adverse events. Objective response rate was 47% (complete response, 22%). Among 17 responders, 14 (82%) had responses ≥ 6 months. Among 8 patients previously treated with immunotherapy, 3 responded (1 complete, 2 partial). Responses were associated with increased serum CXCL10 and CCL22, suggesting viral replication contributes to antitumor immunity. For responders versus nonresponders, there was no difference in baseline tumor PD-L1 expression, ICAM1 expression, or CD3+ infiltrates. Surprisingly, the baseline cell density of CD3+CD8− T cells in the tumor microenvironment was significantly lower in responders compared with nonresponders (P = 0.0179).
Conclusions
These findings suggest responses to this combination may be seen even in patients without a typical “immune-active” microenvironment.
Trial registration number
NCT02565992.
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5
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Harrington KJ, Bommareddy PK, Middleton MR, Sacco JJ, Olsson-Brown A, Chan TY, Nenclares P, Leslie I, Aroldi F, Saleem I, Ahlers CM, Castro H, Coffin RS. Abstract CT155: Clinical biomarker studies with an enhanced potency oncolytic HSV expressing an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, as a single agent and combined with nivolumab in patients with advanced solid tumors indicates potent immune activation. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-ct155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: RP2 is a novel, enhanced potency oncolytic HSV1 which expresses GM-CSF, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody-like molecule and the fusogenic gibbon ape leukemia virus membrane R- glycoprotein (GALV-GP R-). RP2 is in clinical development in a range of solid tumors alone and with nivolumab (nivo). RP2 + nivo has resulted in deep and durable responses in patients who failed prior anti-PD1 therapy (SITC 2021). Here we present biomarker data in patients treated with RP2 alone or combined with nivo from an ongoing clinical trial (NCT04336241).
Methods: Tumor biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected pre-treatment and at D43. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) was analyzed by multi-plex (7 color 6-plex - CD8, PD-L1, PD-1, foxp3, CD68 and S100B) immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tumor biopsies using the Opal Human Panel (OHP) 6043 and by gene expression analysis using the NanoString IO360 panel. The tumor inflammation signature score (TIS) was also calculated using an 18 gene signature (Ayers JCI 2017) . Systemic anti-tumor immunity was assessed using PBMCs by sequencing the CDR3 regions of TCRβ chains using immunoSEQ Assay. Correlation analysis of baseline tumor PD-L1 and CD8 status versus clinical responses was also performed.
Results: IHC indicated robust increases in CD8 T cell influx and PD-L1 expression post-RP2 alone and with RP2 + nivo. An increase in the CD8/foxp3+ cell ratio was observed by multi-plex IHC. A consistent increase in CD8 and PD-L1 was observed in most of the tested biopsies (~70%), which generally appeared to be co-located (n=20). These increases in CD8 and PD-L1 expression levels were observed in both superficial and visceral tumors. A particularly striking change was observed in a biopsy obtained from a liver lesion from a tebantafusp and ipi/pembro-failed uveal melanoma patient. Clinical responses were independent of baseline CD8 T cell infiltration, PD-L1 expression levels, and prior anti-PD-1 therapy status. Gene expression analysis of tumor biopsies (n=12) indicated increases in the expression of key genes associated with immune activation, particularly those associated with dendritic cell function, major histocompatibility complex-II and interferon-gamma signature. Increases in expression of genes associated with ARG1, cytotoxicity, IDO1, NK cell and Th1 cell abundance were observed, particularly in responding patients. TCR sequencing of PBMCs revealed expansion of pre-existing T cell clones and the appearance of new clones post-RP2 monotherapy and RP2 + nivo, with ~50% of these changes being newly detected clones. Expansion of pre-existing clones and generation of new T cell clones specific for MART-1 was also observed with RP2 monotherapy and in combination.
Conclusion: The biomarker data presented indicates broad immune activation by RP2 and demonstrates that clinical response does not correlate with baseline PD-L1 and CD8 expression status. Clinical responses were often associated with increases in gene signatures associated with cytotoxic T, NK and Th1 cells. These data indicate the potential for broad utility of RP2 in a range of tumor types, including in patients with primary or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockade.
Citation Format: Kevin J. Harrington, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Mark R. Middleton, Joseph J. Sacco, Anna Olsson-Brown, Tze Y. Chan, Pablo Nenclares, Isla Leslie, Francesca Aroldi, Imran Saleem, Christoph M. Ahlers, Henry Castro, Robert S. Coffin. Clinical biomarker studies with an enhanced potency oncolytic HSV expressing an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, as a single agent and combined with nivolumab in patients with advanced solid tumors indicates potent immune activation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT155.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tze Y. Chan
- 4Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isla Leslie
- 1The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Aroldi
- 3Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Poillet-Perez L, Sharp DW, Yang Y, Laddha SV, Ibrahim M, Bommareddy PK, Hu ZS, Vieth J, Haas M, Bosenberg MW, Rabinowitz JD, Cao J, Guan JL, Ganesan S, Chan CS, Mehnert JM, Lattime EC, White E. Publisher Correction: Autophagy promotes growth of tumors with high mutational burden by inhibiting a T-cell immune response. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:994. [PMID: 35121870 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W Sharp
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Maria Ibrahim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Replimune Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
| | | | - Joshua Vieth
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Haas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marcus W Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jian Cao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chang S Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Edmund C Lattime
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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7
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Andtbacka RHI, Curti B, Daniels GA, Hallmeyer S, Whitman ED, Lutzky J, Spitler LE, Zhou K, Bommareddy PK, Grose M, Wang M, Wu C, Kaufman HL. Clinical Responses of Oncolytic Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) in Patients With Unresectable Melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:3829-3838. [PMID: 34464163 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the activity of intratumoral Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) in 57 patients with unresectable stage IIIC or IV melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, phase II study, patients received up to a total V937 dose of 3 × 108 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) in a maximum 4.0-mL volume by intratumoral injection. Ten sets of V937 injections were administered between days 1 and 127 (NCT01227551). Patients who had stable disease or were responding could continue treatment in an extension study (NCT01636882). Response and progression status were based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or caliper measurement and were categorized using immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (irRECIST). Other evaluations included monitoring of adverse events and serum levels of V937 and anti-V937 antibody titers. The primary efficacy end point was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate per irRECIST. RESULTS The primary efficacy end point, 6-month PFS rate per irRECIST, was 38.6% (95% CI, 26.0 to 52.4). Durable response rate (partial or complete response for ≥ 6 months) was 21.1% per irRECIST. Best overall response rate (complete plus partial response) was 38.6% (unconfirmed) and 28.1% (confirmed) per irRECIST. Regression of melanoma was observed in noninjected lesions. Based on Kaplan-Meier estimation, 12-month PFS was 32.9% (95% CI, 19.5 to 46.9) per irRECIST and 12-month overall survival was 75.4% (95% CI, 62.1 to 84.7). No treatment-related grade ≥ 3 adverse events occurred. Viral RNA was detected in serum within 30 minutes of administration. Neutralizing antibody titers increased to > 1:16 in all patients after day 22, without effect on clinical or immunologic response. CONCLUSION V937 was well tolerated and warrants further investigation for treatment of patients with unresectable melanoma. Studies of combination approaches with V937 and immune checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Gregory A Daniels
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Eric D Whitman
- Atlantic Melanoma Center, Atlantic Health System Cancer Care, Morristown, NJ
| | - Jose Lutzky
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | | | - Karl Zhou
- inVentiv Health Clinical, Bridgewater, NJ
| | | | - Mark Grose
- Viralytics Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | | | - Cai Wu
- Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
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Harrington KJ, Aroldi F, Sacco JJ, Milhem MM, Curti BD, Vanderwalde AM, Baum S, Samson A, Pavlick AC, Chesney JA, Niu J, Rhodes TD, Bowles TL, Conry R, Olsson-Brown A, Laux DE, Nenclares P, Menezes L, Deterding A, Roulstone V, Kyula J, Thomas S, Bommareddy PK, Samakoglu S, Pirzkall A, Coffin RS, Middleton MR. Abstract LB180: Clinical biomarker studies with two fusion-enhanced versions of oncolytic HSV (RP1 and RP2) alone and in combination with nivolumab in cancer patients indicate potent immune activation. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction:RP1 and RP2 are novel, enhanced potency oncolytic versions of HSV1 engineered to express human GM-CSF and the gibbon ape leukemia virus membrane R- glycoprotein (GALV-GP R-), providing constitutive fusion activity and increased immunogenic cell death. RP2 further expresses an anti-CTLA-4 antibody-like molecule. Murine versions of RP1 and RP2 exhibited synergy in combination with anti-mouse-PD-1 leading to enhanced regression of both injected and un-injected tumors in mice (Thomas et al JITC 2019). RP1 and RP2 are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in a range of solid tumors alone and combined with anti-PD1 therapy, where deep and durable responses have been demonstrated (SITC 2020). Here we present biomarker data from the Phase 1/2 clinical trial of RP1 alone and combined with nivolumab (NCT03767348) and from the Phase 1 portion of the clinical trial with RP2 alone (NCT04336241).
Methods: In the Phase 1/2 studies tumor biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear samples (PBMCs) were collected at screening and at D43 for biomarker analysis, after combination therapy with nivolumab for RP1 and following single agent treatment for RP2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for CD8 (SP57 clone, Ventana) and for PD-L1 (28-8 clone, pharmDx assay). Gene expression was analysed using NanoString to assess effects on a range of genes. The tumor inflammation signature score (TIS) was also calculated.
Results:Preliminary Phase 1/2 biomarker data from paired tumor biopsies include the following: Immunohistochemistry for CD8 and PD-L1 (n=30) indicated robust and increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and PD-L1 expression, both after combined treatment with RP1 and nivolumab and after single agent RP2 across different tumor types, and including reversal of T cell exclusion following prior combined treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab in melanoma. Gene expression analysis (n=15) demonstrated a significant increase in the expression levels of genes associated with innate and adaptive immune activation and genes previously reported to be associated with responsiveness to anti-PD1 therapy, particularly CD8, CXCL9, CD27 and TIGIT, as well as consistently increased TIS.
Conclusion:Consistent with the pre-clinical data, preliminary clinical biomarker data indicate substantial increase in CD8 T cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression, as well as increased TIS score in the majority of patients treated with RP2 alone or RP1 and nivolumab combination. Particularly marked effects were seen in some patients with clinical responses which occurred independent of both baseline PD-L1 and prior anti-PD1 therapy status, which suggests potential broad utility of the RP1/2 treatment approach in igniting an anti-tumor immune response. Tumor mutation burden analysis and T cell receptor sequencing are currently underway and further updates of the dataset will be presented.
Citation Format: Kevin J. Harrington, Francesca Aroldi, Joseph J. Sacco, Mohammed M. Milhem, Brendan D. Curti, Ari M. Vanderwalde, Scott Baum, Adel Samson, Anna C. Pavlick, Jason A. Chesney, Jiaxin Niu, Terence D. Rhodes, Tawnya L. Bowles, Robert Conry, Anna Olsson-Brown, Douglas E. Laux, Pablo Nenclares, Lavita Menezes, Alex Deterding, Victoria Roulstone, Joan Kyula, Suzanne Thomas, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Selda Samakoglu, Andrea Pirzkall, Robert S. Coffin, Mark R. Middleton. Clinical biomarker studies with two fusion-enhanced versions of oncolytic HSV (RP1 and RP2) alone and in combination with nivolumab in cancer patients indicate potent immune activation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Harrington
- 1The Institute for Cancer research/Royal Marsden Hospital, UK., London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiaxin Niu
- 10Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Nenclares
- 1The Institute for Cancer research/Royal Marsden Hospital, UK., London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Victoria Roulstone
- 1The Institute for Cancer research/Royal Marsden Hospital, UK., London, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Kyula
- 1The Institute for Cancer research/Royal Marsden Hospital, UK., London, United Kingdom
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Silk AW, O'Day SJ, Kaufman HL, Bryan J, Norrell JT, Imbergamo C, Portal D, Zambrano-Acosta E, Palmeri M, Fein S, Wu C, Guerreiro L, Medina D, Bommareddy PK, Zloza A, Fox BA, Ballesteros-Merino C, Shafren D, Grose M, Vieth JA, Mehnert JM. Abstract CT139: Intratumoral oncolytic virus V937 in combination with pembrolizumab (pembro) in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma: Updated results from the phase 1b CAPRA study. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-ct139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) is an RNA oncolytic virus targeting ICAM-1 receptors. Pharmacodynamic effects of oncolytic viruses in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including increased CD8+ T cells and PD-L1 expression, support their use in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. We present updated clinical and correlative data from the multicenter phase 1b CAPRA study (NCT02565992) of V937 + pembro in pts with advanced melanoma. Methods: Eligible pts had metastatic/unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma and ≥1 cutaneous/subcutaneous tumor or lymph node amenable to V937 intratumoral injection. Pts received V937 on days 1, 3, 5, and 8; then Q3W for up to 19 injections (maximum dose, 3 × 108 50% TCID50). Pts received IV pembro 2 mg/kg Q3W on day 8, continuing for up to 2 y. Primary endpoints were incidence of AEs, serious AEs (SAEs), and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Secondary endpoints were ORR, duration of response (DOR), PFS, and OS. Biomarkers were an exploratory endpoint. Results: 36 pts were enrolled (mean age, 68.5 y; 75% male; 22% had prior immunotherapy). As of 4 Nov 2019, median (range) time from first dose to data cutoff was 32.0 (10.7−45.3) mo. No DLTs occurred. Grade 3-5 treatment-related AEs occurred in 5 (14%) pts. 3 (8%) pts had treatment-related SAEs (autoimmune encephalitis and septic shock in 1 pt, keratoacanthoma, autoimmune hepatitis); 1 died from septic shock. Efficacy results included ORR of 47% (CR, 22%; PR, 25%; Table 1). In comparing responders vs nonresponders, baseline tumor samples showed no difference in PD-L1 expression and lower CD3+CD8- infiltrate in responders. Conclusions: V937 + pembro had manageable safety and promising efficacy in pts with advanced melanoma. Response was not associated with an inflamed TME at baseline, indicating that V937 may induce an immune responsive TME. The combination is being studied in the neoadjuvant setting in pts with stage III melanoma (KEYMAKER-U02).
Table 1.Efficacy OutcomesV937 + Pembro (N = 36)ORR,a % (95% CI)b47 (30-65)- CR22 (10-39)- PR25 (12-42)DOR,c median (range), moNR (1.4+ to 22.0+)PFS,c,d median (95% CI), mo11.9 (3.4-NR)12-mo PFS,c % (95% CI)45 (28-60)OS,c median (95% CI), mo30.9 (20.3-40.5)12-mo OS,c % (95% CI)85 (68-94)+ indicates no PD by the time of last disease assessment. NR, not reached.aBest overall response with confirmation based on investigator assessment per immune-related response criteria; imaging was performed Q6W.bBased on the exact method for binomial data.cKaplan-Meier estimate.dBased on investigator assessment per immune-related response criteria.
Citation Format: Ann W. Silk, Steven J. O'Day, Howard L. Kaufman, Jennifer Bryan, Jacqueline T. Norrell, Casey Imbergamo, Daniella Portal, Edwin Zambrano-Acosta, Marisa Palmeri, Seymour Fein, Cai Wu, Leslie Guerreiro, Daniel Medina, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Andrew Zloza, Bernard A. Fox, Carmen Ballesteros-Merino, Darren Shafren, Mark Grose, Joshua A. Vieth, Janice M. Mehnert. Intratumoral oncolytic virus V937 in combination with pembrolizumab (pembro) in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma: Updated results from the phase 1b CAPRA study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr CT139.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Casey Imbergamo
- 6Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Daniella Portal
- 7Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Marisa Palmeri
- 7Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Cai Wu
- 9Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
| | | | - Daniel Medina
- 7Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Praveen K. Bommareddy
- 10Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Andrew Zloza
- 11Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Mark Grose
- 14Viralytics Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Joshua A. Vieth
- 7Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Janice M. Mehnert
- 15Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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10
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Roulstone V, Kyula J, Thomas S, Kuncheria L, Bommareddy PK, Smith H, Whittock H, Coffin RS, Harrington K. Abstract 1917: Immunomodulatory effects of a novel, enhanced potency gibbon ape leukaemia virus (GALV) fusogenic membrane glycoprotein-expressing herpes simplex virus platform with increased efficacy combined with anti PD-1 therapy. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oncolytic viral immunotherapies are attractive because they are self-amplifying, can kill tumors through multiple, immunologically visible mechanisms and have the ability to promote anti-tumor immune responses. RP1 is a novel, enhanced potency oncolytic HSV that has been genetically engineered to express human GM-CSF and the gibbon ape leukemia virus fusogenic membrane glycoprotein with the R sequence deleted (GALV-GP R-), providing constitutive fusion activity. GALV-GP R- binds pit-1 receptors on human and rat, but not mouse, cells to mediate cell-cell fusion. RP1 potently kills human tumor-derived cells, including a panel of melanoma and head and neck cell lines, as demonstrated here. In vivo, using a human melanoma model in nude mice, higher titres (2-3 log) of virus were retrieved from tumors treated with the virus expressing GALV-GP R- (i.e. RP1) versus an equivalent non-GALV-GP R- expressing virus. No virus was retrieved from uninjected tumors. In addition to enhanced direct effects on injected tumors, contralateral uninjected tumors were significantly smaller in groups treated with RP1 versus the GALV-GP R- non-expressing virus despite restriction of virus replication to the injected tumor. This effect was seen in nude mice, i.e. without an adaptive immune system, suggesting contribution of innate (e.g. NK cell-mediated) immunity to the contralateral effects observed. In the immunocompetent mouse 4434 melanoma model, RP1 also reduced tumor burden in both injected and uninjected tumors, again with absolute restriction of virus replication to injected tumors. Animals treated with RP1 had splenomegaly and a population of tumor-infiltrating PD-L1+ cells within injected tumors at one week post-treatment, albeit without a contribution of fusion mediated by GALV-GP R- in this model. FACS-based analysis identified these PD-L1+ cells as predominantly CD45+/CD11b(med/low)/LY6G+ neutrophils. Co-treatment with RP1 and an anti-mouse PD-1 antibody increased anti-tumor effects and the levels of CD3+ cells in uninjected tumors. Data from detailed RNAseq transcriptional analyses from injected and uninjected tumors will also be presented.
Citation Format: Victoria Roulstone, Joan Kyula, Suzanne Thomas, Linta Kuncheria, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Henry Smith, Harriet Whittock, Robert S. Coffin, Kevin Harrington. Immunomodulatory effects of a novel, enhanced potency gibbon ape leukaemia virus (GALV) fusogenic membrane glycoprotein-expressing herpes simplex virus platform with increased efficacy combined with anti PD-1 therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1917.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Kyula
- 1The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Henry Smith
- 1The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Ghouse SM, Nguyen HM, Bommareddy PK, Guz-Montgomery K, Saha D. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Encoding IL12 Controls Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:384. [PMID: 32266155 PMCID: PMC7105799 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a difficult-to-treat disease with high rates of local recurrence, distant metastasis, and poor overall survival with existing therapies. Thus, there is an unmet medical need to develop new treatment regimen(s) for TNBC patients. An oncolytic herpes simplex virus encoding a master anti-tumor cytokine, interleukin 12, (designated G47Δ-mIL12) selectively kills cancer cells while inducing anti-tumor immunity. G47Δ-mIL12 efficiently infected and killed murine (4T1 and EMT6) and human (HCC1806 and MDA-MB-468) mammary tumor cells in vitro. In vivo in the 4T1 syngeneic TNBC model, it significantly reduced primary tumor burden and metastasis, both at early and late stages of tumor development. The virus-induced local and abscopal effects were confirmed by significantly increased infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes and CD8+ T cells, and reduction of granulocytic and monocytic MDSCs in tumors, both treated and untreated contralateral, and in the spleen. Significant trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) were only observed in spleens of virus-treatment group, indicating that DCs are primed and activated in the tumor-microenvironment following virotherapy, and trafficked to lymphoid organs for activation of immune cells, such as CD8+ T cells. DC priming/activation could be associated with virally enhanced expression of several antigen processing/presentation genes in the tumor microenvironment, as confirmed by NanoString gene expression analysis. Besides DC activation/priming, G47Δ-mIL12 treatment led to up-regulation of CD8+ T cell activation markers in the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. The anti-tumor effects of G47Δ-mIL12 treatment were CD8-dependent. These studies illustrate the ability of G47Δ-mIL12 to immunotherapeutically treat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanawaz M Ghouse
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Hong-My Nguyen
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kirsten Guz-Montgomery
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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12
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Silk AW, Kaufman HL, Curti B, Mehnert JM, Margolin K, McDermott D, Clark J, Newman J, Bommareddy PK, Denzin L, Najmi S, Haider A, Shih W, Kane MP, Zloza A. High-Dose Ipilimumab and High-Dose Interleukin-2 for Patients With Advanced Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1483. [PMID: 31998643 PMCID: PMC6965158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose ipilimumab (IPI) and high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) are approved agents for metastatic melanoma, but the efficacy and safety of the combination are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of combination high-dose IPI and high-dose IL-2 in patients with histologically confirmed advanced unresectable stage III and IV melanoma. This Phase II, multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial was conducted in nine patients enrolled between 12/2014 and 12/2015. Subjects were treated with high-dose IPI 10 mg/kg intravenous (IV) every 3 weeks for four doses starting at week 1 and high-dose IL-2 (600,000 IU/kg IV bolus every 8 h for up to 14 doses) concurrently with IPI at weeks 4 and 7. After the first 12 weeks of combination therapy, maintenance IPI (10 mg/kg IV) monotherapy was administered every 12 weeks for up to 1 year. No patient had received prior PD-1 blockade, and only one received prior vemurafenib. Confirmed partial response was achieved in one (11%), stable disease in four (44%), and progressive disease in four (44%) of nine patients. Two patients achieved durable disease control of 44+ and 50+ months at the most recent follow-up without subsequent therapy. The median overall survival was not reached after a minimum 24 months of follow-up time. One-year and 2-year survival rates were 89 and 67%, respectively. Seven patients (78%) experienced grade 3 or 4 adverse events related to the study therapy, three of which were attributed to both agents. One patient discontinued the treatment due to liver and kidney toxicity. While toxicity was significant, all events were reversible, and there was no treatment-related mortality. In peripheral blood of patients with decreasing tumor burden, the ratio of the non-classical MHC-II proteins HLA-DM to HLA-DO increased 2-fold, raising the possibility of the ratio of HLA-DM:HLA-DO as a novel biomarker of response to treatment. Although the sample size was limited, combination therapy with high-dose IPI and high-dose IL-2 was feasible and associated with clinical benefit. IL-2-based compounds in combination with CTLA-4 blockade should be studied in advanced melanoma patients who fail to benefit from first-line PD-1 blockade. Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02203604. Registered 30 July 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02203604.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Silk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Replimune, Woburn, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle a Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | | | - David McDermott
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Clark
- Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Jenna Newman
- Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Replimune, Woburn, MA, United States.,Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Lisa Denzin
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Saltanat Najmi
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Azra Haider
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Bristol Myers-Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Weichung Shih
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Michael P Kane
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Bommareddy PK, Aspromonte S, Zloza A, Rabkin SD, Kaufman HL. MEK inhibition enhances oncolytic virus immunotherapy through increased tumor cell killing and T cell activation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/471/eaau0417. [PMID: 30541787 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy, but advances over the past decade have resulted in multiple new therapeutic options, including molecularly targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a herpes simplex type 1 oncolytic virus, and trametinib is a MEK inhibitor approved for treatment of melanoma. Therapeutic responses with T-VEC are often limited, and BRAF/MEK inhibition is complicated by drug resistance. We observed that the combination of T-VEC and trametinib resulted in enhanced melanoma cell death in vitro. Further, combination treatment resulted in delayed tumor growth and improved survival in mouse models. Tumor regression was dependent on activated CD8+ T cells and Batf3+ dendritic cells. We also observed antigen spreading and induction of an inflammatory gene signature, including increased expression of PD-L1. Triple therapy with the combination of T-VEC, MEK inhibition, and anti-PD-1 antibody further augmented responses. These data support clinical development of combination oncolytic viruses, MEK inhibitors, and checkpoint blockade in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Bommareddy
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Salvatore Aspromonte
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Replimune Inc., Woburn, MA 01801, USA
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14
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Thomas S, Kuncheria L, Roulstone V, Kyula JN, Mansfield D, Bommareddy PK, Smith H, Kaufman HL, Harrington KJ, Coffin RS. Development of a new fusion-enhanced oncolytic immunotherapy platform based on herpes simplex virus type 1. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:214. [PMID: 31399043 PMCID: PMC6689178 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses preferentially replicate in tumors as compared to normal tissue and promote immunogenic cell death and induction of host systemic anti-tumor immunity. HSV-1 was chosen for further development as an oncolytic immunotherapy in this study as it is highly lytic, infects human tumor cells broadly, kills mainly by necrosis and is a potent activator of both innate and adaptive immunity. HSV-1 also has a large capacity for the insertion of additional, potentially therapeutic, exogenous genes. Finally, HSV-1 has a proven safety and efficacy profile in patients with cancer, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oncolytic HSV-1 which expresses GM-CSF, being the only oncolytic immunotherapy approach that has received FDA approval. As the clinical efficacy of oncolytic immunotherapy has been shown to be further enhanced by combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, developing improved oncolytic platforms which can synergize with other existing immunotherapies is a high priority. In this study we sought to further optimize HSV-1 based oncolytic immunotherapy through multiple approaches to maximize: (i) the extent of tumor cell killing, augmenting the release of tumor antigens and danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) factors; (ii) the immunogenicity of tumor cell death; and (iii) the resulting systemic anti-tumor immune response. METHODS To sample the wide diversity amongst clinical strains of HSV-1, twenty nine new clinical strains isolated from cold sores from otherwise healthy volunteers were screened across a panel of human tumor cell lines to identify the strain with the most potent tumor cell killing ability, which was then used for further development. Following deletion of the genes encoding ICP34.5 and ICP47 to provide tumor selectivity, the extent of cell killing and the immunogenicity of cell death was enhanced through insertion of a gene encoding a truncated, constitutively highly fusogenic form of the envelope glycoprotein of gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV-GP-R-). A number of further armed derivatives of this virus were then constructed intended to further enhance the anti-tumor immune response which was generated following fusion-enhanced, oncolytic virus replication-mediated cell death. These viruses expressed GMCSF, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody-like molecule, CD40L, OX40L and/or 4-1BB, each of which is expected to act predominantly at the site and time of immune response initiation. Expression of these proteins was confirmed by ELISA and/or western blotting. Immunogenic cell death was assessed by measuring the levels of HMGB1 and ATP from cell free supernatants from treated cells, and by measuring the surface expression of calreticulin. GALV-GP-R- mediated cell to cell fusion and killing was tested in a range of tumor cell lines in vitro. Finally, the in vivo therapeutic potential of these viruses was tested using human A549 (lung cancer) and MDA-MB-231(breast cancer) tumor nude mouse xenograft models and systemic anti-tumor effects tested using dual flank syngeneic 4434 (melanoma), A20 (lymphoma) mouse tumor models alone and in combination with a murine anti-PD1 antibody, and 9 L (gliosarcoma) tumors in rats. RESULTS The twenty nine clinical strains of HSV-1 isolated and tested demonstrated a broad range of tumor cell killing abilities allowing the most potent strain to be identified which was then used for further development. Oncolytic ability was demonstrated to be further augmented by the expression of GALV-GP-R- in a range of tumor cell lines in vitro and in mouse xenograft models in nude mice. The expression of GALV-GP-R- was also demonstrated to lead to enhanced immunogenic cell death in vitro as confirmed by the increased release of HMGB1 and ATP and increased levels of calreticulin on the cell surface. Experiments using the rat 9 L syngeneic tumor model demonstrated that GALV-GP-R- expression increased abscopal uninjected (anenestic) tumor responses and data using mouse 4434 tumors demonstrated that virus treatment increased CD8+ T cell levels both in the injected and uninjected tumor, and also led to increased expression of PD-L1. A combination study using varying doses of a virus expressing GALV-GP-R- and mGM-CSF and an anti-murine PD1 antibody showed enhanced anti-tumor effects with the combination which was most evident at low virus doses, and also lead to immunological memory. Finally, treatment of mice with derivatives of this virus which additionally expressed anti-mCTLA-4, mCD40L, m4-1BBL, or mOX40L demonstrated enhanced activity, particularly in uninjected tumors. CONCLUSION The new HSV-1 based platform described provides a potent and versatile approach to developing new oncolytic immunotherapies for clinical use. Each of the modifications employed was demonstrated to aid in optimizing the potential of the virus to both directly kill tumors and to lead to systemic therapeutic benefit. For clinical use, these viruses are expected to be most effective in combination with other anti-cancer agents, in particular PD1/L1-targeted immune checkpoint blockade. The first virus from this program (expressing GALV-GP-R- and hGM-CSF) has entered clinical development alone and in combination with anti-PD1 therapy in a number of tumor types (NCT03767348).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Howard L. Kaufman
- Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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Bedognetti D, Ceccarelli M, Galluzzi L, Lu R, Palucka K, Samayoa J, Spranger S, Warren S, Wong KK, Ziv E, Chowell D, Coussens LM, De Carvalho DD, DeNardo DG, Galon J, Kaufman HL, Kirchhoff T, Lotze MT, Luke JJ, Minn AJ, Politi K, Shultz LD, Simon R, Thórsson V, Weidhaas JB, Ascierto ML, Ascierto PA, Barnes JM, Barsan V, Bommareddy PK, Bot A, Church SE, Ciliberto G, De Maria A, Draganov D, Ho WS, McGee HM, Monette A, Murphy JF, Nisticò P, Park W, Patel M, Quigley M, Radvanyi L, Raftopoulos H, Rudqvist NP, Snyder A, Sweis RF, Valpione S, Zappasodi R, Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Cesano A, Marincola FM. Correction to: Toward a comprehensive view of cancer immune responsiveness: a synopsis from the SITC workshop. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:167. [PMID: 31272507 PMCID: PMC6610889 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | | | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MT, USA
| | | | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elad Ziv
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diego Chowell
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David G DeNardo
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Replimune, Inc, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Perlmutter Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Andy J Minn
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Bot
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea De Maria
- Università degli Studi di Genova and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Winson S Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heather M McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Paola Nisticò
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Wungki Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nils-Petter Rudqvist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Valpione
- CRUK Manchester Institute and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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Bedognetti D, Ceccarelli M, Galluzzi L, Lu R, Palucka K, Samayoa J, Spranger S, Warren S, Wong KK, Ziv E, Chowell D, Coussens LM, De Carvalho DD, DeNardo DG, Galon J, Kaufman HL, Kirchhoff T, Lotze MT, Luke JJ, Minn AJ, Politi K, Shultz LD, Simon R, Thórsson V, Weidhaas JB, Ascierto ML, Ascierto PA, Barnes JM, Barsan V, Bommareddy PK, Bot A, Church SE, Ciliberto G, De Maria A, Draganov D, Ho WS, McGee HM, Monette A, Murphy JF, Nisticò P, Park W, Patel M, Quigley M, Radvanyi L, Raftopoulos H, Rudqvist NP, Snyder A, Sweis RF, Valpione S, Zappasodi R, Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Cesano A, Marincola FM. Toward a comprehensive view of cancer immune responsiveness: a synopsis from the SITC workshop. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:131. [PMID: 31113486 PMCID: PMC6529999 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunology has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. Yet, not all patients benefit as cancer immune responsiveness (CIR) remains a limitation in a considerable proportion of cases. The multifactorial determinants of CIR include the genetic makeup of the patient, the genomic instability central to cancer development, the evolutionary emergence of cancer phenotypes under the influence of immune editing, and external modifiers such as demographics, environment, treatment potency, co-morbidities and cancer-independent alterations including immune homeostasis and polymorphisms in the major and minor histocompatibility molecules, cytokines, and chemokines. Based on the premise that cancer is fundamentally a disorder of the genes arising within a cell biologic process, whose deviations from normality determine the rules of engagement with the host's response, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a task force of experts from various disciplines including, immunology, oncology, biophysics, structural biology, molecular and cellular biology, genetics, and bioinformatics to address the complexity of CIR from a holistic view. The task force was launched by a workshop held in San Francisco on May 14-15, 2018 aimed at two preeminent goals: 1) to identify the fundamental questions related to CIR and 2) to create an interactive community of experts that could guide scientific and research priorities by forming a logical progression supported by multiple perspectives to uncover mechanisms of CIR. This workshop was a first step toward a second meeting where the focus would be to address the actionability of some of the questions identified by working groups. In this event, five working groups aimed at defining a path to test hypotheses according to their relevance to human cancer and identifying experimental models closest to human biology, which include: 1) Germline-Genetic, 2) Somatic-Genetic and 3) Genomic-Transcriptional contributions to CIR, 4) Determinant(s) of Immunogenic Cell Death that modulate CIR, and 5) Experimental Models that best represent CIR and its conversion to an immune responsive state. This manuscript summarizes the contributions from each group and should be considered as a first milestone in the path toward a more contemporary understanding of CIR. We appreciate that this effort is far from comprehensive and that other relevant aspects related to CIR such as the microbiome, the individual's recombined T cell and B cell receptors, and the metabolic status of cancer and immune cells were not fully included. These and other important factors will be included in future activities of the taskforce. The taskforce will focus on prioritization and specific actionable approach to answer the identified questions and implementing the collaborations in the follow-up workshop, which will be held in Houston on September 4-5, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | | | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MT, USA
| | | | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elad Ziv
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diego Chowell
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David G DeNardo
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Replimune, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Perlmutter Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Andy J Minn
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Bot
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea De Maria
- Università degli Studi di Genova and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Winson S Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heather M McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Paola Nisticò
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Wungki Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nils-Petter Rudqvist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Valpione
- CRUK Manchester Institute and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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17
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Stein MN, Malhotra J, Tarapore RS, Malhotra U, Silk AW, Chan N, Rodriguez L, Aisner J, Aiken RD, Mayer T, Haffty BG, Newman JH, Aspromonte SM, Bommareddy PK, Estupinian R, Chesson CB, Sadimin ET, Li S, Medina DJ, Saunders T, Frankel M, Kareddula A, Damare S, Wesolowsky E, Gabel C, El-Deiry WS, Prabhu VV, Allen JE, Stogniew M, Oster W, Bertino JR, Libutti SK, Mehnert JM, Zloza A. Safety and enhanced immunostimulatory activity of the DRD2 antagonist ONC201 in advanced solid tumor patients with weekly oral administration. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:136. [PMID: 31118108 PMCID: PMC6532211 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ONC201 is a small molecule antagonist of DRD2, a G protein-coupled receptor overexpressed in several malignancies, that has prolonged antitumor efficacy and immunomodulatory properties in preclinical models. The first-in-human trial of ONC201 previously established a recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of 625 mg once every three weeks. Here, we report the results of a phase I study that evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of weekly ONC201. Methods Patients ≥ 18 years old with an advanced solid tumor refractory to standard treatment were enrolled. Dose escalation proceeded with a 3 + 3 design from 375 mg to 625 mg of ONC201. One cycle, also the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) window, was 21 days. The primary endpoint was to determine the RP2D of weekly ONC201, which was confirmed in an 11-patient dose expansion cohort. Results Twenty patients were enrolled: three at 375 mg and 17 at 625 mg of ONC201. The RP2D was defined as 625 mg with no DLT, treatment discontinuation, or dose modifications due to drug-related toxicity. PK profiles were consistent with every-three-week dosing and similar between the first and fourth dose. Serum prolactin and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 induction were detected, along with intratumoral integrated stress response activation and infiltration of granzyme B+ Natural Killer cells. Induction of immune cytokines and effectors was higher in patients who received ONC201 once weekly versus once every three weeks. Stable disease of > 6 months was observed in several prostate and endometrial cancer patients. Conclusions Weekly, oral ONC201 is well-tolerated and results in enhanced immunostimulatory activity that warrants further investigation. Trial registration NCT02250781 (Oral ONC201 in Treating Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors), NCT02324621 (Continuation of Oral ONC201 in Treating Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0599-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Stein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jyoti Malhotra
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Usha Malhotra
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ann W Silk
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lorna Rodriguez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Aisner
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Robert D Aiken
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tina Mayer
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bruce G Haffty
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jenna H Newman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Salvatore M Aspromonte
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ricardo Estupinian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Charles B Chesson
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Evita T Sadimin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shengguo Li
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Medina
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tracie Saunders
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Melissa Frankel
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Aparna Kareddula
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sherrie Damare
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Elayne Wesolowsky
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christian Gabel
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Steven K Libutti
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Bommareddy PK, Zloza A, Rabkin SD, Kaufman HL. Oncolytic virus immunotherapy induces immunogenic cell death and overcomes STING deficiency in melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1591875. [PMID: 31143509 PMCID: PMC6527276 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1591875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful immunotherapy for melanoma depends on the recruitment of effector CD8+ T cells to the tumor microenvironment. Factors contributing to T cell regulation in melanoma have recently been recognized, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Agents that can activate STING or enhance T cell infiltration into established tumors have become an important focus for further clinical development. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and is approved for the treatment of melanoma and has shown therapeutic activity in murine tumors known to express high levels of STING. The mechanism of action for T-VEC has not been fully elucidated but is thought to include induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) and activation of host anti-tumor immunity. Thus, we sought to investigate how T-VEC mediates anti-tumor activity in a melanoma model. To determine if T-VEC induced ICD we established the relative sensitivity of a panel of melanoma cell lines to T-VEC oncolysis. Following T-VEC infection in vitro, melanoma cell lines released of HMGB1, ATP, and translocated ecto-calreticulin. To identify potential mediators of this effect, we found that melanoma cell sensitivity to T-VEC was inversely related to STING expression. CRISPR/Cas9-STING knockout was also associated with increased T-VEC cell killing. In the D4M3A melanoma, which has low expression of STING and is resistant to PD-1 blockade therapy, T-VEC was able to induce therapeutic responses in both injected and non-injected tumors and demonstrated recruitment of viral- and tumor-antigen specific CD8+ T cells, and induction of a pro-inflammatory gene signature at both injected and non-injected tumors. These data suggest that T-VEC induces ICD in-vitro and promotes tumor immunity and can induce therapeutic responses in anti-PD-1-refractory, low STING expressing melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Bommareddy
- School of Graduate Studies & Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, Rutgers Universi, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- School of Graduate Studies & Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, Rutgers Universi, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Replimune, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
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19
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Bommareddy PK, Lowe DB, Kaufman HL, Rabkin SD, Saha D. Multi-parametric flow cytometry staining procedure for analyzing tumor-infiltrating immune cells following oncolytic herpes simplex virus immunotherapy in intracranial glioblastoma. J Biol Methods 2019. [PMID: 31123687 PMCID: PMC6528664 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2019.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-color flow cytometry is a standard laboratory protocol, which is regularly used to analyze tumor-infiltrating immune cell subsets. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus has shown promise in treating various types of cancers, including deadly glioblastoma. Intracranial/intratumoral treatment with oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing interleukin 12, i.e., immunovirotherapy results in induction of anti-tumor immune responses and tumor infiltration of a variety of immune cells. Multi-color flow cytometry is employed to characterize immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe a step-by-step 11-color flow cytometry protocol to stain tumor-infiltrating immune cells in glioblastoma following oncolytic herpes virotherapy. We also describe a method to identify HSV-1 glycoprotein-B-specific CD8+ T cells using fluorochrome-conjugated major histocompatibility complex multimers. The multimers carry major histocompatibility peptide complexes, which have the ability to interact and bind to T cell receptors present on the surface of T cells; allowing identification of T cells (e.g., CD8+) reactive to a desired antigen. This multimer staining can be used in conjunction with the multi-parametric flow cytometry staining. Brain tumor quadrants are harvested, minced, enzymatically digested, immune cells are isolated by positive selection, single cells are counted and blocked for Fc receptors, cells are incubated with dye and/or color-conjugated antibodies, and flow cytrometry is performed using a BD LSRII flow cytometer. The protocol described herein is also applicable to stain immune cells in other mouse and human tumors or in any desired tissues.
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20
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Bommareddy PK, Rabkin SD, Kaufman HL. Triple threat to cancer: rationale for combining oncolytic viruses, MEK inhibitors, and immune checkpoint blockade. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1571390. [PMID: 30906668 PMCID: PMC6422399 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1571390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent edition of Science Translational Medicine, we identified an enhanced therapeutic activity when talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) was combined with MEK inhibition in murine melanoma tumor models. MEK inhibition increased viral replication independent of mutation status. Combination therapy increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression and PD-1 blockade further enhanced tumor regression. Further clinical development of this strategy for treating melanomas warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Bommareddy
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Clinical Affairs, Replimune, Inc, Woburn, MA, USA
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21
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are an emerging class of immunotherapy agents for cancer treatment. In this issue of JITC, Machiels et al. reports early phase data from an oncolytic adenovirus given by intravenous (IV) administration. While this may allow easy access to metastatic lesions, there is limited data supporting the therapeutic effectiveness of this approach. Further studies should include assessment of viral replication in tumor tissue and consider comparative trials using IV and intratumoral delivery to fully optimize oncolytic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Warren 401, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Replimune, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA.
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22
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Newman JH, NeMoyer RE, Augeri D, Malhotra J, Langenfeld E, Chesson CB, Lee MJ, Tarabichi S, Jhawar SR, Bommareddy PK, Marshall S, Sadimin ET, Kerrigan JE, Goedken M, Minerowicz C, Jabbour SK, Li S, Dobias N, Carayannopolous MO, Zloza A, Langenfeld J. Abstract LB-189: Novel bone morphogenetic protein receptor inhibitor JL5 suppresses tumor cell survival signaling and induces regression of human lung cancer. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-lb-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Studies have shown that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is aberrantly expressed in lung and other carcinoma leading to pro-oncogenic effects on tumor growth. The BMP receptor inhibitor DMH2 induces death of lung cancer cells through the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins XIAP, TAK1, and Id1-Id3. Since DMH2 does not downregulate BMP signaling in vivo because of metabolic instability and poor pharmacokinetics better BMP inhibitors are needed.
Experimental Design: Here, we identified a site of metabolic instability of DMH2 and designed a novel BMP receptor inhibitor, JL5. We examined the effects of JL5 to downregulate BMP signaling and induce cell death of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We also queried the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to assess if genetic alterations in lung cancer would affect drug targetability of the BMP receptors.
Results: We show that JL5 has improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to DMH2. JL5 suppresses BMP signaling in lung cancer cells in vitro and in tumor xenografts. Moreover, we demonstrate JL5-induced tumor cell death and tumor regression in xenograft mouse models without immune cells and humanized with adoptively transferred human immune cells. In humanized mice, JL5 additionally induces the infiltration of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. The TCBA database analysis suggests that genetic alterations in the BMP signaling cascade will not limit targeting with small molecule inhibitors.
Conclusion: Our studies show that the BMP signaling pathway is targetable and BMP receptor inhibitors should be developed as a therapeutic to treat lung and other cancer patients.
Citation Format: Jenna H. Newman, Rachel E. NeMoyer, David Augeri, Jyoti Malhotra, Elaine Langenfeld, Charles B. Chesson, Micheal J. Lee, Saeed Tarabichi, Sachin R. Jhawar, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Sh'rae Marshall, Evita T. Sadimin, John E. Kerrigan, Michael Goedken, Christine Minerowicz, Salma K. Jabbour, Shengguo Li, Natalie Dobias, Mary O. Carayannopolous, Andrew Zloza, John Langenfeld. Novel bone morphogenetic protein receptor inhibitor JL5 suppresses tumor cell survival signaling and induces regression of human lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-189.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Augeri
- 1Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Jyoti Malhotra
- 1Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shengguo Li
- 1Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Natalie Dobias
- 1Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Andrew Zloza
- 1Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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23
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Newman JH, Augeri DJ, NeMoyer R, Malhotra J, Langenfeld E, Chesson CB, Dobias NS, Lee MJ, Tarabichi S, Jhawar SR, Bommareddy PK, Marshall S, Sadimin ET, Kerrigan JE, Goedken M, Minerowicz C, Jabbour SK, Li S, Carayannopolous MO, Zloza A, Langenfeld J. Novel bone morphogenetic protein receptor inhibitor JL5 suppresses tumor cell survival signaling and induces regression of human lung cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:3672-3685. [PMID: 29622797 PMCID: PMC10905627 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BMP receptor inhibitors induce death of cancer cells through the downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, pTAK1, and Id1-Id3. However, the current most potent BMP receptor inhibitor, DMH2, does not downregulate BMP signaling in vivo because of metabolic instability and poor pharmacokinetics. Here we identified the site of metabolic instability of DMH2 and designed a novel BMP receptor inhibitor, JL5. We show that JL5 has a greater volume of distribution and suppresses the expression of Id1 and pTak1 in tumor xenografts. Moreover, we demonstrate JL5-induced tumor cell death and tumor regression in xenograft mouse models without immune cells and humanized with adoptively transferred human immune cells. In humanized mice, JL5 additionally induces the infiltration of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. Our studies show that the BMP signaling pathway is targetable in vivo and BMP receptor inhibitors can be developed as a therapeutic to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna H Newman
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - David J Augeri
- Office of Translational Science, Molecular Design and Synthesis, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Rachel NeMoyer
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Jyoti Malhotra
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Elaine Langenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Charles B Chesson
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Michael J Lee
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Saeed Tarabichi
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Sachin R Jhawar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Sh'Rae Marshall
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Evita T Sadimin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Science, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - John E Kerrigan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Office of Translational Science, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christine Minerowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Science, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Shengguo Li
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Mary O Carayannopolous
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Science, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - John Langenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
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24
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Zhang J, Weinrich JAP, Russ JB, Comer JD, Bommareddy PK, DiCasoli RJ, Wright CVE, Li Y, van Roessel PJ, Kaltschmidt JA. A Role for Dystonia-Associated Genes in Spinal GABAergic Interneuron Circuitry. Cell Rep 2018; 21:666-678. [PMID: 29045835 PMCID: PMC5658202 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal interneurons are critical modulators of motor circuit function. In the dorsal spinal cord, a set of interneurons called GABApre presynaptically inhibits proprioceptive sensory afferent terminals, thus negatively regulating sensory-motor signaling. Although deficits in presynaptic inhibition have been inferred in human motor diseases, including dystonia, it remains unclear whether GABApre circuit components are altered in these conditions. Here, we use developmental timing to show that GABApre neurons are a late Ptf1a-expressing subclass and localize to the intermediate spinal cord. Using a microarray screen to identify genes expressed in this intermediate population, we find the kelch-like family member Klhl14, implicated in dystonia through its direct binding with torsion-dystonia-related protein Tor1a. Furthermore, in Tor1a mutant mice in which Klhl14 and Tor1a binding is disrupted, formation of GABApre sensory afferent synapses is impaired. Our findings suggest a potential contribution of GABApre neurons to the deficits in presynaptic inhibition observed in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jarret A P Weinrich
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Russ
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John D Comer
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard J DiCasoli
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peter J van Roessel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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Newman JH, Chesson CB, Aspromonte S, Bommareddy PK, Pepe R, Tarabichi S, Li S, Jhawar S, Herzog NL, Aboelatta M, Kaul E, Estupinian R, Kane MP, Silk A, Zloza A. Utilizing the 2017–2018 seasonal influenza vaccine as a treatment for cancer. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.178.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has yielded increased survival for cancer patients; however, a significant percentage of patient tumors remain refractory to immunotherapy. This is due in part to the absence of an inflamed tumor microenvironment. In our effort to utilize anti-pathogen vaccination to recruit immune cells to un-infiltrated (cold) tumors, we observed that intratumoral injection of influenza A/PR8/H1N1 lysate (but not live virus) reduced B16-F10 melanoma growth (p<0.01). Towards determining whether FDA-approved human vaccines could likewise be utilized, we administered a quadrivalent 2017–2018 human seasonal influenza vaccine via intratumoral injection to mice, significantly slowing tumor growth relative to that of PBS-injected controls (p<0.05). Analysis of RNA from tumor homogenates via the NanoString PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel indicated upregulation of transcripts for chemokines (CCL5, CXCL9), immune checkpoints (PD-L1, LAG3), and HLA molecules – hallmarks of an inflamed (hot) tumor phenotype. In addition to halting tumor growth, intratumoral administration of the human influenza vaccine protected mice from subsequent intranasal influenza challenge. Our findings suggest that intratumoral administration of human vaccines can reduce tumor growth, in part by converting “cold” tumors into “hot” (immune-infiltrated) tumors, while simultaneously providing protection against infection. Future studies will address the efficacy of vaccination in humanized mouse models and the possibility of synergy with checkpoint blockade therapies, in an effort to evaluate the potential of microbial-based therapies as a dual vehicle for cancer treatment and infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ann Silk
- 1Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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26
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a versatile new class of therapeutic agents based on native or genetically modified viruses that selectively replicate in tumor cells and can express therapeutic transgenes designed to target cells within the tumor microenvironment and/or host immunity. To date, however, confirmation of the underlying mechanism of action and an understanding of innate and acquired drug resistance for most OVs have been limited. In this issue of the JCI, Zamarin et al. report a comprehensive analysis of an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using both murine melanoma tumor models and human tumor explants to explore how the virus promotes tumor eradication and details of the mechanisms involved. These findings have implications for the optimization of oncolytic immunotherapy, at least that based on NDV, and further confirm that specific combinatorial approaches are promising for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Replimune Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Bommareddy
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Cole Peters
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Samuel D. Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Howard L. Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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28
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Kohlhapp FJ, Huelsmann EJ, Lacek AT, Schenkel JM, Lusciks J, Broucek JR, Goldufsky JW, Hughes T, Zayas JP, Dolubizno H, Sowell RT, Kühner R, Burd S, Kubasiak JC, Nabatiyan A, Marshall S, Bommareddy PK, Li S, Newman JH, Monken CE, Shafikhani SH, Marzo AL, Guevara-Patino JA, Lasfar A, Thomas PG, Lattime EC, Kaufman HL, Zloza A. Non-oncogenic Acute Viral Infections Disrupt Anti-cancer Responses and Lead to Accelerated Cancer-Specific Host Death. Cell Rep 2017; 17:957-965. [PMID: 27760326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of increased cancer prevalence and cancer-specific deaths in patients with infections, we investigated whether infections alter anti-tumor immune responses. We report that acute influenza infection of the lung promotes distal melanoma growth in the dermis and leads to accelerated cancer-specific host death. Furthermore, we show that during influenza infection, anti-melanoma CD8+ T cells are shunted from the tumor to the infection site, where they express high levels of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Immunotherapy to block PD-1 reverses this loss of anti-tumor CD8+ T cells from the tumor and decreases infection-induced tumor growth. Our findings show that acute non-oncogenic infection can promote cancer growth, raising concerns regarding acute viral illness sequelae. They also suggest an unexpected role for PD-1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy and provide insight into the immune response when faced with concomitant challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Kohlhapp
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Erica J Huelsmann
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andrew T Lacek
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jevgenijs Lusciks
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joseph R Broucek
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Josef W Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tasha Hughes
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Janet P Zayas
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hubert Dolubizno
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ryan T Sowell
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Regina Kühner
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sarah Burd
- University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - John C Kubasiak
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Arman Nabatiyan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sh'Rae Marshall
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Shengguo Li
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jenna H Newman
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Claude E Monken
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Sasha H Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amanda L Marzo
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jose A Guevara-Patino
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Edmund C Lattime
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer that occurs in the elderly, is associated with UV radiation and immunosuppression. Initial treatment consists of wide excision with adjuvant radiation. Although the tumor is sensitive to chemotherapy, long-term survival is unusual and there had been no US FDA-approved drugs prior to 2017. The recognition that MCC is associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus occurs more commonly in immune-compromised patients and tumors express PD-L1 suggested testing immunotherapy. A study of an anti-PD-L1 antibody, avelumab, in chemotherapy-refractory MCC demonstrated a response rate of 31.8% resulting in FDA approval in March 2017 and EMA in September 2017. This review will discuss the disease, role of avelumab and other emerging treatment strategies for MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Bommareddy
- Departments of Surgery & Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Departments of Surgery & Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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30
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Jhawar SR, Thandoni A, Bommareddy PK, Hassan S, Kohlhapp FJ, Goyal S, Schenkel JM, Silk AW, Zloza A. Oncolytic Viruses-Natural and Genetically Engineered Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Oncol 2017; 7:202. [PMID: 28955655 PMCID: PMC5600978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has long been interest in innovating an approach by which tumor cells can be selectively and specifically targeted and destroyed. The discovery of viruses that lyse tumor cells, termed oncolytic viruses (OVs), has led to a revolution in the treatment of cancer. The potential of OVs to improve the therapeutic ratio is derived from their ability to preferentially infect and replicate in cancer cells while avoiding destruction of normal cells surrounding the tumor. Two main mechanisms exist through which these viruses are reported to improve outcomes: direct lysis of tumor cells and indirect augmentation of host anti-tumor immunity. With these factors in mind, viruses are chosen or modified to selectively target tumor cells, decrease pathogenicity to normal cells, decrease the antiviral immune response (to prevent viral clearance), and increase the antitumor immune response. While only one OV has been approved for the treatment of cancer in the United States, and only two other OVs have been approved worldwide, a wide spectrum of OVs are in various stages of preclinical development and in clinical trials. These viruses are being studied as alternatives and adjuncts to more traditional cancer therapies including surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal therapies, targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies. Here, we review the natural characteristics and genetically engineered modifications that enhance the effectiveness of OVs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin R Jhawar
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Aditya Thandoni
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | | | - Suemair Hassan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | | | - Sharad Goyal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ann W Silk
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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31
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Bommareddy PK, Patel A, Hossain S, Kaufman HL. Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Other Oncolytic Viruses for the Treatment of Melanoma. Am J Clin Dermatol 2017; 18:1-15. [PMID: 27988837 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-016-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many mammalian viruses have properties that can be commandeered for the treatment of cancer. These characteristics include preferential infection and replication in tumor cells, the initiation of tumor cell lysis, and the induction of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, viruses can be genetically engineered to reduce pathogenicity and increase immunogenicity resulting in minimally toxic therapeutic agents. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC; Imlygic™), is a genetically modified herpes simplex virus, type 1, and is the first oncolytic virus therapy to be approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma by the US FDA. T-VEC is attenuated by the deletion of the herpes neurovirulence viral genes and enhanced for immunogenicity by the deletion of the viral ICP47 gene. Immunogenicity is further supported by expression of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene, which helps promote the priming of T cell responses. T-VEC demonstrated significant improvement in durable response rate, objective response rate, and progression-free survival in a randomized phase III clinical trial for patients with advanced melanoma. This review will discuss the optimal selection of patients for such treatment and describe how therapy is optimally delivered. We will also discuss future directions for oncolytic virus immunotherapy, which will likely include combination T-VEC clinical trials, expansion of T-VEC to other types of non-melanoma skin cancers, and renewed efforts at oncolytic virus drug development with other viruses.
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32
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Ager C, Reilley M, Nicholas C, Bartkowiak T, Jaiswal A, Curran M, Albershardt TC, Bajaj A, Archer JF, Reeves RS, Ngo LY, Berglund P, ter Meulen J, Denis C, Ghadially H, Arnoux T, Chanuc F, Fuseri N, Wilkinson RW, Wagtmann N, Morel Y, Andre P, Atkins MB, Carlino MS, Ribas A, Thompson JA, Choueiri TK, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, McDermott DF, Atkinson V, Cebon JS, Fitzharris B, Jameson MB, McNeil C, Hill AG, Mangin E, Ahamadi M, van Vugt M, van Zutphen M, Ibrahim N, Long GV, Gartrell R, Blake Z, Simoes I, Fu Y, Saito T, Qian Y, Lu Y, Saenger YM, Budhu S, De Henau O, Zappasodi R, Schlunegger K, Freimark B, Hutchins J, Barker CA, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T, Burova E, Allbritton O, Hong P, Dai J, Pei J, Liu M, Kantrowitz J, Lai V, Poueymirou W, MacDonald D, Ioffe E, Mohrs M, Olson W, Thurston G, Capasso C, Frascaro F, Carpi S, Tähtinen S, Feola S, Fusciello M, Peltonen K, Martins B, Sjöberg M, Pesonen S, Ranki T, Kyruk L, Ylösmäki E, Cerullo V, Cerignoli F, Xi B, Guenther G, Yu N, Muir L, Zhao L, Abassi Y, Cervera-Carrascón V, Siurala M, Santos J, Havunen R, Parviainen S, Hemminki A, Alemany R, Loskog A, Jhawar S, Goyal S, Bommareddy PK, Paneque T, Kaufman HL, Zloza A, Kaufman HL, Silk A, Dalgleish A, Mehnert J, Gabrail N, Bryan J, Medina D, Bommareddy PK, Shafren D, Grose M, Zloza A, Mitchell L, Yagiz K, Mudan S, Lopez F, Mendoza D, Munday A, Gruber H, Jolly D, Fuhrmann S, Radoja S, Tan W, Pourchet A, Frey A, DeBenedette M, Mohr I, Mulvey M, Ranki T, Pesonen S, Capasso C, Ylösmäki E, Cerullo V, Andtbacka RHI, Ross M, Agarwala S, Plachco A, Grossmann K, Taylor M, Vetto J, Neves R, Daud A, Khong H, Meek SM, Ungerleider R, Welden S, Tanaka M, Gamble A, Williams M, Andtbacka RHI, Curti B, Hallmeyer S, Fox B, Feng Z, Paustian C, Bifulco C, Grose M, Shafren D, Grogan EW, Zafar S, Parviainen S, Siurala M, Hemminki O, Havunen R, Tähtinen S, Bramante S, Vassilev L, Wang H, Lieber A, Krisko J, Hemmi S, de Gruijl T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A, Ansari T, Sundararaman S, Roen D, Lehmann P, Bloom AC, Bender LH, Tcherepanova I, Walters IB, Terabe M, Berzofsky JA, Chapelin F, Okada H, Ahrens ET, DeFalco J, Harbell M, Manning-Bog A, Scholz A, Nicolette C, Zhang D, Baia G, Tan YC, Sokolove J, Kim D, Williamson K, Chen X, Colrain J, Santo GE, Nguyen N, Dhupkar P, Volkmuth W, Greenberg N, Robinson W, Emerling D, Drake CG, Petrylak DP, Antonarakis ES, Kibel AS, Chang NN, Vu T, Yu L, Campogan D, Haynes H, Trager JB, Sheikh NA, Quinn DI, Kirk P, Addepalli M, Chang T, Zhang P, Konakova M, Kleinerman ES, Hagihara K, Pai S, VanderVeen L, Obalapur P, Kuo P, Quach P, Fong L, Charych DH, Zalevsky J, Langowski JL, Gordon N, Addepalli M, Kirksey Y, Nutakki R, Kolarkar S, Pena R, Hoch U, Zalevsky J, Doberstein SK, Charych DH, Cha J, Grenga I, Mallon Z, Perez M, McDaniel A, Anand S, Uecker D, Nuccitelli R, McDaniel A, Anand S, Cha J, Uecker D, Lepone L, Nuccitelli R, Obermajer N, Urban J, Wieckowski E, Muthuswamy R, Ravindranathan R, Bartlett D, Kalinski P, Renrick AN, Thounaojam M, Gameiro S, Thomas P, Pellom S, Shanker A, Pellom S, Thounaojam M, Dudimah D, Brooks A, Sayers TJ, Shanker A, Su YL, Knudson KM, Adamus T, Zhang Q, Nechaev S, Kortylewski M, Wei S, Allison J, Anderson C, Tang C, Schoenhals J, Tsouko E, Fantini M, Heymach J, de Groot P, Chang J, Hess KR, Diab A, Sharma P, Allison J, Naing A, Hong D, Welsh J, Tsang K, Albershardt TC, Parsons AJ, Leleux J, Reeves RS, ter Meulen J, Berglund P, Ascarateil S, Koziol ME, Penny SA, Malaker SA, Hodge J, Steadman L, Myers PT, Bai D, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Cobbold M, Dai P, Wang W, Yang N, Shuman S, Donahue R, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Deng L, Dillon P, Petroni G, Brenin D, Bullock K, Olson W, Smolkin ME, Smith K, Schlom J, Nail C, Slingluff CL, Sharma M, Fa’ak F, Janssen L, Khong H, Xiao Z, Hailemichael Y, Singh M, Vianden C, Evans E, Diab A, Zalevsky J, Hoch U, Overwijk WW, Facciabene A, Stefano P, Chongyung F, Rafail S, Hailemichael Y, Nielsen M, Bussler H, Fa’ak F, Vanderslice P, Woodside DG, Market RV, Biediger RJ, Marathi UK, Overwijk WW, Hollevoet K, Geukens N, Declerck P, Mallow C, Joly N, McIntosh L, Paramithiotis E, Rizell M, Sternby M, Andersson B, Karlsson-Parra A, Kuai R, Ochyl L, Schwendeman A, Reilly C, Moon J, Deng W, Hudson TE, Lemmens EE, Hanson B, Rae CS, Burrill J, Skoble J, Katibah G, Murphy AL, Torno S, deVries M, Brockstedt DG, Leong ML, Lauer P, Dubensky TW, Whiting CC, Chen X, Hu Y, Xia Y, Zhou L, Scrivens M, Bao Y, Huang S, Ren X, Hurt E, Hollingsworth RE, Chang AE, Wicha MS, Li Q, Aggarwal C, Mangrolia D, Foster C, Cohen R, Weinstein G, Morrow M, Bauml J, Kraynyak K, Boyer J, Yan J, Lee J, Humeau L, Oyola S, Howell A, Duff S, Weiner D, Yang Z, Bagarazzi M, McNeel DG, Eickhoff J, Jeraj R, Staab MJ, Straus J, Rekoske B, Balch L, Liu G, Melssen M, Petroni G, Grosh W, Varhegyi N, Bullock K, Smolkin ME, Smith K, Galeassi N, Deacon DH, Knapp A, Gaughan E, Slingluff CL, Ghisoli M, Barve M, Mennel R, Wallraven G, Manning L, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J, Ogasawara M, Leonard JE, Ota S, Peace KM, Hale DF, Vreeland TJ, Jackson DO, Berry JS, Trappey AF, Herbert GS, Clifton GT, Hardin MO, Paris M, Toms A, Qiao N, Litton J, Peoples GE, Mittendorf EA, Ghamsari L, Flano E, Jacques J, Liu B, Havel J, Fisher T, Makarov V, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Hellmann MD, Chan TA, Flechtner JB, Stefano P, Facciabene A, Facciponte J, Ugel S, Hu-Lieskovan S, De Sanctis F, Coukos G, Paris S, Pottier A, Levy L, Lu B, Cappuccini F, Pollock E, Bryant R, Hamdy F, Ribas A, Hill A, Redchenko I, Sultan H, Kumai T, Fesenkova V, Celis E, Tsang K, Fantini M, Fernando I, Palena C, Smith E, David JM, Hodge J, Gabitzsch E, Jones F, Gulley JL, Schlom J, Herranz MU, Rafail S, Ugel S, Facciponte J, Zauderer M, Stefano P, Facciabene A, Wada H, Shimizu A, Osada T, Fukaya S, Sasaki E, Abolhalaj M, Askmyr D, Lundberg K, Fogler W, Albrekt AS, Greiff L, Lindstedt M, Flies DB, Higuchi T, Ornatowski W, Harris J, Adams SF, Aguilera T, Rafat M, Franklin M, Castellini L, Shehade H, Kariolis M, Jang D, vonEbyen R, Graves E, Ellies L, 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Newman J, Beltran P, Zloza A, Kaufman HL, Cao F, Hong BX, Rodriguez-Cruz T, Song XT, Gottschalk S, Calderon H, Illingworth S, Brown A, Fisher K, Seymour L, Champion B, Eriksson E, Wenthe J, Hellström AC, Paul-Wetterberg G, Loskog A, Eriksson E, Milenova I, Wenthe J, Ståhle M, Jarblad-Leja J, Ullenhag G, Dimberg A, Moreno R, Alemany R, Loskog A, Eriksson E, Milenova I, Moreno R. 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016): part two. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMCID: PMC5123381 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Bommareddy PK, Mrinal BK, Depass AL. Antibacterial and anti‐proliferative activity of Isolated Fractions of Aqueous extract from the rhubarb stem. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.lb582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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