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Oza S, Thakar H, Kodgire P, Kachhwaha SS. Utilizing an ultra-sonication process to optimize a two-step biodiesel production from Karanja oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28711-6. [PMID: 37454011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, biodiesel is produced from non-edible oils, which have various poisonous and un-saponifiable components; therefore, it is harmful and unfit for humans. Biodiesel replaces petro-diesel fuel, which can be used as additives or substitutes for diesel engines. The novelty of the present study is to optimize the process parameters of a two-step (esterification and transesterification) process for biodiesel production using high free fatty acid (FFA) containing Karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata oil), with the ultrasound (US) process intensification (PI) technique, which is carried out for the first time. In the first step, a reduction in the initial FFA concentration of 11.06% was achieved through optimization of the esterification process using response surface methodology (RSM)-supported central composite design (CCD) method in which methanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 60 °C reaction temperature kept as fixed parameter, whereas H2SO4 catalyst loading (0.5-1.5 w/w%) and reaction time (15-45 min.) were varied. The FFA value is reduced to 1.56% under the optimal condition (32.8 min reaction time and 1.14 w/w% of catalyst loading). The second step of optimization of the transesterification of esterified oil was performed by applying RSM supported Box-Behnken design (BBD) method with varying independent parameter ranges such as the molar ratio (A), CH3OK catalyst loading (B), and reaction time (C) with the range of 6:1-9:1 (methanol: oil), 0.5-1.5 w/w%, and 10-30 min., respectively. A biodiesel yield of 98.16% was obtained under optimal conditions of a molar ratio of 7.6:1, catalyst loading of 0.98 w/w%, a reaction time of 20.6 min., and a reaction temperature of 60 °C (constant). Superior optimization results were observed than the conventional stirring method. The biodiesel's estimated characteristics were discovered to be within ASTM criteria and suitable for blending with diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvik Oza
- Chemical Engineering Department, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426
- Centre for Biofuel and Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426
| | - Harshil Thakar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426
- Centre for Biofuel and Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426
| | - Pravin Kodgire
- Chemical Engineering Department, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426.
- Centre for Biofuel and Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426.
| | - Surendra Singh Kachhwaha
- Centre for Biofuel and Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426
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Devasan R, Ruatpuia JVL, Gouda SP, Kodgire P, Basumatary S, Halder G, Rokhum SL. Microwave-assisted biodiesel production using bio-waste catalyst and process optimization using response surface methodology and kinetic study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2570. [PMID: 36782046 PMCID: PMC9925450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing sufficient energy supply and reducing the effects of global warming are serious challenges in the present decades. In recent years, biodiesel has been viewed as an alternative to exhaustible fossil fuels and can potentially reduce global warming. Here we report for the first time the production of biodiesel from oleic acid (OA) as a test substrate using porous sulfonic acid functionalized banana peel waste as a heterogeneous catalyst under microwave irradiation. The morphology and chemical composition of the catalyst was investigated using Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Scanning electron microscopy- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The SEM-EDX analysis of the catalyst revealed the presence of sulfur in 4.62 wt% amounting to 1.4437 mmol g-1 sulfonic acids, which is accorded to the high acidity of the reported catalyst. Using response surface methodology (RSM), through a central composite design (CCD) approach, 97.9 ± 0.7% biodiesel yield was observed under the optimized reaction conditions (methanol to OA molar ratio of 20:1, the temperature of 80 °C, catalyst loading of 8 wt% for 55 min). The catalyst showed excellent stability on repeated reuse and can be recycled at least 5 times without much activity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhithuparna Devasan
- grid.444720.10000 0004 0497 4101Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam 788010 India
| | - Joseph V. L. Ruatpuia
- grid.444720.10000 0004 0497 4101Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam 788010 India
| | - Shiva Prasad Gouda
- grid.444720.10000 0004 0497 4101Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam 788010 India
| | - Pravin Kodgire
- grid.449189.90000 0004 1756 5243Chemical Engineering Department, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426 India ,grid.449189.90000 0004 1756 5243Center for Biofuel and Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426 India
| | - Sanjay Basumatary
- grid.466513.30000 0004 7391 0486Department of Chemistry, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam 783370 India
| | - Gopinath Halder
- grid.444419.80000 0004 1767 0991Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209 India
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Pandya K, T S AS, Kodgire P, Simon S. Combined ultrasound cavitation and persulfate for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. Water Sci Technol 2022; 86:2157-2174. [PMID: 36378172 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years industrialization has caused magnificent leaps in the high profitable growth of pharmaceutical industries, and simultaneously given rise to environmental pollution. Pharmaceutical processes like extraction, purification, formulation, etc., generate a large volume of wastewater that contains high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, auxiliary chemicals, and different pharmaceutical substances or their metabolites in their active or inactive form. Its metabolites impart non-biodegradable toxic pollutants as a byproduct and intense color, which increases ecotoxicity into the water, thus this requires proper treatment before being discharged. This study focuses on the feasibility analysis of the utilization of ultrasound cavitation (20 kHz frequency) together with a persulfate oxidation approach for the treatment of complex pharmaceutical effluent. Process parameters like pH, amplitude intensity, oxidant dosage were optimized for COD removal applying response surface methodology-based Box-Behnken design. The optimum value observed for pH, amplitude intensity and oxidant dosage are 5, 20% and 100 mg/L respectively with 39.5% removal of COD in 60 min of fixed processing time. This study confirms that a combination of ultrasound cavitation and persulfate is a viable option for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater and can be used as an intensification technology in existing effluent treatment plants to achieve the highest amount of COD removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Pandya
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India E-mail:
| | - Anantha Singh T S
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India E-mail: ; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Pravin Kodgire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Saji Simon
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
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Makwana M, Kodgire P, Kumar S, Suriapparao DV, Kumar P, Jasra RV. Experimental and Modeling Study on Removal of Chloride Species from Refinery and Petrochemical Streams Using Modified Carbon, Alumina, and Molecular Sieve 13X. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Makwana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raison, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Pravin Kodgire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raison, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- R&D Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance Industries Limited, Vadodara 391346, Gujarat, India
| | - D. V. Suriapparao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raison, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Prakash Kumar
- R&D Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance Industries Limited, Vadodara 391346, Gujarat, India
| | - Raksh Vir Jasra
- R&D Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance Industries Limited, Vadodara 391346, Gujarat, India
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Thakkar K, Shah K, Kodgire P, Kachhwaha SS. In-situ reactive extraction of castor seeds for biodiesel production using the coordinated ultrasound - microwave irradiation: Process optimization and kinetic modeling. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 50:6-14. [PMID: 30122463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates innovative and industrially viable in-situ biodiesel production process using coordinated ultrasound-microwave reactor. Reactive extraction process has been carried out by mixing grinded castor seeds with methanol in the presence of base catalyst (KOH). Response surface methodology coupled with central composite design has been applied for process optimization to achieve maximum yield. The result shows that maximum biodiesel yield of 93.5 ± 0.76% was obtained under favorable conditions of: molar ratio (350:1), catalyst (w/w) (1.74%), reaction temperature (43 °C) and reaction time (30 min). Regression equation obtained for the model having (R2), and (R2adj) equal to 0.9737 and 0.9507 respectively shows goodness of fit. First time reaction kinetics as well as oil extraction kinetics studies have been performed on coordinated ultrasound-microwave reactor. Assuming pseudo first order reaction activation energy was found to be 28.27 kJ·mol-1 and activation energy for oil extraction was observed to be 9.11 kJ mol-1. Estimated activation energy for the reaction kinetics and extraction kinetics was reduced by 27%, reaction rate constants were eight to ten times higher and diffusion coefficient was found to be two times higher in case of hybrid system as compared to conventional mechanical stirring technique. Estimated thermo-physical properties of biodiesel were found in agreement with ASTM and DIN standards in comparison to gasoline diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikkumar Thakkar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India; Center for Biofuel & Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Keyur Shah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India; Center for Biofuel & Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Pravin Kodgire
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India; Center for Biofuel & Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Surendra Singh Kachhwaha
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India; Center for Biofuel & Bioenergy Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India.
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Kodgire P, Kalgaonkar R, Hambir S, Bulakh N, Jog JP. PP/clay nanocomposites: Effect of clay treatment on morphology and dynamic mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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