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Sousa AIDJ, Galvão CC, Pires PS, Salvarani FM. Blackleg: A Review of the Agent and Management of the Disease in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:638. [PMID: 38396606 PMCID: PMC10886055 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Clostridium is an important group of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria with a sporulation capacity and wide distribution in different environments, including the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy and diseased animals and humans. Among the pathogenic species of the genus, Clostridium chauvoei stands out as a histotoxic agent. It causes significant myonecrosis such as blackleg, a disease with high lethality, especially in young cattle, and is responsible for significant livestock losses worldwide. The pathogenicity of the disease is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Current hypotheses cover processes from the initial absorption to the transport and deposition of the agent in the affected tissues. The virulence factors of C. chauvoei have been divided into somatic and flagellar antigens and soluble antigens/toxins, which are the main antigens used in vaccines against blackleg in Brazil and worldwide. This review provides important information on the first and current approaches to the agent C. chauvoei and its virulence factors as well as a compilation of data on Brazilian studies related to blackleg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleideanny Cancela Galvão
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | | | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil;
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Pires PS, Santos RL, da Paixão TA, de Oliveira Bernardes LC, de Macêdo AA, Gonçalves LA, de Oliveira Júnior CA, Silva ROS, Lobato FCF. Intracellular survival of Clostridium chauvoei in bovine macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2016; 199:1-7. [PMID: 28110774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei is the etiological agent of blackleg, a severe disease of domestic ruminants, causing myonecrosis and serious toxemia with high mortality. Despite the known importance of this agent, studies evaluating its pathogenesis of blackleg are scarce, and many are based on an unproven hypothesis that states that macrophages are responsible for carrying C. chauvoei spores from the intestines to muscles in the early stages of blackleg. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the survival of C. chauvoei vegetative cells or spores after phagocytosis by a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and bovine monocyte-derived macrophages and to profile inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine transcripts of bovine macrophages infected with C. chauvoei vegetative cells or spores. Both vegetative cells and spores of C. chauvoei remain viable after internalization by murine and bovine macrophages. Bovine macrophages infected with vegetative cells showed a pro-inflammatory profile, while those infected with spores displayed an anti-inflammatory profile. Together, these results corroborate the classical hypothesis that macrophages may play a role in the early pathogenesis of blackleg. Moreover, this is the first study to evaluate the infection kinetics and cytokine profile of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with a Clostridium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prhiscylla Sadanã Pires
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina de Oliveira Bernardes
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Auricélio Alves de Macêdo
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aramuni Gonçalves
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto de Oliveira Júnior
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Buzanskas ME, Pires PS, Chud TCS, Bernardes PA, Rola LD, Savegnago RP, Lôbo RB, Munari DP. Parameter estimates for reproductive and carcass traits in Nelore beef cattle. Theriogenology 2016; 92:204-209. [PMID: 28237337 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for scrotal circumference at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days of age, age at first calving (AFC), ribeye area (REA), backfat (BF) thickness, and rump fat (RF) thickness, in order to provide information on potential traits for Nelore cattle breeding program. Genetic parameters were estimated using the Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood method in single- and multitrait analyses. Four different animal models were tested for SC365, SC450, REA, BF, and RF in single-trait analyses. For SC365 and SC450, the maternal genetic effect was statistically significant (P < 0.01) and was included for multitrait analyses. The direct heritability estimates for SC365, SC450, AFC, REA, BF, and RF were equal to 0.31, 0.38, 0.24, 0.32, 0.16, and 0.19, respectively. Maternal heritability for SC365 and SC450 was equal to 0.06 and 0.08, respectively. The highest genetic correlations were found among the scrotal circumferences. Testing for the inclusion of maternal effects in genetic parameters estimation for scrotal circumference should be evaluated in the Nelore breeding program, mostly for correctly ranking the animal's estimated breeding values. Similar heritability estimates were observed for scrotal circumference, as well as favorable genetic correlations of this trait with AFC and carcass traits. Thus, scrotal circumference measured at 365 days of age could be a target trait for consideration in the Nelore selection index in order to improve most of the traits herein analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Buzanskas
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P S Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T C S Chud
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P A Bernardes
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L D Rola
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R P Savegnago
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R B Lôbo
- Associação Nacional de Criadores e Pesquisadores (ANCP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D P Munari
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Moreira GMSG, Salvarani FM, da Cunha CEP, Mendonça M, Moreira ÂN, Gonçalves LA, Pires PS, Lobato FCF, Conceição FR. Immunogenicity of a Trivalent Recombinant Vaccine Against Clostridium perfringens Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins in Farm Ruminants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22816. [PMID: 27004612 PMCID: PMC4804304 DOI: 10.1038/srep22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that produces several toxins. Of these, the alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are responsible for causing the most severe C. perfringens-related diseases in farm animals. The best way to control these diseases is through vaccination. However, commercially available vaccines are based on inactivated toxins and have many production drawbacks, which can be overcome through the use of recombinant antigens. In this study, we produced recombinant alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins in Escherichia coli to formulate a trivalent vaccine. Its effectiveness was evaluated through a potency test in rabbits, in which the vaccine generated 9.6, 24.4, and 25.0 IU/mL of neutralizing antibodies against the respective toxins. Following this, cattle, sheep, and goats received the same formulation, generating, respectively, 5.19 ± 0.48, 4.34 ± 0.43, and 4.70 ± 0.58 IU/mL against alpha toxin, 13.71 ± 1.17 IU/mL (for all three species) against beta toxin, and 12.74 ± 1.70, 7.66 ± 1.69, and 8.91 ± 2.14 IU/mL against epsilon toxin. These levels were above the minimum recommended by international protocols. As such, our vaccine was effective in generating protective antibodies and, thus, may represent an interesting alternative for the prevention of C. perfringens-related intoxications in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pouey da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Ângela Nunes Moreira
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aramuni Gonçalves
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Prhiscylla Sadanã Pires
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30123-970, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
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Silva ROS, Santos RLR, Pires PS, Pereira LC, Pereira ST, Duarte MC, de Assis RA, Lobato FCF. Detection of toxins A/B and isolation of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens from dogs in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:133-7. [PMID: 24159295 PMCID: PMC3804189 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect C. difficile A/B toxins and to isolate strains of C. perfringens and C. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in Brazil. Stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. C. difficile A/B toxins were detected by ELISA, and C. perfringens and C. difficile were identified by multiplex PCR. C. difficile A/B toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). Of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarrheic dogs, and five (23.8%) were from non-diarrheic dogs. Twelve C. difficile strains (21.1%) were isolated, of which ten were A+B+ and two were A−B−. All non-toxigenic strains were isolated from non-diarrheic animals. The binary toxin gene cdtB was found in one strain, which was A+B+ and was derived from a non-diarrheic dog. C. perfringens strains were isolated from 40 samples (70.2%). Of these, 18 (45%) were from the diarrheic group, and 22 (55%) belonged to the non-diarrheic group. All isolates were classified as C. perfringens type A and there was an association between the detection of the cpe gene and the presence of diarrhea. Interestingly, ten strains (25%) were positive for the presence of the cpb2 gene. The high rate of detection of the A/B toxins in non-diarrheic dogs suggests the occurrence of subclinical disease in dogs or carriage of its toxins without disease. More studies are needed to elucidate the epidemiology of C. difficile and C. perfringens in dogs and to better our understanding of C. difficile as a zoonotic agent. This is the first study to report the binary toxin gene in C. difficile strains isolated from dogs in Brazil.
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Ribeiro MG, Silva ROS, Pires PS, Martinho APV, Lucas TM, Teixeira AIP, Paes AC, Barros CB, Lobato FCF. Myonecrosis by Clostridium septicum in a dog, diagnosed by a new multiplex-PCR. Anaerobe 2012; 18:504-7. [PMID: 22975141 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridial myositis is an acute, generally fatal toxemia that is considered to be rare in pet animals. The present report describes an unusual canine clostridial myositis that was diagnosed by a new multiplex-PCR (mPCR) designed for simultaneous identification of Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium perfringens type A, Clostridium chauvoei, and Clostridium novyi type A. A ten-month-old male Rottweiler dog, that had displayed lameness and swelling of the left limb for 12 h, was admitted to a veterinary hospital. The animal was weak, dyspneic and hyperthermic, and a clinical examination indicated the presence of gas and edema in the limb. Despite emergency treatment, the animal died in only a few minutes. Samples of muscular tissue from the necrotic area were aseptically collected and plated onto defibrinated sheep blood agar (5%) in anaerobic conditions. Colonies suggestive of Clostridium spp. were submitted to testing by multiplex-PCR. Impression smears of the tissues, visualized with Gram and also with panoptic stains, revealed long rod-shaped organisms, and specimens also tested positive using the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). The FAT and mPCR tests enabled a diagnosis of C. septicum myonecrosis in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Departmento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, CEP 18618-970, SP, Brazil
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Salvarani FM, Silva ROS, Pires PS, Cruz Júnior ECDC, Albefaro IS, Guedes RMDC, Lobato FCF. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from piglets with or without diarrhea in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Salvarani FM, Silveira Silva RO, Pires PS, da Costa Cruz Júnior EC, Albefaro IS, de Carvalho Guedes RM, Faria Lobato FC. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from piglets with or without diarrhea in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1030-3. [PMID: 24031924 PMCID: PMC3768865 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120003000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 13 antibiotics against Clostridium perfringens isolated from Brazilian piglets. The collection of isolates was performed in June to October 2010. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin and ceftiofur, whereas most were resistant to tetracycline and lincomycin. Avilamycin and narasin were more effective against isolates from non-diarrheic than from diarrheic piglets. The other antimicrobials were less active in need of high concentrations to inhibit the growth of the C. perfringens type A. These results suggest the need for further studies evaluating molecular factors related to the antimicrobial resistance of C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Bacteriose e Pesquisa , Belo Horizonte, MG , Brasil
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Müller GC, Pitrez PM, Teixeira AL, Pires PS, Jones MH, Stein RT, Bauer ME. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are associated with clinical severity in school age children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:1755-9. [PMID: 20874832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways with significant changes in leucocyte trafficking, cellular activation and tissue remodelling. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been involved with asthma and allergic diseases but its role as a severity marker in paediatric asthma has not been clinically assessed. OBJECTIVES To evaluate plasma BDNF and inflammatory markers in order to address their relationships with disease severity in children (6-15 years) with controlled persistent asthma. METHODS Children with persistent asthma were selected and lung function and skin prick tests were performed in all patients. Plasma BDNF levels and various inflammatory markers (CCL3, CCL11, CCL22, CCL24, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, soluble TNF receptors) were assessed by ELISAs. RESULTS Subjects with moderate and severe asthma had higher BDNF levels than mild asthma and controls (P<0.001). The chemokines studied and soluble TNF receptors did not differ between the studied groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results indicate BDNF as a potential biomarker for clinical severity in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Müller
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Souza AM, Reis JKP, Assis RA, Horta CC, Siqueira FF, Facchin S, Alvarenga ER, Castro CS, Salvarani FM, Silva ROS, Pires PS, Contigli C, Lobato FCF, Kalapothakis E. Molecular cloning and expression of epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens type D and tests of animal immunization. Genet Mol Res 2010; 9:266-76. [PMID: 20198582 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D causes enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and calves. Enterotoxemia can cause acute or superacute disease, with sudden death of the affected animal. It provokes huge economic losses when large numbers of livestock are affected. Therapeutic intervention is challenging, because the disease progresses very rapidly. However, it can be prevented by immunization with specific immunogenic vaccines. We cloned the etx gene, encoding epsilon toxin, into vector pET-11a; recombinant epsilon toxin (rec-epsilon) was expressed in inclusion bodies and was used for animal immunization. Serum protection was evaluated and cross-serum neutralization tests were used to characterize the recombinant toxin. To analyze the potency of the toxin (as an antigen), rabbits were immunized with 50, 100 or 200 microg recombinant toxin, using aluminum hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. Titers of 10, 30 and 40 IU/mL were obtained, respectively. These titers were higher than the minimum level required by the European Pharmacopoeia (5 IU/mL) and by the USA Code of Federal Regulation (2 IU/mL). This rec-epsilon is a good candidate for vaccine production against enterotoxemia caused by epsilon toxin of C. perfringens type D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Souza
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Silva ROS, Salvarani FM, Assis RA, Martins NRS, Pires PS, Lobato FCF. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from broiler chickens. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:262-4. [PMID: 24031355 PMCID: PMC3769726 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090002000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of chickens as well as a potential pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis and colangio hepatitis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of seven different compounds used for therapy, growth promotion or prevention of coccidiosis was determined by agar dilution method for 55 C. perfringens strains isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens. All strains showed high susceptibility to penicillin, avilamycin, monensin and narasin. Only 7.3% of the strains showed an intermediated sensitivity to lincomycin, and 49 (89.1%) were considered susceptible. For tetracycline and bacitracin, 41.8% and 47.3% of strains, respectively, were considered resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O S Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva , Belo Horizonte, MG , Brasil
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