Tight N-observable uncertainty relations and their experimental demonstrations

The uncertainty relation, as one of the fundamental principles of quantum physics, captures the incompatibility of noncommuting observables in the preparation of quantum states. In this work, we derive two strong and universal uncertainty relations for N(N ≥ 2) observables with discrete and bounded spectra, one in multiplicative form and the other in additive form. To verify their validity, for illustration, we implement in the spin-1/2 system an experiment with single-photon measurement. The experimental results exhibit the validity and robustness of these uncertainty relations, and indicate the existence of stringent lower bounds.

A Stronger Multi-observable Uncertainty Relation

Uncertainty relation lies at the heart of quantum mechanics, characterizing the incompatibility of non-commuting observables in the preparation of quantum states. An important question is how to improve the lower bound of uncertainty relation. Here we present a variance-based sum uncertainty relation for N incompatible observables stronger than the simple generalization of an existing uncertainty relation for two observables. Further comparisons of our uncertainty relation with other related ones for spin- and spin-1 particles indicate that the obtained uncertainty relation gives a better lower bound.

[Effect of baoyuantang on erythroid progenitor and clinical observation in chronic renal failure patients]

The erythroid colony formating ability and the therapeutic efficacy were investigated in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) before and after treatment with baoyuantang. The results showed that the number of CFU-E, BFU-E of bone marrow was found lower in CRF patients than that in normal controls, and there was inhibitory action in the CRF serum on the number of CFU-E, BFU-E of normal human bone marrow. After treatment with baoyuantang, the amount of Hb was increased and creatinine decreased in CRF patients, and its effective rate reached 83.3%. The above-mentioned inhibitory action in CRF serum was also reduced post-treatment. The results indicated that baoyuantang could increase the ability for proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor and adjust anemia in CRF patient.