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van de Grampel RD, Ming W, Gildenpfennig A, van Gennip WJH, Laven J, Niemantsverdriet JW, Brongersma HH, de With G, van der Linde R. The outermost atomic layer of thin films of fluorinated polymethacrylates. Langmuir 2004; 20:6344-6351. [PMID: 15248721 DOI: 10.1021/la049519p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the surface properties of a series of copolymers of perfluoroalkyl methacrylate (CH2 = C(CH3)COOCH2CnF(2n + 1), n = 1, 6, or 10) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) and of blends of perfluorooctyl-end-capped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and pure PMMA. The introduction of perfluoroalkyl groups significantly lowers the polymer surface energy as determined by the acid-base approach. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms a higher fluorine concentration in the surface region (the outer 3.8 nm) as compared to in the bulk. The fluorine density in the outermost atomic layer is quantitatively determined by low-energy ion scattering (LEIS). A linear relationship is found between the fluorine density in the outermost atomic layer and the surface energy of the partially fluorinated polymethacrylates, irrespective of the length of the perfluoroalkyl chain. This linearity confirms Langmuir's "principle of independent surface action". Deviation from this linear relationship exists for both highly and sparsely fluorinated polymethacrylates and can be ascribed to the local (surface) ordering of the fluorinated tails and MMA units, respectively. This study may offer one further step toward a deeper understanding of the correlations between macroscopic surface properties and microscopic surface chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D van de Grampel
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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van de Grampel RD, Ming W, Gildenpfennig A, Laven J, Brongersma HH, de With G, van der Linde R. Quantification of fluorine density in the outermost atomic layer. Langmuir 2004; 20:145-149. [PMID: 15745012 DOI: 10.1021/la0353071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The outermost atomic layer of perfluorinated thiol monolayers on gold and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is analyzed by low-energy ion scattering. Absolute quantification of fluorine density in this layer was achieved after calibrating the fluorine signal with a freshly cleaved LiF(100) single crystal. The fluorine density of monolayers of a C8F17-thiol on gold was 1.48 x 10(15) F atoms/cm2, whereas for PTFE a value of 1.24 x 1015 F atoms/cm2 was observed. This difference was explained by the different tilt angles of the thiol on gold and PTFE chains with respect to the surface normal. Both a configurational and a molecular interpretation on the perfluorinated thiol monolayer on gold are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D van de Grampel
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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van Ravenstein L, Ming W, van de Grampel RD, van der Linde R, de With G, Loontjens T, Thüne PC, Niemantsverdriet JW. Low Surface Energy Polymeric Films from Novel Fluorinated Blocked Isocyanates. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035296i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. van Ravenstein
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Ming
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - R. D. van de Grampel
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - R. van der Linde
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - G. de With
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - T. Loontjens
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. Thüne
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - J. W. Niemantsverdriet
- Lab of Coatings Technology and Schuit Institute of Catalysis and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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Ming W, Tian M, van de Grampel RD, Melis F, Jia X, Loos J, van der Linde R. Low Surface Energy Polymeric Films from Solventless Liquid Oligoesters and Partially Fluorinated Isocyanates. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020650i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Ming
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - M. Tian
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R. D. van de Grampel
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - F. Melis
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - X. Jia
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J. Loos
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R. van der Linde
- Laboratory of Coatings Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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van de Grampel RD, Ming W, Laven J, van der Linde R, Leermakers FAM. A Self-Consistent-Field Analysis of the Surface Structure and Surface Tension of Partially Fluorinated Copolymers: The Influence of Polymer Architecture. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. van de Grampel
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Physical and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Ming
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Physical and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Laven
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Physical and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. van der Linde
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Physical and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. A. M. Leermakers
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Physical and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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