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Herrera-Linares ME, Rico-Pérez B, Yaffy D, Fernández-Parra R, Llanos C, Parra-Martínez C, Herrera-Gutiérrez ME, Sanchis-Mora S. Cadaveric study of the ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block over the transverse process of the twelfth thoracic vertebra in dogs: Transversal vs longitudinal approach. Vet J 2024; 304:106094. [PMID: 38452849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study describes a transversal (TV) ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block technique over the transverse process of T12. And evaluates the distribution of the dye and affected nerves branches compared to a longitudinal (LNG) approach over the transverse process of T12 in canine cadavers. Secondly, it also compares de anatomy and dimensions of the transverse processes of T12 with T9 and T5. For this double-masked, cadaveric experimental study, 12 adult Beagle cadavers were injected with 0.6 mL/kg of dye/contrast. Spread was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and dissection. Mean bodyweight was 9.76 (±0.59) kg. The TV and LNG approaches stained a median (range) of four (2-6) and three (1-6) medial branches of the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves, three (2-6) and three (2-5) lateral branches, and one (0-3) and one (0-4) ventral branches, respectively. Dye was detected in the epidural space in 55.6% and 66.7% of cases for the TV and LNG approaches, respectively (P=0.63). And in the ventral paravertebral compartment in 22.2% and lymphatics in 88.8% in both approaches. There were no statistical differences for the spread. The dorsolateral edge of the transverse process (TP) was not visible with CT at T12. The mean (±SD) length of the TP was significantly shorter at T12 [3.34 (±0.22)] mm, compared to T9 [6.08 (±0.47)] mm and T5 [5.93 (±0.62)] mm (P <0.001). This study showed similar distribution whether using a TV or LNG approach and differences in the anatomy and length of the T12 TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Herrera-Linares
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, San Agustín Square, 3, 46002, Spain; Department of Clinical Science and Services. The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - B Rico-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Science and Services. The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - D Yaffy
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences. The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - R Fernández-Parra
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, C/ de Quevedo, 2, 46001, Spain
| | - C Llanos
- Department of Clinical Science and Services. The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - C Parra-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Science and Services. The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - M E Herrera-Gutiérrez
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine. Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Av., 84, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - S Sanchis-Mora
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, C/ de Quevedo, 2, 46001, Spain
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Fernández-Parra R, Pey P, Zilberstein L, Malvè M. Use of computational fluid dynamics to compare upper airway pressures and airflow resistance in brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic dogs. Vet J 2019; 253:105392. [PMID: 31685131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brachycephalic dog breeds are prone to breathing difficulties because of their upper airway anatomy. Several surgical techniques exist to correct anatomical pathologies and common surgical approaches aim to correct functional abnormalities in the nares and/or the soft palate. However, further research is needed to improve clinical outcomes. This study evaluated air pressure and airflow resistance in the upper airways and trachea in nine sedated, sternally recumbent dogs of different skull types (dolichocephalic, n=3; mesocephalic, n=3; brachycephalic, n=3). CT images were acquired from the nostrils to the caudal border of the lungs and geometrical reconstruction of the upper airway and trachea was performed. Analysis of computational fluid dynamics was performed using inspiratory flow adapted to bodyweight for each dog. Flow (L/min) and pressure (cmH2O) were computed for the entire upper airway and trachea. Resistance (cmH2O/L/min) was calculated using pressure differences between the nose, larynx, and trachea. In this pilot study, statistical comparisons were not performed. Pressure maps, airflow, and resistance were similar in dolichocephalic and mesocephalic breeds. Median pressure difference (3.76cmH2O) and resistance (0.154cmH2O/L/min) between the nose and larynx were numerically higher in brachycephalic dogs than in other breeds (0.45cmH2O and 0.016cmH2O/L/min, respectively). Median pressure difference (0.205cmH2O) and resistance (0.009cmH2O/L/min) between the larynx and trachea was numerically similar in all dogs, except for the English bulldog. The methodology used in this preliminary study to quantify airflow characteristics such as pressure and resistance could improve the understanding of brachycephalic obstruction airway syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández-Parra
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du General de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, 94704, France; Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U955, Equipe 03, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil cedex, France.
| | - P Pey
- Antech Imaging Services, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA; Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - L Zilberstein
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du General de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, 94704, France
| | - M Malvè
- Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 31006, Pamplona, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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