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Igloi Z, Sikkema R, Rockx B, Martina B, Kessel CGV, Molenkamp R, Koopmans M. Looking back to look forward: The consequences of the Zika outbreak through the eyes of a public health reference laboratory in the Netherlands. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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2
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Hofstra JJ, Matamoros S, van de Pol MA, de Wever B, Tanck MW, Wendt-Knol H, Deijs M, van der Hoek L, Wolthers KC, Molenkamp R, Visser CE, Sterk PJ, Lutter R, de Jong MD. Changes in microbiota during experimental human Rhinovirus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:336. [PMID: 26271750 PMCID: PMC4659412 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is responsible for the majority of common colds and is frequently accompanied by secondary bacterial infections through poorly understood mechanisms. We investigated the effects of experimental human HRV serotype 16 infection on the upper respiratory tract microbiota. Methods Six healthy volunteers were infected with HRV16. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA-targeted pyrosequencing on throat swabs taken prior, during and after infection. We compared overall community diversity, phylogenetic structure of the ecosystem and relative abundances of the different bacteria between time points. Results During acute infection strong trends towards increases in the relative abundances of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Neisseria subflava were observed, as well as a weaker trend towards increases of Staphylococcus aureus. No major differences were observed between day-1 and day 60, whereas differences between subjects were very high. Conclusions HRV16 infection is associated with the increase of three genera known to be associated with secondary infections following HRV infections. The observed changes of upper respiratory tract microbiota could help explain why HRV infection predisposes to bacterial otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1081-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hofstra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Matamoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M A van de Pol
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - B de Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M W Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Wendt-Knol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Deijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L van der Hoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - K C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R Molenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C E Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R Lutter
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vanhommerig JW, Lambers FAE, Schinkel J, Geskus RB, Arends JE, van de Laar TJW, Lauw FN, Brinkman K, Gras L, Rijnders BJA, van der Meer JTM, Prins M, van der Meer JTM, Molenkamp R, Mutschelknauss M, Nobel HE, Reesink HW, Schinkel J, van der Valk M, van den Berk GEL, Brinkman K, Kwa D, van der Meche N, Toonen A, Vos D, van Broekhuizen M, Lauw FN, Mulder JW, Arends JE, van Kessel A, de Kroon I, Boonstra A, van der Ende ME, Hullegie S, Rijnders BJA, van de Laar TJW, Gras L, Smit C, Lambers FAE, Prins M, Vanhommerig JW, van der Veldt W. Risk Factors for Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Case-Control Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv115. [PMID: 26634219 PMCID: PMC4665384 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Since 2000, incidence of sexually acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infection has increased among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). To date, few case-control and cohort studies evaluating HCV transmission risk factors were conducted in this population, and most of these studies were initially designed to study HIV-related risk behavior and characteristics. Methods. From 2009 onwards, HIV-infected MSM with acute HCV infection and controls (HIV-monoinfected MSM) were prospectively included in the MOSAIC (MSM Observational Study of Acute Infection with hepatitis C) study at 5 large HIV outpatient clinics in the Netherlands. Written questionnaires were administered, covering sociodemographics, bloodborne risk factors for HCV infection, sexual behavior, and drug use. Clinical data were acquired through linkage with databases from the Dutch HIV Monitoring Foundation. For this study, determinants of HCV acquisition collected at the inclusion visit were analyzed using logistic regression. Results. Two hundred thirteen HIV-infected MSM (82 MSM with acute HCV infection and 131 MSM without) were included with a median age of 45.7 years (interquartile range [IQR], 41.0–52.2). Receptive unprotected anal intercourse (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63–15.4), sharing sex toys (aOR, 3.62; 95% CI, 1.04–12.5), unprotected fisting (aOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.02–6.44), injecting drugs (aOR, 15.62; 95% CI, 1.27–192.6), sharing straws when snorting drugs (aOR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.39–8.32), lower CD4 cell count (aOR, 1.75 per cubic root; 95% CI, 1.19–2.58), and recent diagnosis of ulcerative sexually transmitted infection (aOR, 4.82; 95% CI, 1.60–14.53) had significant effects on HCV acquisition. Conclusions. In this study, both sexual behavior and biological factors appear to independently increase the risk of HCV acquisition among HIV-infected MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost W Vanhommerig
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Public Health Service of Amsterdam ; Departments of Medical Microbiology
| | - Femke A E Lambers
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Public Health Service of Amsterdam
| | | | - Ronald B Geskus
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Public Health Service of Amsterdam ; Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam
| | - Joop E Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases , University Medical Center Utrecht
| | | | - Fanny N Lauw
- Department of Internal Medicine , Slotervaart Hospital , Amsterdam
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine , OLVG Hospital , Amsterdam
| | - Luuk Gras
- HIV Monitoring Foundation , Amsterdam
| | - Bart J A Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases , Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam
| | - Jan T M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine , Center of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Amsterdam , Academic Medical Center , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Public Health Service of Amsterdam ; Department of Internal Medicine , Center of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Amsterdam , Academic Medical Center , The Netherlands
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Grady BPX, Prins M, Rebers S, Molenkamp R, Geskus RB, Schinkel J. BMI, male sex and IL28B genotype associated with persistently high hepatitis C virus RNA levels among chronically infected drug users up to 23 years following seroconversion. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:263-71. [PMID: 25174990 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural course of serum HCV RNA levels during chronic infection remains unclear. We investigated HCV RNA levels and factors associated with HCV RNA levels for the entire course from HCV seroconversion. We measured HCV RNA levels of 54 HCV seroconverters from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users at yearly intervals up to 23 years using bDNA (VERSANT 3.0, lower limit of detection 615 IU/mL). Samples below the cut-off of the assay were tested by TMA (Siemens VERSANT, detection limit 5 IU/mL). We used a latent class linear mixed model to examine the HCV RNA patterns and factors associated with HCV RNA levels. The median follow-up time was 10.8 years (IQR 6.5-14.9). We found two distinct HCV RNA patterns characterized by 45/54 cases and 9/54 cases. In multivariable analyses, HCV RNA levels were 0.41 log(10) IU/mL (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06-0.75) higher for males as compared to females. Individuals with the IL28B CC genotype had 0.40 log(10) IU/mL (95% 0.08-0.73) higher HCV RNA levels than individuals with IL28B CT/TT genotypes. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with higher HCV RNA levels, 0.055 log(10) IU/mL per BMI point (95% CI 0.027-0.083). In this unique study, which examines the HCV RNA patterns over an extended period and following seroconversion, male sex, IL28B CC genotype and BMI were independently associated with higher average HCV RNA levels. These results contribute to defining the natural history of HCV infection and could play an important part in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P X Grady
- Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Amsterdam Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Van Someren Greve F, Van der Sluijs KF, Molenkamp R, Spoelstra-de Man AM, Cremer OL, De Wilde RB, Spronk PE, Jong MD, Schultz MJ, Juffermans NP. Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in acutely admitted and ventilated ICU patients: a prospective multicenter observational study. Crit Care 2015. [PMCID: PMC4473012 DOI: 10.1186/cc14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Willemse SB, Reesink HW, Ladee K, Karlas J, Gelderblom HC, Molenkamp R, Schinkel J. IP-10 in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with high-dose interferon. Neth J Med 2014; 72:407-15. [PMID: 25387553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interferon-g-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) serum levels are associated with IL28B genotype and may predict response to interferon÷ribavirin-based therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients. Our aim was to relate IP-10 levels before and during treatment to treatment outcome, viral HCV-RNA kinetics and IL28B genotype. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cohort of chronic hepatitis C patients was treated with high-dose interferon for six weeks, followed by standard peginterferon÷ ribavirin for 24 or 48 weeks. IP-10 and HCV-RNA levels were frequently determined before, during and after treatment. RESULTS IP-10 levels increased from log2.56 pg÷ml at baseline to log3.48 pg÷ml at Day 1 and gradually diminished thereafter. IP-10 levels at any time point were not statistically different between patients with or without sustained viral response (SVR). Patients with IL28B CC genotype had significantly lower baseline IP-10 levels (p = 0.019) and a higher increase of IP-10 levels from baseline to Day 1 than patients with IL28B non-CC genotypes (p = 0.015). Patients with HCV-RNA decline ≥ 2.28log10 at Day 1 had significantly lower baseline IP-10 levels (p = 0.016) and a higher increase of IP-10 levels from baseline to Day1 (p = 0.047) than patients with HCV-RNA decline of < 2.28log10 at Day 1. CONCLUSIONS In patients treated with high induction dose interferon, IP-10 levels at any time point were not predictive for SVR. Low baseline IP-10 levels and a higher increase of IP-10 levels from baseline to Day 1 were associated with IL28B CC genotype and HCV-RNA decline ≥ 2.28log10 at Day 1. This suggests that, in our cohort, for prediction of SVR the added value of IP-10 to IL28B genotype and early viral kinetics is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Willemse
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Van Someren Gréve F, Van der Sluijs KF, Juffermans NP, Winters T, Rebers SP, SPVerheul KD, Molenkamp R, Spoelstra-de Man AM, Spronk P, De Jong MD, Schultz MJ. Lower airway sampling greatly increases detection of respiratory viruses in critically ill patients: the COURSE study. Crit Care 2014. [PMCID: PMC4069511 DOI: 10.1186/cc13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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8
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de Bruijne J, Thomas XV, Rebers SP, Weegink CJ, Treitel MA, Hughes E, Bergmann JF, de Knegt RJ, Janssen HLA, Reesink HW, Molenkamp R, Schinkel J. Evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease domain during and following treatment with narlaprevir, a potent NS3 protease inhibitor. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:779-89. [PMID: 24168257 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Narlaprevir, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor, has demonstrated robust antiviral activity in a placebo-controlled phase 1 study. To study evolutionary dynamics of resistant variants, the NS3 protease sequence was clonally analysed in thirty-two HCV genotype 1-infected patients following treatment with narlaprevir. Narlaprevir monotherapy was administered for one week (period 1) followed by narlaprevir/pegylated interferon-alpha-2b combination therapy with or without ritonavir (period 2) during two weeks, interrupted by a washout period of one month. Thereafter, all patients initiated pegylated interferon-alpha-2b/ribavirin combination therapy. Longitudinal clonal analysis was performed in those patients with NS3 mutations. After narlaprevir re-exposure, resistance-associated mutations at position V36, T54, R155 and A156 were detected in five patients in >95% of the clones. Narlaprevir retreatment resulted in a 2.58 and 5.06 log10 IU/mL viral load decline in patients with and without mutations, respectively (P=<0.01). After treatment, resistant variants were replaced with wild-type virus within 2-24 weeks in three patients. However, the R155K mutation was still observed 3.1 years after narlaprevir dosing in two patients in 5% and 45% of the viral population. Resistant variants could be detected early during treatment with narlaprevir. A slower viral load decline was observed in those patients with resistance-associated mutations detectable by direct population sequencing. These mutations disappeared within six months following treatment with the exception of R155K mutation, which persisted in two patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Bruijne
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Turchiarelli V, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R, Foschino Barbaro MP, Carpagnano GE, Spanevello A, Lutter R, Bel EH, Sterk PJ. Repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up. Allergy 2011; 66:1099-106. [PMID: 21507005 PMCID: PMC7159485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To cite this article: Turchiarelli V, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R, Foschino Barbaro MP, Carpagnano GE, Spanevello A, Lutter R, Bel EH, Sterk PJ. Repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow‐up. Allergy 2011; 66: 1099–1106. Abstract Background: Respiratory viruses may persist in the airways of asthmatics between episodes of clinical worsening. We hypothesized that patients with clinically stable, severe asthma exhibit increased and more prolonged viral presence in the airways as compared to mild asthmatics and healthy controls. Methods: Thirty‐five subjects (no cold symptoms >4 weeks) entered a 12‐week prospective study using three groups: clinically stable mild asthma (GINA 2) (n = 12, age 34.1 ± 13.4 year), severe asthma (GINA 4) (n = 12, age 49.3 ± 14.8 year) and healthy controls (n = 11, age 37.9 ± 14.2 year). All subjects underwent spirometry and completed a written questionnaire on asthma symptoms at baseline. Nasal and throat swabs, induced sputum samples, exhaled breath condensate and gelatine‐filtered expired air were analysed at 0, 6 and 12 weeks by a multiplex real‐time PCR assay for 14 respiratory viruses using adequate positive and negative controls. Results: Thirty‐two of 525 patient assessments (6%) showed a virus‐positive sample. Among the 14 respiratory viruses examined, HRV, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3&4, human bocavirus, influenza B and coronavirus were detected. When combining all sampling methods, on average 18% of controls and 30% of mild and severe asthmatics were virus positive, which was not different between the groups (P = 0.34). The longitudinal data showed a changing rather than persistent viral presence over time. Conclusion: Patients with clinically stable asthma and healthy controls have similar detection rates of respiratory viruses in samples from nasopharynx, sputum and exhaled air. This indicates that viral presence in the airways of stable (severe) asthmatics varies over time rather than being persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Turchiarelli
- Department Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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de Vries M, Deijs M, Canuti M, Jakobs M, van Schaik B, Faria N, Molenkamp R, Baas F, van der Hoek L. OP4-8 Virus discovery 454 sequencing. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(09)70063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Takkenberg RB, Zaaijer HL, Molenkamp R, Menting S, Terpstra V, Weegink CJ, Dijkgraaf MGW, Jansen PLM, Reesink HW, Beld MGHM. Validation of a sensitive and specific real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in plasma of chronic hepatitis B patients. J Med Virol 2009; 81:988-95. [PMID: 19382261 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) serves as a template for viral replication and plays a role in persistence of HBV infection. The origin and significance of cccDNA in plasma however, is not well understood. A sensitive, specific, and reproducible real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of cccDNA in plasma of chronic hepatitis B patients was developed and validated. Four HBV DNA reference panels, and 96 plasma samples of chronic hepatitis B patients were analyzed. Results were compared with total HBV DNA levels, individual ALT levels and the Histology Activity Index (HAI). This cccDNA assay had a lower limit of detection at 15 copies/PCR, a lower limit of quantitation at 91 copies/PCR and a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.98 (P < 0.0001). cccDNA was detected in two of four international panels. Significant correlation was found between cccDNA and total HBV DNA levels in both panels (R = 0.96, and R = 0.43) and in samples of the chronic hepatitis B patients (R = 0.88, P < 0.0001). In 57% of these samples cccDNA was detectable. Mean level of cccDNA was 0.16% of total HBV load. Plasma cccDNA levels were higher in HBeAg positive samples than in HBeAg negative samples (4.91 log copies/ml vs. 3.88 log copies/ml, P < 0.0001). Levels of total HBV DNA and HBV genotype did not influence cccDNA detection. ALT levels and HAI-score were not correlated with plasma cccDNA levels. These findings suggest that cccDNA levels in plasma are not the result of increased hepatocyte degeneration, but indicate that other mechanisms might be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Takkenberg
- AMC Liver Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zaaijer HL, Takkenberg RB, Weegink CJ, Rebers SPH, Menting S, Reesink HW, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R. Susceptibility of hepatitis B virus to lamivudine restored by resistance to adefovir. J Med Virol 2009; 81:413-6. [PMID: 19152408 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serial monotherapy and add-on regimes for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may induce the accumulation of viral resistance mutations in patients, reducing the options for ongoing viral suppression. The induction of antiviral resistance by serial application of polymerase inhibitors does not necessarily imply that the subsequent combined use of the drugs will fail. Some HIV strains resistant to one polymerase inhibitor show increased susceptibility to another polymerase inhibitor. After failure of sequential lamivudine and adefovir monotherapy, two patients with hepatitis B changed to treatment with lamivudine plus adefovir and had renewed suppression of HBV. To study the mutational history of resistant HBV subpopulations in the two patients, a part of the HBV polymerase gene was amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed for the presence of mutations, in sequential plasma samples. In both patients serial monotherapy caused the replacement in all HBV clones of wild-type virus by classical lamivudine resistant mutants (L180M and M204V/I), which were replaced subsequently by adefovir resistant mutants (A181V and N236T). When finally lamivudine was added to adefovir, the A181V adefovir mutation persisted in all clones and lamivudine-related mutations did not reappear. During 18 months of combination therapy, HBV-DNA levels decreased 10,000, respectively, 1,000-fold, despite the earlier resistance to lamivudine and adefovir. Although clinically insufficient, this effect indicates that HBV polymerase resistance mutations may be antagonistic, which is relevant if chronic HBV infection is to be treated by a combination of polymerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Zaaijer
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pajkrt D, Jansen R, Molenkamp R, Schinkel J. O.5.2 Correlation between (semi-)quantity of respiratory viruses using a multiple RT-PCR and clinical respiratory symptoms in children under 6 years. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wolthers K, Pajkrt D, Benschop K, Westerhuis B, Molenkamp R, Spanjerberg L. O.5.3 Clinical characteristics of infection with the newer human parechoviruses in children. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Schinkel J, Brinkman K, Koekkoek S, Spijkerman I, Molenkamp R. O.4.7 Molecular evolution of the E2 gene of hepatitis C virus in a patient infected and re-infected with genotype 1a. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pajkrt D, Jansen R, Molenkamp R, Schinkel J. P.064 Clinical severity and course of respiratory tract infections and the detection of respiratory viruses detected by multiplex RT-PCR in young hospitalized children. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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van de Laar T, Molenkamp R, van de Berg C, Schinkel J, Beld M, Prins M, Coutinho R, Bruisten S. O.1.4 Frequent HCV reinfection and superinfection among injecting drug users argues against HCV protective immunity. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zaaijer H, Takkenberg R, Weegink C, Rebers S, Menting S, Reesink H, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R. O.1.2 Hepatitis B susceptibility to lamivudine restored by resistance to adefovir. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Benschop K, de Vries M, Thomas X, Westerhuis B, Serpenti C, Molenkamp R, van der Hoek C, Wolthers K. O.4.3 High prevalence of human parechoviruses between 2004–2007 by direct genotyping and the identification of new unculturable HPeV variants. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(08)70039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Molenkamp R, Rozier BC, Greve S, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Characterization of an arterivirus defective interfering RNA. Replication and homologous recombination. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 494:519-25. [PMID: 11774517 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Molenkamp
- Department of Virology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Molenkamp R, Greve S, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Efficient homologous RNA recombination and requirement for an open reading frame during replication of equine arteritis virus defective interfering RNAs. J Virol 2000; 74:9062-70. [PMID: 10982351 PMCID: PMC102103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.9062-9070.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2000] [Accepted: 07/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV), the prototype arterivirus, is an enveloped plus-strand RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13 kb. Based on similarities in genome organization and protein expression, the arteriviruses have recently been grouped together with the coronaviruses and toroviruses in the newly established order Nidovirales. Previously, we reported the construction of pEDI, a full-length cDNA copy of EAV DI-b, a natural defective interfering (DI) RNA of 5.6 kb (R. Molenkamp et al., J. Virol. 74:3156-3165, 2000). EDI RNA consists of three noncontiguous parts of the EAV genome fused in frame with respect to the replicase gene. As a result, EDI RNA contains a truncated replicase open reading frame (EDI-ORF) and encodes a truncated replicase polyprotein. Since some coronavirus DI RNAs require the presence of an ORF for their efficient propagation, we have analyzed the importance of the EDI-ORF in EDI RNA replication. The EDI-ORF was disrupted at different positions by the introduction of frameshift mutations. These were found either to block DI RNA replication completely or to be removed within one virus passage, probably due to homologous recombination with the helper virus genome. Using recombination assays based on EDI RNA and full-length EAV genomes containing specific mutations, the rates of homologous RNA recombination in the 3'- and 5'-proximal regions of the EAV genome were studied. Remarkably, the recombination frequency in the 5'-proximal region was found to be approximately 100-fold lower than that in the 3'-proximal part of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Molenkamp
- Department of Virology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Molenkamp R, Rozier BC, Greve S, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Isolation and characterization of an arterivirus defective interfering RNA genome. J Virol 2000; 74:3156-65. [PMID: 10708432 PMCID: PMC111816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3156-3165.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/1999] [Accepted: 01/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV), the type member of the family Arteriviridae, is a single-stranded RNA virus with a positive-stranded genome of approximately 13 kb. EAV uses a discontinuous transcription mechanism to produce a nested set of six subgenomic mRNAs from which its structural genes are expressed. We have generated the first documented arterivirus defective interfering (DI) RNAs by serial undiluted passaging of a wild-type EAV stock in BHK-21 cells. A cDNA copy of the smallest DI RNA (5.6 kb) was cloned. Upon transfection into EAV-infected BHK-21 cells, transcripts derived from this clone (pEDI) were replicated and packaged. Sequencing of pEDI revealed that the DI RNA was composed of three segments of the EAV genome (nucleotides 1 to 1057, 1388 to 1684, and 8530 to 12704) which were fused in frame with respect to the replicase reading frame. Remarkably, this DI RNA has retained all of the sequences encoding the structural proteins. By insertion of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in the DI RNA genome, we were able to delimitate the sequences required for replication/DI-based transcription and packaging of EAV DI RNAs and to reduce the maximal size of a replication-competent EAV DI RNA to approximately 3 kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Molenkamp
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is an enveloped positive stranded RNA virus. In infected cells MHV produces a 3' coterminal nested set of subgenomic messenger RNAs. Only the genomic RNA, however, is encapsidated by the nucleocapsid protein and incorporated in infectious MHV virions. It is believed that an RNA packaging signal (Ps), present only in the genomic RNA, is responsible for this selectivity. Earlier studies mapped this signal to a 69-nt stem-loop structure positioned in the 3' end of ORF1b. The selective encapsidation mechanism probably initiates by specific interaction of the packaging signal with the nucleocapsid protein. In this study we demonstrate the in vitro interaction of the MHV-A59 nucleocapsid protein with the packaging signal of MHV using gel retardation and UV cross-linking assays. This interaction was observed not only with the nucleocapsid protein from infected cells but also with that from purified virions and from cells expressing a recombinant nucleocapsid protein. The specificity of the interaction was demonstrated by competition experiments with nonlabeled Ps containing RNAs, tRNA, and total cytoplasmic RNA. The results indicated that no virus specific modification of the N-protein or the presence of other viral proteins are required for this in vitro intervention. The assays described in this report provide us with a powerful tool for studying encapsidation (initiation) in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Molenkamp
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Buchel AS, Molenkamp R, Bol JF, Linthorst HJ. The PR-1a promoter contains a number of elements that bind GT-1-like nuclear factors with different affinity. Plant Mol Biol 1996; 30:493-504. [PMID: 8605301 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The 900 bp promoter region of the tobacco PR-1a gene was divided into eight fragments using PCR. The fragments were tested for their ability to bind to nuclear factors isolated from tobacco leaf. Band shift assays demonstrated that all but one of the fragments specifically interacted with nuclear proteins. From competition experiments it was determined that the same nuclear factors bind various promoter fragments with different affinity. Moreover, efficient competition with a synthetic tetramer of box II of the rbcS promoter indicated that GT-1-like nuclear factors are involved in these interactions. Furthermore, in comparison to extracts from untreated plants, nuclear protein preparations from tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco showed a reduced GT-1 binding activity. These results will be discussed in relation to induced PR-1a gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Buchel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Netherlands
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