α,β-Amyrin prevents steatosis and insulin resistance in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD via the AMPK-mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling mechanism

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis, is intrinsically related to obesity. Our previous study reported on the anti-obese activity of α,β-amyrin (AMY), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Protium heptaphyllum. This study investigated its ability to prevent fatty liver and the underlying mechanism using the mouse model of NAFLD. NAFLD was induced in male Swiss mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. The controls were fed a normal chow diet (ND). The mice were simultaneously treated with AMY at 10 and 20 mg/kg or fenofibrate at 50 mg/kg. Lipid levels along with metabolic and inflammatory parameters were assessed in liver and serum. The liver sections were histologically examined using H&E staining. RT-qPCR and western blotting assays were performed to analyze signaling mechanisms. Mice fed HFD developed severe hepatic steatosis with elevated triglycerides and lipid droplets compared with ND controls. This was associated with a decrease in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, an increase of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, and enhanced sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) expression, which have roles in lipogenesis, inhibition of lipolysis, and inflammatory response. AMY treatment reversed these signaling activities and decreased the severity of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory response, evidenced by serum and liver parameters as well as histological findings. AMY-induced reduction in hepatic steatosis seemed to involve AMPK-mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling pathways, which supported its beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

[Prenatal echocardiographic study of septum primum redundancy and its relationship to the genesis of atrial extrasystole in the fetus]

PURPOSE

To test the hypothesis that the redundancy of the septum primum is more pronounced in fetuses with atrial premature beats than in normal fetuses.

METHODS

Twenty-five consecutive fetuses with atrial premature beats detected by prenatal echocardiography as the sole alteration at a mean gestational age of 34 +/- 3.3 (26 to 38) weeks and a mean maternal age of 27 +/- 6.5 (18 to 39) years made up the study group. The control group was formed by 50 consecutive fetuses without rhythm disturbances and normal prenatal echocardiography, examined at a mean gestational age of 33.9 +/- 3 (26 to 39) weeks and a mean maternal age of 31 +/- 5.8 (18 to 43) years. A redundancy index (RI) was obtained as a ratio between the maximal septum primum excursion and the maximal left atrium diameter during atrial diastole, at the 4-chamber projection. Statistical analysis utilized the unpaired Student-Fisher's "t" test.

RESULTS

The RI in the study group varied from 0.50 to 1.00 (mean = 0.758 +/- 0.127) and in the control group in ranged from 0.29 to 0.67 (mean = 0.449 +/- 0.080). These differences were statistically significant for p < 0.0001.

CONCLUSION

Septum primum is more redundant in fetuses with atrial premature beats than in those with normal regular rhythm. Although it is still speculative that this feature may have a cause-effect relationship, the measurement of the RI during routine fetal echocardiography may allow detection of a potential risk factor FOR developing atrial arrhythmias.