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Ahn DY, Hansford JR, Howe ST, Ren XR, Salawitch RJ, Zeng N, Cohen MD, Stunder B, Salmon OE, Shepson PB, Gurney KR, Oda T, Lopez-Coto I, Whetstone J, Dickerson RR. Fluxes of Atmospheric Greenhouse-Gases in Maryland (FLAGG-MD): Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in the Baltimore, MD-Washington, D.C. area. J Geophys Res Atmos 2020; 125:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd032004. [PMID: 33094084 PMCID: PMC7577348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To study emissions of CO2 in the Baltimore, MD-Washington, D.C. (Balt-Wash) area, an aircraft campaign was conducted in February 2015, as part of the FLAGG-MD (Fluxes of Atmospheric Greenhouse-Gases in Maryland) project. During the campaign, elevated mole fractions of CO2 were observed downwind of the urban center and local power plants. Upwind flight data and HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model analyses help account for the impact of emissions outside the Balt-Wash area. The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of CO2 emissions estimates based on the mass balance approach were assessed for both power plants and cities. Our estimates of CO2 emissions from two local power plants agree well with their CEMS (Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems) records. For the 16 power plant plumes captured by the aircraft, the mean percentage difference of CO2 emissions was -0.3 %. For the Balt-Wash area as a whole, the 1σ CO2 emission rate uncertainty for any individual aircraft-based mass balance approach experiment was ±38 %. Treating the mass balance experiments, which were repeated seven times within nine days, as individual quantifications of the Balt-Wash CO2 emissions, the estimation uncertainty was ±16 % (standard error of the mean at 95% CL). Our aircraft-based estimate was compared to various bottom-up fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emission inventories. Based on the FLAGG-MD aircraft observations, we estimate 1.9±0.3 MtC of FFCO2 from the Balt-Wash area during the month of February 2015. The mean estimate of FFCO2 from the four bottom-up models was 2.2±0.3 MtC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - J R Hansford
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - S T Howe
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - X R Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resource Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - R J Salawitch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - N Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - M D Cohen
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resource Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - B Stunder
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resource Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - O E Salmon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - P B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - K R Gurney
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - T Oda
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Research and Technology, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - I Lopez-Coto
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - J Whetstone
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - R R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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Warner JX, Dickerson RR, Wei Z, Strow LL, Wang Y, Liang Q. Increased atmospheric ammonia over the world's major agricultural areas detected from space. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:2875-2884. [PMID: 29657344 PMCID: PMC5897908 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl072305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study provides evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia (NH3) concentrations (14-year) over several of the worlds major agricultural regions, using recently available retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. The main sources of atmospheric NH3 are farming and animal husbandry involving reactive nitrogen ultimately derived from fertilizer use; rates of emission are also sensitive to climate change. Significant increasing trends are seen over the US (2.61% yr-1), the European Union (EU) (1.83% yr-1), and China (2.27% yr-1). Over the EU, the trend results from decreased scavenging by acid aerosols. Over the US, the increase results from a combination of decreased chemical loss and increased soil temperatures. Over China, decreased chemical loss, increasing temperatures, and increased fertilizer use all play a role. Over South Asia, increased NH3 emissions are masked by increased SO2 and NOx emissions, leading to increased aerosol loading and adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Warner
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - R R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Z Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - L L Strow
- Department of Physics and Joint Center for Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, U.S.A
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, U.S.A
| | - Q Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A
- Universities Space Research Association, GESTAR, Columbia, MD, USA
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Giles DM, Holben BN, Eck TF, Sinyuk A, Smirnov A, Slutsker I, Dickerson RR, Thompson AM, Schafer JS. An analysis of AERONET aerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of aerosol source regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yegorova EA, Allen DJ, Loughner CP, Pickering KE, Dickerson RR. Characterization of an eastern U.S. severe air pollution episode using WRF/Chem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickerson RR, Huffman GJ, Luke WT, Nunnermacker LJ, Pickering KE, Leslie AC, Lindsey CG, Slinn WG, Kelly TJ, Daum PH, Delany AC, Greenberg JP, Zimmerman PR, Boatman JF, Ray JD, Stedman DH. Thunderstorms: an important mechanism in the transport of air pollutants. Science 2010; 235:460-5. [PMID: 17810340 DOI: 10.1126/science.235.4787.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acid deposition and photochemical smog are urban air pollution problems, and they remain localized as long as the sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon pollutants are confined to the lower troposphere (below about 1-kilometer altitude) where they are short-lived. If, however, the contaminants are rapidly transported to the upper troposphere, then their atmospheric residence times grow and their range of influence expands dramatically. Although this vertical transport ameliorates some of the effects of acid rain by diluting atmospheric acids, it exacerbates global tropospheric ozone production by redistributing the necessary nitrogen catalysts. Results of recent computer simulations suggest that thunderstorms are one means of rapid vertical transport. To test this hypothesis, several research aircraft near a midwestern thunderstrom measured carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ozone, and reactive nitrogen compounds. Their concentrations were much greater in the outflow region of the storm, up to 11 kilometers in altitude, than in surrounding air. Trace gas measurements can thus be used to track the motion of air in and around a cloud. Thunderstorms may transform local air pollution problems into regional or global atmospheric chemistry problems.
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Dickerson RR, Li C, Li Z, Marufu LT, Stehr JW, McClure B, Krotkov N, Chen H, Wang P, Xia X, Ban X, Gong F, Yuan J, Yang J. Aircraft observations of dust and pollutants over northeast China: Insight into the meteorological mechanisms of transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taubman BF, Hains JC, Thompson AM, Marufu LT, Doddridge BG, Stehr JW, Piety CA, Dickerson RR. Aircraft vertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over the mid-Atlantic United States: Statistics and meteorological cluster analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. F. Taubman
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - J. C. Hains
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - A. M. Thompson
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - L. T. Marufu
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - B. G. Doddridge
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - J. W. Stehr
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - C. A. Piety
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - R. R. Dickerson
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
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Dickerson RR. Analysis of black carbon and carbon monoxide observed over the Indian Ocean: Implications for emissions and photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Laat ATJ, Lelieveld J, Roelofs GJ, Dickerson RR, Lobert JM. Source analysis of carbon monoxide pollution during INDOEX 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Park RJ, Stenchikov GL, Pickering KE, Dickerson RR, Allen DJ, Kondragunta S. Regional air pollution and its radiative forcing: Studies with a single-column chemical and radiation transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hernández MDA, Burkert J, Reichert L, Stöbener D, Meyer-Arnek J, Burrows JP, Dickerson RR, Doddridge BG. Marine boundary layer peroxy radical chemistry during the AEROSOLS99 campaign: Measurements and analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lelieveld J, Crutzen PJ, Ramanathan V, Andreae MO, Brenninkmeijer CM, Campos T, Cass GR, Dickerson RR, Fischer H, de Gouw JA, Hansel A, Jefferson A, Kley D, de Laat AT, Lal S, Lawrence MG, Lobert JM, Mayol-Bracero OL, Mitra AP, Novakov T, Oltmans SJ, Prather KA, Reiner T, Rodhe H, Scheeren HA, Sikka D, Williams J. The Indian Ocean experiment: widespread air pollution from South and Southeast Asia. Science 2001; 291:1031-6. [PMID: 11161214 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) was an international, multiplatform field campaign to measure long-range transport of air pollution from South and Southeast Asia toward the Indian Ocean during the dry monsoon season in January to March 1999. Surprisingly high pollution levels were observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean toward the Intertropical Convergence Zone at about 6 degrees S. We show that agricultural burning and especially biofuel use enhance carbon monoxide concentrations. Fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning cause a high aerosol loading. The growing pollution in this region gives rise to extensive air quality degradation with local, regional, and global implications, including a reduction of the oxidizing power of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lelieveld
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Post Office Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
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Stehr JW, Dickerson RR, Hallock-Waters KA, Doddridge BG, Kirk D. Observations of NOy, CO, and SO2and the origin of reactive nitrogen in the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prados AI, Dickerson RR, Doddridge BG, Milne PA, Moody JL, Merrill JT. Transport of ozone and pollutants from North America to the North Atlantic Ocean during the 1996 Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de Laat ATJ, Zachariasse M, Roelofs GJ, van Velthoven P, Dickerson RR, Rhoads KP, Oltmans SJ, Lelieveld J. Tropospheric O3distribution over the Indian Ocean during spring 1995 evaluated with a chemistry-climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ryan WF, Doddridge BG, Dickerson RR, Morales RM, Hallock KA, Roberts PT, Blumenthal DL, Anderson JA, Civerolo KL. Pollutant transport during a regional O3-episode in the mid-Atlantic states. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1998; 48:786-797. [PMID: 9775759 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) concentrations in the Baltimore-Washington (B-W) metropolitan area frequently exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in the summer months. The most extreme O3 events occur in multi-day high O3 episodes. These events can be regional in scale, with O3 concentrations exceeding the NAAQS at numerous locations along the eastern U.S. seaboard, and are typically associated with slow-moving or stagnant high pressure systems. In the B-W region, the most extreme events typically occur with surface high pressure overhead or just west of the region and an upper air high-pressure area (ridge) to the west or northwest. Besides providing conditions conductive to local O3 production (subsidence and strong low-level inversions, weak horizontal winds, little cloud cover), this weather pattern may also result in transport of O3 and its precursors from heavily industrialized areas west and north of the B-W region. In this paper, observations and back trajectories made during the severe regional O3 event of July 12-15, 1995, are used to confirm the hypothesis that significant regional-scale transport of O3 and its precursors occur during extreme O3 events of the standard type in the B-W area.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Ryan
- Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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Wang Y, DeSilva AW, Goldenbaum GC, Dickerson RR. Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: Dependence on current, energy, and pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickerson RR, Kondragunta S, Stenchikov G, Civerolo KL, Doddridge BG, Holben BN. The impact of aerosols on solar ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog. Science 1997; 278:827-30. [PMID: 9346474 DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5339.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical smog, or ground-level ozone, has been the most recalcitrant of air pollution problems, but reductions in emissions of sulfur and hydrocarbons may yield unanticipated benefits in air quality. While sulfate and some organic aerosol particles scatter solar radiation back into space and can cool Earth's surface, they also change the actinic flux of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Observations and numerical models show that UV-scattering particles in the boundary layer accelerate photochemical reactions and smog production, but UV-absorbing aerosols such as mineral dust and soot inhibit smog production. Results could have major implications for the control of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Dickerson
- Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Pickering KE, Dickerson RR, Huffman GJ, Boatman JF, Schanot A. Trace gas transport in the vicinity of frontal convective clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id01p00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ritter JA, Stedman DH, Dickerson RR, Blackburn TE. Dependence of j[O3-O(1D)] on the choice of extraterrestrial solar irradiance data. Environ Sci Technol 1987; 21:505-508. [PMID: 22296143 DOI: 10.1021/es00159a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Fehsenfeld FC, Dickerson RR, Hübler G, Luke WT, Nunnermacker LJ, Williams EJ, Roberts JM, Calvert JG, Curran CM, Delany AC, Eubank CS, Fahey DW, Fried A, Gandrud BW, Langford AO, Murphy PC, Norton RB, Pickering KE, Ridley BA. A ground-based intercomparison of NO, NOx, and NOymeasurement techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id12p14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
We have developed a new flow-visualization technique based on the absorption of ultraviolet light by ozone. Ozone is an excellent tracer, because as a gas it has the same effective physical properties as air. Ozone strongly absorbs the principal line (253.7 nm) of a mercury lamp, varepsilon=310 (atm cm)(-1), where I/Io=exp(-varepsiloncl) such that when an ozone-traced flow passes between a mercury lamp and a fluorescent screen, a sharp, shadow-like image of the ozone tracer is cast on the screen. Quantitative photometry can be carried out by replacing the screen with ultraviolet detectors that yield the path-integrated column density of ozone in the flow. High-speed quantitative point monitoring (10 Hz at 10 ppb O3) is possible with capillary probes and chemiluminescent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Abor, Michigan 48109, USA
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