Heavy metal bioaccumulation in honey bee matrix, an indicator to assess the contamination level in terrestrial environments

The most significant risk factor for organisms living in an environment contaminated by heavy metals is the metal bioavailability. Therefore, an efficient ecotoxicological approach to metal contamination is the measure of bioaccumulation level in target organisms. In this work, we characterized the heavy metal bioaccumulation in honey bees, Apis mellifera ligustica, collected at 35 sites from Umbria (Central Italy). The comparison of our data with selected Italian investigations revealed metal bioaccumulation in honey bee matrix of the same order of magnitude, with Cd showing a higher variability. To generalize the results, we developed a Honeybee Contamination Index (HCI) based on metal bioaccumulation in honey bees. An application of the HCI to the present dataset revealed cases of low (sixteen sites), intermediate (eighteen sites), and high (one site) metal contaminations. The comparison of HCI values from the Umbrian dataset with values calculated for other Italian and European metadata showed that most of the Umbrian sites fell in the portion of low and intermediate contamination conditions. HCI represented a reliable tool that provided a piece of concise information on metal contamination in terrestrial environments. Parallel to this effort, we have determined, the metal concentrations in the airborne particulate matter (PM₁₀) at three regional background-monitoring stations in Umbria. These stations are representative of the average air quality of the areas of the investigated apiaries. A comparative analysis of metal enrichment factors in PM₁₀, and honey bees suggested that the contamination in the bees was related to the PM₁₀ values only to a minor extent. On the other side, a clear enrichment of metals such as Cd, Mn, Zn, and Cu in the honey bees appeared to depend on very local conditions and was probably related to the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the resuspension of the locally contaminated soils and agriculture residues.

Heavy metals bioaccumulation in selected tissues of red swamp crayfish: An easy tool for monitoring environmental contamination levels

In this paper we explored the heavy metal bioaccumulation (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in Procambarus clarkii, a crayfish recently suggested as a potential bioindicator for metals pollution in freshwater systems. The present study is focused on crayfishes populations caught in a heavily polluted industrial and in a reference sites (Central Italy), though the results are generalized with a thorough analysis of literature metadata. In agreement with the literature, the hepatopancreas (Hep, detoxification tissues) of the red swamp crayfish showed a higher concentration of heavy metals in comparison to the abdominal muscle (AbM, not detoxification tissues) in the sites under scrutiny. Hep/AbM concentration ratio was dependent on the specific metal investigated and on its sediment contamination level. Specifically we found that Hep/AbM ratio decreases as follows: Cd (11.7)>Cu (5.5)>Pb (3.6)>Zn (1.0) and Pb (4.34)>Cd (3.66)>Zn (1.69)>Cu (0.87) for the industrial and reference sites, respectively. The analysis of our bioaccumulation data as well as of literature metadata allowed to elaborate a specific contamination index (Toxic Contamination Index, TCI), dependent only on the bioaccumulation data of hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle. In the industrial site, TCI expressed values much higher than the unit for Cd and Cu, confirming that these metals were the main contaminants; in contrast for lower levels of heavy metals, as those observed in the reference site for Cu, Zn and Pb, the index provided values below unit. TCI is proposed as a useful and easy tool to assess the toxicity level of contaminated sites by heavy metals in the environmental management.

Deformities of chironomid larvae and heavy metal pollution: from laboratory to field studies

Mouthpart deformities of Chironomus riparius larvae (Diptera) have been investigated to evaluate the toxic effects of contamination by heavy metals in the Genna Stream (Central Italy), situated in an area subjected to intensive swine farms (40000 heads). The livestock farming (fertirrigation) contributes to metal pollution of the Genna Stream with an increase of copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel in the sediments of the downstream stations. The incidence of mentum deformities was very high at all sampling stations, about 56%. The highest values of deformities were found in the intermediate river reach (St. 3: 65%) and in March (66%), mainly due to an increase in severe deformities. The high incidence of severe deformities (30%) is attributed to the high pollution level by heavy metals in the sediments, in particular to copper and zinc, which showed the highest average value at St. 3 and in March. This field study reflected the relationships between sediment metal concentrations and chironomid mouthpart deformities, previously observed in laboratory tests, and highlighted these deformities as toxicity endpoints. This feature paves the way for their use as an effective tool in freshwater bioassessment monitoring programs to evaluate the toxic effects of metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems.

In vitro effect of topical fluorides on sealant materials

The purpose of this study was to determine by visual inspection and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) whether commercially available, topical, acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and neutral sodium fluoride (NaF) agents cause surface roughening of five sealant materials: two unfilled resins, two filled resins, and one glass-ionomer material. In addition, the effect of treatment with 1.23% APF and sonification on weight of an unfilled and a filled sealant was compared to treatment with controls. Unfilled sealants exhibited no surface changes visually or on micrographs following any treatment. Filled sealants and the glass-ionomer sealant exhibited visually apparent changes depending on the treatment. SEM inspection of filled sealants with visually apparent changes showed loss of filler particles whereas the glass-ionomer sealant exhibited apparent destruction both of the matrix and the filler particle. No significant differences in weight were found between sonicated and unsonicated specimens. However, significant loss of weight was found with filled sealant specimens, but not unfilled sealant specimens, treated with 1.23% APF gel as compared with the specimens treated with water. The results of this in vitro study indicate that preventive therapies that combine use of topical fluorides and sealants may cause deterioration of filled sealants and glass-ionomer sealant material, but not unfilled sealants.