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von der Leyen MW, Holloway J, Ma Y, Campbell PT, Aboushelbaya R, Qian Q, Antoine AF, Balcazar M, Cardarelli J, Feng Q, Fitzgarrald R, Hou BX, Kalinchenko G, Latham J, Maksimchuk AM, McKelvey A, Nees J, Ouatu I, Paddock RW, Spiers B, Thomas AGR, Timmis R, Krushelnick K, Norreys PA. Observation of Monoenergetic Electrons from Two-Pulse Ionization Injection in Quasilinear Laser Wakefields. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:105002. [PMID: 36962018 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The generation of low emittance electron beams from laser-driven wakefields is crucial for the development of compact x-ray sources. Here, we show new results for the injection and acceleration of quasimonoenergetic electron beams in low amplitude wakefields experimentally and using simulations. This is achieved by using two laser pulses decoupling the wakefield generation from the electron trapping via ionization injection. The injection duration, which affects the beam charge and energy spread, is found to be tunable by adjusting the relative pulse delay. By changing the polarization of the injector pulse, reducing the ionization volume, the electron spectra of the accelerated electron bunches are improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W von der Leyen
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Holloway
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Y Ma
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P T Campbell
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R Aboushelbaya
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Q Qian
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A F Antoine
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M Balcazar
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Cardarelli
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Q Feng
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Fitzgarrald
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - B X Hou
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - G Kalinchenko
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Latham
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A M Maksimchuk
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A McKelvey
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Nees
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - I Ouatu
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Paddock
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Spiers
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A G R Thomas
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R Timmis
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - K Krushelnick
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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Ouatu I, Spiers BT, Aboushelbaya R, Feng Q, von der Leyen MW, Paddock RW, Timmis R, Ticos C, Krushelnick KM, Norreys PA. Ionization states for the multipetawatt laser-QED regime. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:015205. [PMID: 35974572 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the physics of laser-plasma interactions is approaching with the commissioning of multipetawatt laser facilities worldwide. Radiation reaction processes will result in the onset of electron-positron pair cascades and, with that, the absorption and partitioning of the incident laser energy, as well as the energy transport throughout the irradiated targets. To accurately quantify these effects, one must know the focused intensity on target in situ. In this work, a way of measuring the focused intensity on target is proposed based upon the ionization of xenon gas at low ambient pressure. The field ionization rates from two works [Phys. Rev. A 59, 569 (1999)1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.59.569 and Phys. Rev. A 98, 043407 (2018)2469-992610.1103/PhysRevA.98.043407], where the latter rate has been derived using quantum mechanics, have been implemented in the particle-in-cell code SMILEI [Comput. Phys. Commun. 222, 351 (2018)0010-465510.1016/j.cpc.2017.09.024]. A series of one- and two-dimensional simulations are compared and shown to reproduce the charge states without presenting visible differences when increasing the simulation dimensionality. They provide a way to accurately verify the intensity on target using in situ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ouatu
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B T Spiers
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R Aboushelbaya
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Q Feng
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M W von der Leyen
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Paddock
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Timmis
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C Ticos
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Măgurele 077125, Romania
| | - K M Krushelnick
- Center for Ultra-Fast Optics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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Feng QS, Aboushelbaya R, von der Leyen MW, Spiers BT, Paddock RW, Ouatu I, Timmis R, Wang RHW, Cao LH, Liu ZJ, Zheng CY, He XT, Norreys PA. Suprathermal electrons from the anti-Stokes Langmuir decay instability cascade. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:045208. [PMID: 35590581 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.045208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of parametric instabilities has played a crucial role in understanding energy transfer to plasma and, with that, the development of key applications such as inertial confinement fusion. When the densities are between 0.11n_{c}≲n_{e}≲0.14n_{c} and the electron temperature is in inertial confinement fusion-relevant temperatures, anomalous hot electrons with kinetic energies above 100keV are generated. Here a new electron acceleration mechanism-the anti-Stokes Langmuir decay instability cascade of forward stimulated Raman scattering-is investigated. This mechanism potentially explains anomalous energetic electron generation in indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments, it also provides a new way of accelerating electrons to higher energy for applications such as novel x-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q S Feng
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Aboushelbaya
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M W von der Leyen
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B T Spiers
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Paddock
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - I Ouatu
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Timmis
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R H W Wang
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L H Cao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z J Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - C Y Zheng
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - X T He
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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Spiers BT, Aboushelbaya R, Feng Q, Mayr MW, Ouatu I, Paddock RW, Timmis R, Wang RHW, Norreys PA. Methods for extremely sparse-angle proton tomography. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:045201. [PMID: 34781464 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.045201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proton radiography is a widely fielded diagnostic used to measure magnetic structures in plasma. The deflection of protons with multi-MeV kinetic energy by the magnetic fields is used to infer their path-integrated field strength. Here the use of tomographic methods is proposed for the first time to lift the degeneracy inherent in these path-integrated measurements, allowing full reconstruction of spatially resolved magnetic field structures in three dimensions. Two techniques are proposed which improve the performance of tomographic reconstruction algorithms in cases with severely limited numbers of available probe beams, as is the case in laser-plasma interaction experiments where the probes are created by short, high-power laser pulse irradiation of secondary foil targets. A new configuration allowing production of more proton beams from a single short laser pulse is also presented and proposed for use in tandem with these analytical advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Spiers
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Aboushelbaya
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Q Feng
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M W Mayr
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - I Ouatu
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Paddock
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Timmis
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R H-W Wang
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.,Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.,John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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Pullman GS, Gupta PK, Timmis R, Carpenter C, Kreitinger M, Welty E. Improved Norway spruce somatic embryo development through the use of abscisic acid combined with activated carbon. Plant Cell Rep 2005; 24:271-9. [PMID: 15789207 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The combination of abscisic acid (ABA) and activated carbon increased Norway spruce (Picea abies L., Karst.) cotyledonary somatic embryo yields, increased the number of genotypes forming cotyledonary embryos, caused embryos to form that exhibited improved maturation characteristics, and reduced embryo production costs. Somatic embryos increased in size, showed larger apical regions, became more zygotic-like in shape, and showed higher percentages of epicotyl development upon germination. Analyses of medium for free ABA in the presence of activated charcoal showed a rapid decrease within a few hours followed by a gradual decline over the next few days with little change from 2 to 6 weeks. Gelling agents strongly affected ABA adsorption, with agar decreasing the adsorption of ABA compared to gellan gum (Gelrite, Phytagel). Over 4,000 somatic seedlings from 20 clones were produced and established in a greenhouse using the methods discussed, and approximately 1,250 seedlings representing seven clones were established in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Pullman
- Weyerhaeuser Company, Tacoma, WA 98477, USA.
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Ritchie GA, Duke SD, Timmis R. Maturation in Douglas-fir: II. Maturation characteristics of genetically matched Douglas-fir seedlings, rooted cuttings and tissue culture plantlets during and after 5 years of field growth. Tree Physiol 1994; 14:1261-1275. [PMID: 14967616 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/14.11.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings, rooted cuttings from juvenile stock plants, and cotyledon-derived tissue culture plantlets were propagated from several coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) full-sib families so that the rooted cuttings and plantlets were clonally identical. The stock types (seedlings, rooted cuttings and plantlets) were planted in the field in spring 1987. In fall 1991, after five complete growing seasons, the plants were measured and these values compared to maturation "markers" identified for Douglas-fir in the companion paper (Ritchie and Keeley 1994). Nodal branch lengths and nodal branch diameters decreased in the order seedlings > rooted cuttings > plantlets. The decreases were about 21% for nodal branch lengths and 24% for nodal branch diameters. Seedlings carried significantly more total branches (nodal + internodal) than the other two stock types. Height growth was similar for the three stock types, but plantlet height increment was beginning to decrease during the fourth year. We conclude that vegetative propagules of Douglas-fir exhibited traits of mature trees. These were particularly marked in the cotyledon-derived plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ritchie
- Weyerhaeuser Company, G.R. Staebler Forest Resources Research Center, 505 North Pearl Street, Centralia, WA 98531, USA
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Abstract
Silvicultural and genetic manipulation of Douglas fir and loblolly pine plantations have increased their productivity 70 and 300 percent, respectively, over natural forests on the same sites. Yet these intensively managed plantations are achieving less than 50 percent of their potential productivity. Future increases in yield will result from optimization of nutritional treatments, control of noncrop vegetation, and advances in tree breeding and tissue culture techniques.
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Timmis R, Worrall J. Freezing characteristics of hardy and nonhardy Douglas fir needles. Cryobiology 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(71)90169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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