1
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Shvyd'ko Y, Röhlsberger R, Kocharovskaya O, Evers J, Geloni GA, Liu P, Shu D, Miceli A, Stone B, Hippler W, Marx-Glowna B, Uschmann I, Loetzsch R, Leupold O, Wille HC, Sergeev I, Gerharz M, Zhang X, Grech C, Guetg M, Kocharyan V, Kujala N, Liu S, Qin W, Zozulya A, Hallmann J, Boesenberg U, Jo W, Möller J, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Youssef M, Madsen A, Kolodziej T. Resonant X-ray excitation of the nuclear clock isomer 45Sc. Nature 2023; 622:471-475. [PMID: 37758953 PMCID: PMC10584683 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Resonant oscillators with stable frequencies and large quality factors help us to keep track of time with high precision. Examples range from quartz crystal oscillators in wristwatches to atomic oscillators in atomic clocks, which are, at present, our most precise time measurement devices1. The search for more stable and convenient reference oscillators is continuing2-6. Nuclear oscillators are better than atomic oscillators because of their naturally higher quality factors and higher resilience against external perturbations7-9. One of the most promising cases is an ultra-narrow nuclear resonance transition in 45Sc between the ground state and the 12.4-keV isomeric state with a long lifetime of 0.47 s (ref. 10). The scientific potential of 45Sc was realized long ago, but applications require 45Sc resonant excitation, which in turn requires accelerator-driven, high-brightness X-ray sources11 that have become available only recently. Here we report on resonant X-ray excitation of the 45Sc isomeric state by irradiation of Sc-metal foil with 12.4-keV photon pulses from a state-of-the-art X-ray free-electron laser and subsequent detection of nuclear decay products. Simultaneously, the transition energy was determined as [Formula: see text] with an uncertainty that is two orders of magnitude smaller than the previously known values. These advancements enable the application of this isomer in extreme metrology, nuclear clock technology, ultra-high-precision spectroscopy and similar applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Evers
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peifan Liu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Deming Shu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Willi Hippler
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Berit Marx-Glowna
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Olaf Leupold
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ilya Sergeev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Gerharz
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Marc Guetg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Naresh Kujala
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Shan Liu
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weilun Qin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexey Zozulya
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Hallmann
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Wonhyuk Jo
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes Möller
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Mohamed Youssef
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Anders Madsen
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
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2
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Trost F, Ayyer K, Prasciolu M, Fleckenstein H, Barthelmess M, Yefanov O, Dresselhaus JL, Li C, Bajt S, Carnis J, Wollweber T, Mall A, Shen Z, Zhuang Y, Richter S, Karl S, Cardoch S, Patra KK, Möller J, Zozulya A, Shayduk R, Lu W, Brauße F, Friedrich B, Boesenberg U, Petrov I, Tomin S, Guetg M, Madsen A, Timneanu N, Caleman C, Röhlsberger R, von Zanthier J, Chapman HN. Imaging via Correlation of X-Ray Fluorescence Photons. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:173201. [PMID: 37172237 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that x-ray fluorescence emission, which cannot maintain a stationary interference pattern, can be used to obtain images of structures by recording photon-photon correlations in the manner of the stellar intensity interferometry of Hanbury Brown and Twiss. This is achieved utilizing femtosecond-duration pulses of a hard x-ray free-electron laser to generate the emission in exposures comparable to the coherence time of the fluorescence. Iterative phasing of the photon correlation map generated a model-free real-space image of the structure of the emitters. Since fluorescence can dominate coherent scattering, this may enable imaging uncrystallised macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Trost
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mauro Prasciolu
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Barthelmess
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Lukas Dresselhaus
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chufeng Li
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Carnis
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tamme Wollweber
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abhishek Mall
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zhou Shen
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yulong Zhuang
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Richter
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Karl
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Cardoch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Kajwal Kumar Patra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Johannes Möller
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alexey Zozulya
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Roman Shayduk
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wei Lu
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Felix Brauße
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Bertram Friedrich
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrike Boesenberg
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ilia Petrov
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Sergey Tomin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Guetg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders Madsen
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Carl Caleman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 62491 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim von Zanthier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Trost F, Ayyer K, Oberthuer D, Yefanov O, Bajt S, Caleman C, Weimer A, Feld A, Weller H, Boutet S, Koglin J, Timneanu N, von Zanthier J, Röhlsberger R, Chapman HN. Speckle contrast of interfering fluorescence X-rays. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:11-23. [PMID: 36601922 PMCID: PMC9814059 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522009997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), producing pulses of femtosecond durations comparable with the coherence times of X-ray fluorescence, it has become possible to observe intensity-intensity correlations due to the interference of emission from independent atoms. This has been used to compare durations of X-ray pulses and to measure the size of a focusedX-ray beam, for example. Here it is shown that it is also possible to observe the interference of fluorescence photons through the measurement of the speckle contrast of angle-resolved fluorescence patterns. Speckle contrast is often used as a measure of the degree of coherence of the incident beam or the fluctuations of the illuminated sample as determined from X-ray diffraction patterns formed by elastic scattering, rather than from fluorescence patterns as addressed here. Commonly used approaches to estimate speckle contrast were found to suffer when applied to XFEL-generated fluorescence patterns due to low photon counts and a significant variation of the excitation pulse energy from shot to shot. A new method to reliably estimate speckle contrast under such conditions, using a weighting scheme, is introduced. The method is demonstrated by comparing the speckle contrast of fluorescence observed with pulses of 3 fs to 15 fs duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Trost
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl Caleman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnes Weimer
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Artur Feld
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Fraunhofer-CAN, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jason Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim von Zanthier
- AG Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Schwickert D, Ruberti M, Kolorenč P, Przystawik A, Skruszewicz S, Sumfleth M, Braune M, Bocklage L, Carretero L, Czwalinna MK, Diaman D, Düsterer S, Kuhlmann M, Palutke S, Röhlsberger R, Rönsch-Schulenburg J, Toleikis S, Usenko S, Viefhaus J, Vorobiov A, Martins M, Kip D, Averbukh V, Marangos JP, Laarmann T. Charge-induced chemical dynamics in glycine probed with time-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy. Struct Dyn 2022; 9:064301. [PMID: 36389279 PMCID: PMC9646253 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present contribution, we use x-rays to monitor charge-induced chemical dynamics in the photoionized amino acid glycine with femtosecond time resolution. The outgoing photoelectron leaves behind the cation in a coherent superposition of quantum mechanical eigenstates. Delayed x-ray pulses track the induced coherence through resonant x-ray absorption that induces Auger decay. Temporal modulation of the Auger electron signal correlated with specific ions is observed, which is governed by the initial electronic coherence and subsequent vibronic coupling to nuclear degrees of freedom. In the time-resolved x-ray absorption measurement, we monitor the time-frequency spectra of the resulting many-body quantum wave packets for a period of 175 fs along different reaction coordinates. Our experiment proves that by measuring specific fragments associated with the glycine dication as a function of the pump-probe delay, one can selectively probe electronic coherences at early times associated with a few distinguishable components of the broad electronic wave packet created initially by the pump pulse in the cation. The corresponding coherent superpositions formed by subsets of electronic eigenstates and evolving along parallel dynamical pathways show different phases and time periods in the range of ( - 0.3 ± 0.1 ) π ≤ ϕ ≤ ( 0.1 ± 0.2 ) π and 18.2 - 1.4 + 1.7 ≤ T ≤ 23.9 - 1.1 + 1.2 fs. Furthermore, for long delays, the data allow us to pinpoint the driving vibrational modes of chemical dynamics mediating charge-induced bond cleavage along different reaction coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schwickert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Přemysl Kolorenč
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Przystawik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Malte Sumfleth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Braune
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Luis Carretero
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Dian Diaman
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kuhlmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Palutke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sven Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Usenko
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jens Viefhaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Vorobiov
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Martins
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Kip
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vitali Averbukh
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P. Marangos
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Laarmann
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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5
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Heeg KP, Bocklage L, Strohm C, Ott C, Lentrodt D, Haber J, Wille HC, Rüffer R, Gollwitzer J, Adolff CF, Schlage K, Sergeev I, Leupold O, Meier G, Keitel CH, Röhlsberger R, Pfeifer T, Evers J. Reply to: On yoctosecond science. Nature 2022; 608:E18-E19. [PMID: 35948703 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian P Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Johann Haber
- Lehrstuhl Quantenoptik, Department Physik, Fakultät IV, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Rüffer
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christian F Adolff
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilya Sergeev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Leupold
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Meier
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Erb DJ, Perlich J, Roth SV, Röhlsberger R, Schlage K. Real-Time Observation of Temperature-Induced Surface Nanofaceting in M-Plane α-Al 2O 3. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:31373-31384. [PMID: 35764295 PMCID: PMC9284515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous crystal surface reconstruction of M-plane α-Al2O3 is employed for nanopatterning and nanofabrication in various fields of research including, among others, magnetism, superconductivity, and optoelectronics. In this reconstruction process the crystalline surface transforms from a planar morphology to one with a nanoscale ripple patterning. However, the high sample temperature required to induce surface reconstruction made in situ studies of the process seem unfeasible. The kinetics of ripple pattern formation therefore remained uncertain, and thus production of templates for nanofabrication could not advance beyond a trial-and-error stage. We present an approach combining in situ real-time grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering experiments (GISAXS) with model-based analysis and with ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe this morphological transition in great detail. Our approach provides time-resolved information about all relevant morphological parameters required to trace the surface topography on the nanometer scale during reconstruction, i.e., the time dependence of the pattern wavelength, the ripple length, width, and height, and thus their facet angles. It offers a comprehensive picture of this process exemplified by a M-plane α-Al2O3 surface annealed at 1325 °C for 930 min. Fitting the model parameters to the experimental GISAXS data revealed a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov type of behavior for the pattern wavelength and a predominantly linear time dependence of the other parameters. In this case the reconstruction resulted in a crystalline surface fully patterned with asymmetric ripple-shaped nanostructures of 75 nm periodicity, 15 nm in height, and 630 nm in length. By elucidating the time dependence of these morphological parameters, this study shows a powerful way to significantly advance the predictability of annealing outcome and thus to efficiently customize nanopatterned α-Al2O3 templates for improved nanofabrication routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Erb
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf HZDR, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Perlich
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GSI, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Schwickert D, Ruberti M, Kolorenč P, Usenko S, Przystawik A, Baev K, Baev I, Braune M, Bocklage L, Czwalinna MK, Deinert S, Düsterer S, Hans A, Hartmann G, Haunhorst C, Kuhlmann M, Palutke S, Röhlsberger R, Rönsch-Schulenburg J, Schmidt P, Toleikis S, Viefhaus J, Martins M, Knie A, Kip D, Averbukh V, Marangos JP, Laarmann T. Electronic quantum coherence in glycine molecules probed with ultrashort x-ray pulses in real time. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn6848. [PMID: 35648864 PMCID: PMC9159702 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we use x-rays to create and probe quantum coherence in the photoionized amino acid glycine. The outgoing photoelectron leaves behind the cation in a coherent superposition of quantum mechanical eigenstates. Delayed x-ray pulses track the induced coherence through resonant x-ray absorption that induces Auger decay and by photoelectron emission from sequential double photoionization. Sinusoidal temporal modulation of the detected signal at early times (0 to 25 fs) is observed in both measurements. Advanced ab initio many-electron simulations allow us to explain the first 25 fs of the detected coherent quantum evolution in terms of the electronic coherence. In the kinematically complete x-ray absorption measurement, we monitor its dynamics for a period of 175 fs and observe an evolving modulation that may implicate the coupling of electronic to vibronic coherence at longer time scales. Our experiment provides a direct support for the existence of long-lived electronic coherence in photoionized biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schwickert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Přemysl Kolorenč
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Sergey Usenko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Przystawik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karolin Baev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Baev
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Braune
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Deinert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hans
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Gregor Hartmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Haunhorst
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Kuhlmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Palutke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schmidt
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sven Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Viefhaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Martins
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Knie
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Detlef Kip
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vitali Averbukh
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jon P. Marangos
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tim Laarmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Willing S, Schlage K, Bocklage L, Ramin Moayed MM, Gurieva T, Meier G, Röhlsberger R. Novel Tunnel Magnetoresistive Sensor Functionalities via Oblique-Incidence Deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:32343-32351. [PMID: 34214392 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the magnetic properties of ultrathin films remains one of the main challenges to the further development of tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) device applications. The magnetic response in such devices is mainly governed by extending the primary TMR trilayer with the use of suitable contact materials. The transfer of magnetic anisotropy to ferromagnetic electrodes consisting of CoFeB layers results in a field-dependent TMR response, which is determined by the magnetic properties of the CoFeB as well as the contact materials. We flexibly apply oblique-incidence deposition (OID) to introduce arbitrary intrinsic in-plane anisotropy profiles into the magnetic layers. The OID-induced anisotropy shapes the magnetic response and eliminates the requirement of additional magnetic contact materials. Functional control is achieved via an adjustable shape anisotropy that is selectively tailored for the ultrathin CoFeB layers. This approach circumvents previous limitations on TMR devices and allows for the design of new sensing functionalities, which can be precisely customized to a specific application, even in the high field regime. The resulting sensors maintain the typical TMR signal strength as well as a superb thermal stability of the tunnel junction, revealing a striking advantage in functional TMR design using anisotropic interfacial roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Willing
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- PIER Helmholtz Graduate School, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tatiana Gurieva
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Guido Meier
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Strizhevsky E, Borodin D, Schori A, Francoual S, Röhlsberger R, Shwartz S. Efficient Interaction of Heralded X-Ray Photons with a Beam Splitter. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:013603. [PMID: 34270298 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.013603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental demonstration of efficient interaction of multi-kilo-electron-volt heralded x-ray photons with a beam splitter. The measured heralded photon rate at the outputs of the beam splitter is about 0.01 counts/s which is comparable to the rate in the absence of the beam splitter. We use this beam splitter together with photon number and photon energy resolving detectors to show directly that when a single x-ray photon interacts with a beam splitter it can only be detected at either of the ports of the beam splitter but not at both simultaneously, leading to a strong anticorrelation between the detection events at the two output ports. Our experiment demonstrates the major advantage of x rays for quantum optics-the possibility to observe experimental results with high fidelity and with negligible background.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strizhevsky
- Physics Department and Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - D Borodin
- Physics Department and Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - A Schori
- Physics Department and Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Francoual
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Shwartz
- Physics Department and Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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10
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Sadashivaiah S, Wolny JA, Scherthan L, Jenni K, Omlor A, Müller CS, Sergueev I, Herlitschke M, Leupold O, Wille HC, Röhlsberger R, Schünemann V. High-Repetition Rate Optical Pump-Nuclear Resonance Probe Experiments Identify Transient Molecular Vibrations after Photoexcitation of a Spin Crossover Material. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3240-3245. [PMID: 33764073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phonon modes play a vital role in the cooperative phenomenon of light-induced spin transitions in spin crossover (SCO) molecular complexes. Although the cooperative vibrations, which occur over several hundreds of picoseconds to nanoseconds after photoexcitation, are understood to play a crucial role in this phase transition, they have not been precisely identified. Therefore, we have performed a novel optical laser pump-nuclear resonance probe experiment to identify the Fe-projected vibrational density of states (pDOS) during the first few nanoseconds after laser excitation of the mononuclear Fe(II) SCO complex [Fe(PM-BiA)2(NCS)2]. Evaluation of the so obtained nanosecond-resolved pDOS yields an excitation of ∼8% of the total volume of the complex from the low-spin to high-spin state. Density functional theory calculations allow simulation of the observed changes in the pDOS and thus identification of the transient inter- and intramolecular vibrational modes at nanosecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshath Sadashivaiah
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Juliusz A Wolny
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lena Scherthan
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kevin Jenni
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas Omlor
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christina S Müller
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ilya Sergueev
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Herlitschke
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Leupold
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker Schünemann
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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11
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Calendron AL, Meier J, Kueny E, Velten S, Bocklage L, Röhlsberger R, Kärtner FX. Bulk, cascaded pulse compression scheme and its application to spin emitter characterization. Appl Opt 2021; 60:912-917. [PMID: 33690397 DOI: 10.1364/ao.412177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 35-fs-long pulses of a commercial Ti:sapphire amplifier are compressed to ∼20fs via self-phase modulation in bulk glass substrates. The cascading of both nonlinear broadening and dispersion compensation stages makes use of the increasing peak power in the successive nonlinear stages. As an application example, the compressed pulses are used for electro-optical sampling of terahertz waves created by optically pumped thin-film spin emitters.
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12
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Marx-Glowna B, Uschmann I, Schulze KS, Marschner H, Wille HC, Schlage K, Stöhlker T, Röhlsberger R, Paulus GG. Advanced X-ray polarimeter design for nuclear resonant scattering. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:120-124. [PMID: 33399560 PMCID: PMC7842219 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520015295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the improvements in the design and testing of polarimeters based on channel-cut crystals for nuclear resonant scattering experiments at the 14.4 keV resonance of 57Fe. By using four asymmetric reflections at asymmetry angles of α1 = -28°, α2 = 28°, α3 = -28° and α4 = 28°, the degree of polarization purity could be improved to 2.2 × 10-9. For users, an advanced polarimeter without beam offset is now available at beamline P01 of the storage ring PETRA III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Marx-Glowna
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Uschmann
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai S. Schulze
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Marschner
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Wille
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöhlker
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard G. Paulus
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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13
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Schulze KS, Loetzsch R, Rüffer R, Uschmann I, Röhlsberger R, Paulus GG. X-ray dichroism in polyimide caused by non-resonant scattering. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:176-180. [PMID: 33399566 PMCID: PMC7842229 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520015568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dichroism is one of the most important optical effects in both the visible and the X-ray range. Besides absorption, scattering can also contribute to dichroism. This paper demonstrates that, based on the example of polyimide, materials can show tiny dichroism even far from electronic resonances due to scattering. Although the effect is small, it can lead to a measurable polarization change and might have influence on highly sensitive polarimetric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Schulze
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R. Loetzsch
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - R. Rüffer
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - I. Uschmann
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - R. Röhlsberger
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. G. Paulus
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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14
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Bocklage L, Gollwitzer J, Strohm C, Adolff CF, Schlage K, Sergeev I, Leupold O, Wille HC, Meier G, Röhlsberger R. Coherent control of collective nuclear quantum states via transient magnons. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabc3991. [PMID: 33514541 PMCID: PMC7846183 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast and precise control of quantum systems at x-ray energies involves photons with oscillation periods below 1 as. Coherent dynamic control of quantum systems at these energies is one of the major challenges in hard x-ray quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate that the phase of a quantum system embedded in a solid can be coherently controlled via a quasi-particle with subattosecond accuracy. In particular, we tune the quantum phase of a collectively excited nuclear state via transient magnons with a precision of 1 zs and a timing stability below 50 ys. These small temporal shifts are monitored interferometrically via quantum beats between different hyperfine-split levels. The experiment demonstrates zeptosecond interferometry and shows that transient quasi-particles enable accurate control of quantum systems embedded in condensed matter environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Gollwitzer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Strohm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Adolff
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilya Sergeev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Leupold
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Guido Meier
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Goerttler S, Heeg K, Kaldun A, Reiser P, Strohm C, Haber J, Ott C, Subramanian R, Röhlsberger R, Evers J, Pfeifer T. Time-Resolved sub-Ångström Metrology by Temporal Phase Interferometry near X-Ray Resonances of Nuclei. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:153902. [PMID: 31702302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.153902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an analytical phase-reconstruction principle that retrieves atomic scale motion via time-domain interferometry. The approach is based on a resonant interaction with high-frequency light and does not require temporal resolution on the time scale of the resonance period. It is thus applicable to hard x rays and γ rays for measurements of extremely small spatial displacements or relative-frequency changes. Here, it is applied to retrieve the temporal phase of a 14.4 keV emission line of an ^{57}Fe sample, which corresponds to a spatial translation of this sample. The small wavelength of this transition (λ=0.86 Å) allows for determining the motion of the emitter on sub-Ångström length and nanosecond timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kilian Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaldun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Johann Haber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Haber J, Gollwitzer J, Francoual S, Tolkiehn M, Strempfer J, Röhlsberger R. Spectral Control of an X-Ray L-Edge Transition via a Thin-Film Cavity. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:123608. [PMID: 30978038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.123608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
By embedding a thin layer of tantalum in an x-ray cavity, we observe a change in the spectral characteristics of an inner-shell transition of the metal. The interaction between the cavity mode vacuum and the L_{III}-edge transition is enhanced, permitting the observation of the collective Lamb shift, superradiance, and a Fano-like cavity-resonance interference effect. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of cavity quantum electrodynamics with electronic resonances in the x-ray range with applications to manipulating and probing the electronic structure of condensed matter with high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy in an x-ray cavity setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Haber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Gollwitzer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Francoual
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Tolkiehn
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Strempfer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Calendron AL, Kueny E, Song L, Cirmi G, Bocklage L, Kärtner FX, Röhlsberger R. Excitation and control of spin waves in FeBO 3 by a strong-field THz pulse. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920507008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamically resolved response of the canted-antiferromagnet FeBO3 excited near a magnon resonance shows fast oscillations after THz-excitation’ followed by the magnons’ intrinsic relaxation’ enabling to probe transient magnetic relaxation dynamics over large frequency range.
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18
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Schroer CG, Agapov I, Brefeld W, Brinkmann R, Chae YC, Chao HC, Eriksson M, Keil J, Nuel Gavaldà X, Röhlsberger R, Seeck OH, Sprung M, Tischer M, Wanzenberg R, Weckert E. PETRA IV: the ultralow-emittance source project at DESY. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1277-1290. [PMID: 30179167 PMCID: PMC6140396 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518008858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The PETRA IV project aims at upgrading the present synchrotron radiation source PETRA III at DESY into an ultralow-emittance source. Being diffraction limited up to X-rays of about 10 keV, PETRA IV will be ideal for three-dimensional X-ray microscopy of biological, chemical and physical processes under realistic conditions at length scales from atomic dimensions to millimetres and time scales down to the sub-nanosecond regime. In this way, it will enable groundbreaking studies in many fields of science and industry, such as health, energy, earth and environment, mobility and information technology. The science case is reviewed and the current state of the conceptual design is summarized, discussing a reference lattice, a hybrid multi-bend achromat with an interleaved sextupole configuration based on the ESRF-EBS design, in more detail as well as alternative lattice concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Ilya Agapov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Brefeld
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Brinkmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yong-Chul Chae
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hung-Chun Chao
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Keil
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xavier Nuel Gavaldà
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Seeck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tischer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Wanzenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Weckert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Gollwitzer J, Bocklage L, Schlage K, Herlitschke M, Wille HC, Leupold O, Adolff CF, Meier G, Röhlsberger R. Incoherent Nuclear Resonant Scattering from a Standing Spin Wave. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11261. [PMID: 30050130 PMCID: PMC6062533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a method to study the spatial profiles of standing spin waves in ferromagnetic microstructures. The method relies on Nuclear Resonant Scattering of 57Fe using a microfocused beam of synchrotron radiation, the transverse coherence length of which is smaller than the length scale of lateral variations in the magnetization dynamics. Using this experimental method, the nuclear resonant scattering signal due to a confined spin wave is determined on the basis of an incoherent superposition model. From the fits of the Nuclear Resonant Scattering time spectra, the precessional amplitude profile across the stripe predicted by an analytical model is reconstructed. Our results pave the way for studying non-homogeneous dynamic spin configurations in microstructured magnetic systems using nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gollwitzer
- Institute for Applied Physics, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Herlitschke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Leupold
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Adolff
- Institute for Applied Physics, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Meier
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Classen A, Ayyer K, Chapman HN, Röhlsberger R, von Zanthier J. Incoherent Diffractive Imaging via Intensity Correlations of Hard X Rays. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:053401. [PMID: 28949712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.053401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Established x-ray diffraction methods allow for high-resolution structure determination of crystals, crystallized protein structures, or even single molecules. While these techniques rely on coherent scattering, incoherent processes like fluorescence emission-often the predominant scattering mechanism-are generally considered detrimental for imaging applications. Here, we show that intensity correlations of incoherently scattered x-ray radiation can be used to image the full 3D arrangement of the scattering atoms with significantly higher resolution compared to conventional coherent diffraction imaging and crystallography, including additional three-dimensional information in Fourier space for a single sample orientation. We present a number of properties of incoherent diffractive imaging that are conceptually superior to those of coherent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Classen
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim von Zanthier
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Heeg KP, Kaldun A, Strohm C, Reiser P, Ott C, Subramanian R, Lentrodt D, Haber J, Wille HC, Goerttler S, Rüffer R, Keitel CH, Röhlsberger R, Pfeifer T, Evers J. Spectral narrowing of x-ray pulses for precision spectroscopy with nuclear resonances. Science 2017; 357:375-378. [PMID: 28751603 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Kaldun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Strohm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Reiser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Subramanian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Lentrodt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Haber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H.-C. Wille
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Goerttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Rüffer
- ESRF–European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - C. H. Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Roth SV, Döhrmann R, Gehrke R, Röhlsberger R, Schlage K, Metwalli E, Körstgens V, Burghammer M, Riekel C, David C, Müller-Buschbaum P. Mapping the morphological changes of deposited gold nanoparticles across an imprinted groove. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715017987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gradient gold layer morphology below the percolation threshold along a channel groove imprinted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive polymer film is studied. In order to elucidate the complex nanostructure of the sputter-deposited gold nanoparticle layer, nanobeam grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and imaging ellipsometry are used. Thus, the complex nanostructure of this metal–polymer nanocomposite can be detected, distinguished and identified. The presence of macroscopically curved structures, as introduced by the imprinted ridges, can cause deviations from the mean metal nanoparticle morphology, probed on the `flat' sample area outside the ridges. The phase-separated morphology of the polymer film is rather unaffected by the imprint structure but leads, in addition, to a selective growth of gold on polystyrene-rich domains.
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23
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Erb DJ, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R. Uniform metal nanostructures with long-range order via three-step hierarchical self-assembly. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500751. [PMID: 26601139 PMCID: PMC4640591 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale nanopatterning is a major issue in nanoscience and nanotechnology, but conventional top-down approaches are challenging because of instrumentation and process complexity while often lacking the desired spatial resolution. We present a hierarchical bottom-up nanopatterning routine using exclusively self-assembly processes: By combining crystal surface reconstruction, microphase separation of copolymers, and selective metal diffusion, we produce monodisperse metal nanostructures in highly regular arrays covering areas of square centimeters. In situ grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering during Fe nanostructure formation evidences an outstanding structural order in the self-assembling system and hints at the possibility of sculpting nanostructures using external process parameters. Thus, we demonstrate that bottom-up nanopatterning is a competitive alternative to top-down routines, achieving comparable pattern regularity, feature size, and patterned areas with considerably reduced effort. Intriguing assets of the proposed fabrication approach include the option for in situ investigations during pattern formation, the possibility of customizing the nanostructure morphology, the capacity to pattern arbitrarily large areas with ultrahigh structure densities unachievable by top-down approaches, and the potential to address the nanostructures individually. Numerous applications of self-assembled nanostructure patterns can be envisioned, for example, in high-density magnetic data storage, in functional nanostructured materials for photonics or catalysis, or in surface plasmon resonance-based sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J. Erb
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Marx-Glowna B, Schulze KS, Uschmann I, Kämpfer T, Weber G, Hahn C, Wille HC, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Förster E, Stöhlker T, Paulus GG. Influence of higher harmonics of the undulator in X-ray polarimetry and crystal monochromator design. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:1151-1154. [PMID: 26289265 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515011510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of the undulator radiation of beamline P01 at Petra III has been measured after passing a multiple reflection channel-cut polarimeter. Odd and even harmonics up to the 15th order, as well as Compton peaks which were produced by the high harmonics in the spectrum, could been measured. These additional contributions can have a tremendous influence on the performance of the polarimeter and have to be taken into account for further polarimeter designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Marx-Glowna
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai S Schulze
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tino Kämpfer
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Weber
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Hahn
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Wille
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eckhart Förster
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöhlker
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard G Paulus
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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25
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Heeg KP, Ott C, Schumacher D, Wille HC, Röhlsberger R, Pfeifer T, Evers J. Interferometric phase detection at x-ray energies via Fano resonance control. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:207401. [PMID: 26047250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.207401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern x-ray light sources promise access to structure and dynamics of matter in largely unexplored spectral regions. However, the desired information is encoded in the light intensity and phase, whereas detectors register only the intensity. This phase problem is ubiquitous in crystallography and imaging and impedes the exploration of quantum effects at x-ray energies. Here, we demonstrate phase-sensitive measurements characterizing the quantum state of a nuclear two-level system at hard x-ray energies. The nuclei are initially prepared in a superposition state. Subsequently, the relative phase of this superposition is interferometrically reconstructed from the emitted x rays. Our results form a first step towards x-ray quantum state tomography and provide new avenues for structure determination and precision metrology via x-ray Fano interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Schumacher
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H-C Wille
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Heeg KP, Haber J, Schumacher D, Bocklage L, Wille HC, Schulze KS, Loetzsch R, Uschmann I, Paulus GG, Rüffer R, Röhlsberger R, Evers J. Tunable Subluminal Propagation of Narrow-band X-Ray Pulses. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:203601. [PMID: 26047228 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Group velocity control is demonstrated for x-ray photons of 14.4 keV energy via a direct measurement of the temporal delay imposed on spectrally narrow x-ray pulses. Subluminal light propagation is achieved by inducing a steep positive linear dispersion in the optical response of 57Fe Mössbauer nuclei embedded in a thin film planar x-ray cavity. The direct detection of the temporal pulse delay is enabled by generating frequency-tunable spectrally narrow x-ray pulses from broadband pulsed synchrotron radiation. Our theoretical model is in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian P Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann Haber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schumacher
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Kai S Schulze
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard G Paulus
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rudolf Rüffer
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Friedman Y, Yudkin E, Nowik I, Felner I, Wille HC, Röhlsberger R, Haber J, Wortmann G, Arogeti S, Friedman M, Brand Z, Levi N, Shafir I, Efrati O, Frumson T, Finkelstein A, Chumakov AI, Kantor I, Rüffer R. Synchrotron radiation Mössbauer spectra of a rotating absorber with implications for testing velocity and acceleration time dilation. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:723-728. [PMID: 25931089 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) experiments have used a rotating absorber in order to measure the second-order transverse Doppler (TD) shift, and to test the validity of the Einstein time dilation theory. From these experiments, one may also test the clock hypothesis (CH) and the time dilation caused by acceleration. In such experiments the absorption curves must be obtained, since it cannot be assumed that there is no broadening of the curve during the rotation. For technical reasons, it is very complicated to keep the balance of a fast rotating disk if there are moving parts on it. Thus, the Mössbauer source on a transducer should be outside the disk. Friedman and Nowik have already predicted that the X-ray beam finite size dramatically affects the MS absorption line and causes its broadening. We provide here explicit formulas to evaluate this broadening for a synchrotron Mössbauer source (SMS) beam. The broadening is linearly proportional to the rotation frequency and to the SMS beam width at the rotation axis. In addition, it is shown that the TD shift and the MS line broadening are affected by an additional factor assigned as the alignment shift which is proportional to the frequency of rotation and to the distance between the X-ray beam center and the rotation axis. This new shift helps to align the disk's axis of rotation to the X-ray beam's center. To minimize the broadening, one must focus the X-ray on the axis of the rotating disk and/or to add a slit positioned at the center, to block the rays distant from the rotation axis of the disk. Our experiment, using the (57)Fe SMS, currently available at the Nuclear Resonance beamline (ID18) at the ESRF, with a rotating stainless steel foil, confirmed our predictions. With a slit installed at the rotation axis (reducing the effective beam width from 15.6 µm to 5.4 µm), one can measure a statistically meaningful absorption spectrum up to 300 Hz, while, without a slit, such spectra could be obtained up to 100 Hz only. Thus, both the broadening and the alignment shift are very significant and must be taken into consideration in any rotating absorber experiment. Here a method is offered to measure accurately the TD shift and to test the CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Friedman
- Jerusalem College of Technology, POB 16031, Jerusalem 91160, Israel
| | - E Yudkin
- Jerusalem College of Technology, POB 16031, Jerusalem 91160, Israel
| | - I Nowik
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - I Felner
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - H-C Wille
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Haber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Wortmann
- Department Physik, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - S Arogeti
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | - M Friedman
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | - Z Brand
- Nuclear Research Center Negev, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | - N Levi
- Nuclear Research Center Negev, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | - I Shafir
- Nuclear Research Center Negev, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | - O Efrati
- Colibri Spindles Ltd, Industrial Park Lavon, Bdg 1, MP Bikat Bet Hakerem 2011800, Israel
| | - T Frumson
- Colibri Spindles Ltd, Industrial Park Lavon, Bdg 1, MP Bikat Bet Hakerem 2011800, Israel
| | - A Finkelstein
- Colibri Spindles Ltd, Industrial Park Lavon, Bdg 1, MP Bikat Bet Hakerem 2011800, Israel
| | - A I Chumakov
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - I Kantor
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - R Rüffer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
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Bocklage L, Swoboda C, Schlage K, Wille HC, Dzemiantsova L, Bajt S, Meier G, Röhlsberger R. Spin precession mapping at ferromagnetic resonance via nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:147601. [PMID: 25910162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.147601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We probe the spin dynamics in a thin magnetic film at ferromagnetic resonance by nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation at the 14.4 keV resonance of ^{57}Fe. The precession of the magnetization leads to an apparent reduction of the magnetic hyperfine field acting at the ^{57}Fe nuclei. The spin dynamics is described in a stochastic relaxation model adapted to the ferromagnetic resonance theory by Smit and Beljers to model the decay of the excited nuclear state. From the fits of the measured data, the shape of the precession cone of the spins is determined. Our results open a new perspective to determine magnetization dynamics in layered structures with very high depth resolution by employing ultrathin isotopic probe layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bocklage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Swoboda
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Nanostruktur und Festkörperphysik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Liudmila Dzemiantsova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Meier
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Nanostruktur und Festkörperphysik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Röhlsberger R. Photon polarization precession spectroscopy for high-resolution studies of spin waves. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:117205. [PMID: 24702411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new type of spectroscopy for high-resolution studies of spin waves that relies on resonant scattering of hard x rays is introduced. The energy transfer in the scattering process is encoded in the precession of the polarization vector of the scattered photons. Thus, the energy resolution of such a spectroscopy is independent of the bandwidth of the probing radiation. The measured quantity resembles the intermediate scattering function of the magnetic excitations in the sample. At pulsed x-ray sources, especially x-ray lasers, the proposed technique allows us to take single-shot spectra of the magnetic dynamics. The method opens new avenues to study low-energy nonequilibrium magnetic processes in a pump-probe setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Heeg KP, Wille HC, Schlage K, Guryeva T, Schumacher D, Uschmann I, Schulze KS, Marx B, Kämpfer T, Paulus GG, Röhlsberger R, Evers J. Vacuum-assisted generation and control of atomic coherences at x-ray energies. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:073601. [PMID: 23992063 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The control of light-matter interaction at the quantum level usually requires coherent laser fields. But already an exchange of virtual photons with the electromagnetic vacuum field alone can lead to quantum coherences, which subsequently suppress spontaneous emission. We demonstrate such spontaneously generated coherences (SGC) in a large ensemble of nuclei operating in the x-ray regime, resonantly coupled to a common cavity environment. The observed SGC originates from two fundamentally different mechanisms related to cooperative emission and magnetically controlled anisotropy of the cavity vacuum. This approach opens new perspectives for quantum control, quantum state engineering and simulation of quantum many-body physics in an essentially decoherence-free setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian P Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Schwartzkopf M, Buffet A, Körstgens V, Metwalli E, Schlage K, Benecke G, Perlich J, Rawolle M, Rothkirch A, Heidmann B, Herzog G, Müller-Buschbaum P, Röhlsberger R, Gehrke R, Stribeck N, Roth SV. From atoms to layers: in situ gold cluster growth kinetics during sputter deposition. Nanoscale 2013; 5:5053-5062. [PMID: 23640164 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The adjustment of size-dependent catalytic, electrical and optical properties of gold cluster assemblies is a very significant issue in modern applied nanotechnology. We present a real-time investigation of the growth kinetics of gold nanostructures from small nuclei to a complete gold layer during magnetron sputter deposition with high time resolution by means of in situ microbeam grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS). We specify the four-stage growth including their thresholds with sub-monolayer resolution and identify phase transitions monitored in Yoneda intensity as a material-specific characteristic. An innovative and flexible geometrical model enables the extraction of morphological real space parameters, such as cluster size and shape, correlation distance, layer porosity and surface coverage, directly from reciprocal space scattering data. This approach enables a large variety of future investigations of the influence of different process parameters on the thin metal film morphology. Furthermore, our study allows for deducing the wetting behavior of gold cluster films on solid substrates and provides a better understanding of the growth kinetics in general, which is essential for optimization of manufacturing parameters, saving energy and resources.
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32
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Metwalli E, Körstgens V, Schlage K, Meier R, Kaune G, Buffet A, Couet S, Roth SV, Röhlsberger R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Cobalt nanoparticles growth on a block copolymer thin film: a time-resolved GISAXS study. Langmuir 2013; 29:6331-6340. [PMID: 23679799 DOI: 10.1021/la400741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt sputter deposition on a nanostructured polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide), P(S-b-EO), template is followed in real time with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). The polymer template consists of highly oriented parallel crystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) domains that are sandwiched between two polystyrene (PS) domains. In-situ GISAXS shows that cobalt atoms selectively decorate the PS domains of the microphase-separated polymer film and then aggregate to form surface metal nanopatterns. The polymer template is acting as a directing agent where cobalt metal nanowires are formed. At high metal load, the characteristic selectivity of the template is lost, and a uniform metal layer forms on the polymer surface. During the early stage of cobalt metal deposition, a highly asymmetric nanoparticles agglomeration is dominating structure formation. The cobalt nanoparticles mobility in combination with the high tendency of the nanoparticles to coalescence and to form immobile large-sized particles at the PS domains are discussed as mechanisms of structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeldin Metwalli
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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33
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Sahoo B, Keune W, Kuncser V, Becker HW, Röhlsberger R. Metallurgical phases and their magnetism at the interface of nanoscale MgB2/Fe layered structures. J Phys Condens Matter 2011; 23:475702. [PMID: 22076071 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/47/475702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the characterization of metallurgical phases and their magnetism at the interfaces of nanoscale MgB(2)/Fe layered structures. MgB(2)/(57)Fe multilayers with varying layer thicknesses were prepared by vacuum deposition and investigated, before and after annealing by electrical resistance measurements, x-ray diffraction and (57)Fe conversion-electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) down to 5 K. Interfacial Fe-B phases, such as Fe(2)B, were identified by CEMS. A superparamagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition is observed with increasing (57)Fe film thickness. Ultrahigh vacuum annealing at 500 °C of the multilayers leads to strong diffusion of Fe atoms into the boundary regions of the MgB(2) layers. MgB(2) in the as-grown multilayers is non-superconducting. Structural disorder and the effect of Fe interdiffusion contribute to the suppression of superconductivity in the MgB(2) films of all the as-grown multilayers and the thinner annealed multilayers. However, an annealed MgB(2)/(57)Fe/MgB(2) trilayer with thicker (500 Å) MgB(2) layers is observed to be superconducting with an onset temperature of 25 K. At 5 K, the annealed trilayer can be conceived as being strongly chemically modulated, consisting of two partially Fe-doped superconducting MgB(2) layers separated by an interdiffused weakly magnetic Fe-B interlayer, which is characterized by a low hyperfine magnetic field B(hf) of ∼11 T. This chemically modulated layer structure of the trilayer after annealing was verified by Rutherford backscattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sahoo
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Kaune G, Metwalli E, Meier R, Körstgens V, Schlage K, Couet S, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Growth and morphology of sputtered aluminum thin films on P3HT surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3:1055-62. [PMID: 21384828 DOI: 10.1021/am101195m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth and morphology of an aluminum (Al) contact on a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film are investigated with X-ray methods and related to the interactions at the Al:P3HT interface. Grazing incidence small-angle scattering (GISAXS) is applied in situ during Al sputter deposition to monitor the growth of the layer. A growth mode is found, in which the polymer surface is wetted and rapidly covered with a continuous layer. This growth type results in a homogeneous film without voids and is explained by the strong chemical interaction between Al and P3HT, which suppresses the formation of three-dimensional cluster structures. A corresponding three stage growth model (surface bonding, agglomeration, and layer growth) is derived. X-ray reflectivity shows the penetration of Al atoms into the P3HT film during deposition and the presence of a 2 nm thick intermixing layer at the Al:P3HT interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunar Kaune
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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35
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Abul Kashem MM, Kaune G, Diethert A, Wang W, Schlage K, Couet S, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Selective Doping of Block Copolymer Nanodomains by Sputter Deposition of Iron. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102690b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mottakin M. Abul Kashem
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- HASYLAB at DESY, Notke Str. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunar Kaune
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Diethert
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Weinan Wang
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- HASYLAB at DESY, Notke Str. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couet
- HASYLAB at DESY, Notke Str. 85, Hamburg, Germany
- Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica and INPAC, Celestijnenlaan 200D, K.U. Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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36
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Wille HC, Franz H, Röhlsberger R, Caliebe WA, Dill FU. Nuclear resonant scattering at PETRA III : Brillant opportunities for nano – and extreme condition science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/217/1/012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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38
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Wang W, Kaune G, Perlich J, Papadakis CM, Bivigou Koumba AM, Laschewsky A, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Cubitt R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Swelling and switching kinetics of gold coated end-capped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thin films. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Wang
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - G. Kaune
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Perlich
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. M. Papadakis
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - A. M. Bivigou Koumba
- Institut für Chemie, Potsdam Universität, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - A. Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Potsdam Universität, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - K. Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. V. Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Cubitt
- Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 6 Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P. Müller-Buschbaum
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Couet S, Schlage K, Rüffer R, Stankov S, Diederich T, Laenens B, Röhlsberger R. Stabilization of antiferromagnetic order in FeO nanolayers. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:097201. [PMID: 19792822 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.097201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the evolution of the magnetic state of a nanometer thick antiferromagnetic (AFM) FeO layer during its formation using nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation. In contact to ferromagnetic Fe, the FeO layer does not show magnetic order at room temperature (RT). Once embedded between two Fe layers, magnetic coupling to the adjacent ferromagnets leads to a drastic increase of the Néel temperature far above RT, while the blocking temperature remains below 30 K. The presented results evidence the role that the ferromagnetic surrounding plays in modifying the magnetic state of ultrathin AFM layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Couet
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany.
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40
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Kaune G, Ruderer MA, Metwalli E, Wang W, Couet S, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. In situ GISAXS study of gold film growth on conducting polymer films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009; 1:353-360. [PMID: 20353223 DOI: 10.1021/am8000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a thin gold film on a conducting polymer surface from nucleation to formation of a continuous layer with a thickness of several nanometers is investigated in situ with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Time resolution is achieved by performing the experiment in cycles of gold deposition on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and subsequently recording the GISAXS data. The 2D GISAXS patterns are simulated, and morphological parameters of the gold film on PVK such as the cluster size, shape, and correlation distance are extracted. For the quantitative description of the cluster size evolution, scaling laws are applied. The time evolution of the cluster morphology is explained with a growth model, suggesting a cluster growth proceeding in four steps, each dominated by a characteristic kinetic process: nucleation, lateral growth, coarsening, and vertical growth. A very limited amount of 6.5 wt % gold is observed to be incorporated inside a 1.2-nm-thick enrichment layer in the PVK film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunar Kaune
- Physik Department LS E13, Technische Universität Munchen, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching, Germany
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41
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Couet S, Diederich T, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R. A compact UHV deposition system for in situ study of ultrathin films via hard x-ray scattering and spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:093908. [PMID: 19044429 DOI: 10.1063/1.2982059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on a compact ultrahigh vacuum deposition system developed for in situ experiments using hard x rays. The chamber can be mounted on various synchrotron beamlines for spectroscopic as well as scattering experiments in grazing incidence geometry. The deposition process is completely remotely controlled and an ellipsometer is available for online monitoring of the layer growth process. The unique sample position in the chamber allows one to perform deposition, grazing incidence x-ray experiments, and ellipsometry measurements at the same time, enabling to correlate the x-ray analysis with parameters of the growth process. Additionally, the setup can be used to study in situ chemical and structural changes in an element specific manner by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The flexibility and versatility of the system brings new possibilities to study the chemistry and structure of surfaces and interfaces in thin films systems during their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Couet
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany.
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42
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Couet S, Schlage K, Saksl K, Röhlsberger R. How metallic Fe controls the composition of its native oxide. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:056101. [PMID: 18764408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.056101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have studied in situ the oxidation of ultrathin iron layers and monitored the chemical changes induced by subsequent deposition of Fe metal using hard x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The site sensitivity of the technique allows us to quantify the composition of the layer throughout the oxidation or deposition process. It is found that the thin native oxide incorporates a significant fraction of Fe atoms remaining in a metallic configuration even in the saturated state. Subsequent deposition of Fe leads to a complete reduction of the oxide that adopts an FeO-like structure containing Fe2+ sites only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Couet
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany.
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43
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Metwalli E, Couet S, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Körstgens V, Ruderer M, Wang W, Kaune G, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. In situ GISAXS investigation of gold sputtering onto a polymer template. Langmuir 2008; 24:4265-4272. [PMID: 18302441 DOI: 10.1021/la7038587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microphase-separation structures in mixed diblock-triblock copolymer thin films are used for the incorporation of gold atoms inside the polymer matrix via sputtering of gold. Polystyrene (PS) spheres are arranged in a liquidlike type with a well defined nearest neighbor distance inside a polyisoprene matrix acting as a template for directing the gold atoms. Sputtering conditions are selected with a very low sputtering rate to avoid clustering in the atmosphere so that gold reaches the polymer surface in its atomic state. Due to the mobility of the gold atoms and the selective interaction with the PS parts of the microphase separation structure, gold is accumulated inside the polymer film in the PS spheres, as probed in situ with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Nominally 4.3 A of gold is deposited, which by diffusion is spread out vertically over a thickness of 280 nm. UV-vis spectroscopy reveals a small blue shift for the gold sputtered polymer film. Atomic force microscopy proves the absence of gold clusters on the film surface. For low sputtering rate, GISAXS proves good sensitivity for gold migration inside the polymer film and opens new possibilities for studying polymer-metal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Metwalli
- TU München, Physik Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching, Germany
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Stankov S, Röhlsberger R, Slezak T, Sladecek M, Sepiol B, Vogl G, Chumakov AI, Rüffer R, Spiridis N, Łazewski J, Parliński K, Korecki J. Phonons in iron: from the bulk to an epitaxial monolayer. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:185501. [PMID: 17995420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.185501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The confinement of materials in low-dimensional structures has significant impact on propagating excitations like phonons. Using the isotope-specific 57Fe nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy we were able to determine elastic and thermodynamic properties of ultrathin Fe films on W(110). With decreasing thickness one observes a significant increase of the mean atomic displacement that goes along with an enhancement of vibrational modes at low energies as compared to the bulk. The analysis reveals that these deviations result from atomic vibrations of the single atomic layers at the two boundaries of the film, while the atoms inside the films vibrate almost bulklike.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stankov
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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Röhlsberger R, Franz H, Brefeld W, Balewski K, Weckert E. PETRA III – a new low-emittance synchrotron radiation source. Acta Crystallogr A 2007. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767307098170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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46
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Franz H, Leupold O, Röhlsberger R, Roth S, Seeck O, Spengler J, Strempfer J, Tischer M, Viefhaus J, Weckert E, Wroblewski T. Technical Report: PETRA III: DESY's New High Brilliance Third Generation Synchrotron Radiation Source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08940880601064984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Röhlsberger R, Schlage K, Klein T, Leupold O. Accelerating the spontaneous emission of x rays from atoms in a cavity. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:097601. [PMID: 16197248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.097601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the spontaneous radiative decay of resonant nuclei in a planar x-ray waveguide after excitation by synchrotron radiation pulses. The waveguide acts as a cavity and modifies the mode structure of the electromagnetic field. As a result, the rate of spontaneous emission is enhanced by a factor proportional to the density of photon states in the cavity. In this experiment, we have observed a sixfold acceleration of the coherent radiative decay of 57Fe nuclei located in the center of the first-order guided mode. This is in very good agreement with theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Röhlsberger R, Thomas H, Schlage K, Burkel E, Leupold O, Rüffer R. Imaging the magnetic spin structure of exchange-coupled thin films. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:237201. [PMID: 12485034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.237201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the magnetic spin structure of a soft-magnetic film that is exchange-coupled to a hard-magnetic layer to form an exchange-spring layer system. The depth dependence of the magnetization direction was determined by nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation from ultrathin 57Fe probe layers. In an external field a magnetic spiral structure forms that can be described within a one-dimensional micromagnetical model. The experimental method allows one to image vertical spin structures in stratified media with unprecedented accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Röhlsberger
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Rostock, August-Bebel-Strasse 55, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Bansmann J, Senz V, Methling RP, Röhlsberger R, Meiwes-Broer KH. Size effects in the temperature-dependent magnetization of iron clusters. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(01)00404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Röhlsberger R, Quast KW, Toellner TS, Lee PL, Sturhahn W, Alp EE, Burkel E. Observation of the 22.5-keV resonance in (149)Sm by the nuclear lighthouse effect. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:047601. [PMID: 11461645 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.047601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have observed coherent nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation at the 22.5-keV resonance of (149)Sm. High-speed rotational sample motion led to an angular deflection of the resonantly scattered radiation off the nonresonant primary beam. This allowed us to determine the resonance energy of the first excited nuclear level of (149)Sm to be 22496(4) eV. Because of the angular deflection of the resonant photons, time spectra of coherent nuclear resonant scattering can be recorded as a function of a spatial coordinate. Time resolutions of a few 10 ps can be expected, which are beyond the limits of existing x-ray detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Röhlsberger
- Universität Rostock, Fachbereich Physik, August-Bebel-Str. 55, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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