Post-invasion selection acts on standing genetic variation despite a severe founding bottleneck

Invasive populations often have lower genetic diversity relative to the native-range populations from which they derive.1,2 Despite this, many biological invaders succeed in their new environments, in part due to rapid adaptation.3,4,5,6 Therefore, the role of genetic bottlenecks in constraining the adaptation of invaders is debated.7,8,9,10 Here, we use whole-genome resequencing of samples from a 10-year time-series dataset, representing the natural invasion of the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) in Australia, to investigate natural selection occurring in the aftermath of a founding event. We find that Australia's A. cerana population was founded by as few as one colony, whose arrival was followed by a period of rapid population expansion associated with an increase of rare variants.11 The bottleneck resulted in a steep loss of overall genetic diversity, yet we nevertheless detected loci with signatures of positive selection during the first years post-invasion. When we investigated the origin of alleles under selection, we found that selection acted primarily on the variation introduced by founders and not on the variants that arose post-invasion by mutation. In all, our data highlight that selection on standing genetic variation can occur in the early years post-invasion, even where founding bottlenecks are severe.

Diversity and Abundance of Insects Pollinator of Chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz

Chayote plants (Sechium edule) with monoecious characters require a pollination process. The pollination process requires pollinating agents to increase its productivity, one of which is insects. This research aimed to determine the diversity and abundance of insects pollinator on chayote plants. Observation of diversity and abundance used a scan sampling method. Pollinator insects observations were carried out in 3 time periods, morning, afternoon, and evening on male and female flowers. We measured environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and light intensity. Eight species of wild insects pollinated chayote flowers, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Lasioglossum leucozonium, Polistes sagittarius, Phimenes flavopictus, Campsomeriella annulata, Lucilia sericata, and Musca domestica. The insect pollinators community had moderate diversity (1.23), a relatively dynamic community (0.59), and moderate dominance (0.62), with A. cerana, which had been the dominant insect pollinator with a relative abundance of 61.63%. Musca domestica and L. sericata were (0,58%) the least dominant insect pollinator with a relative abundance of 0.58%. This research concludes that the insects pollinator of chayote has a moderate level of diversity, relatively dynamic community, and average dominance.

Temporal Correlation Between Urban Microclimate, Vector Mosquito Abundance, and Dengue Cases

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a major mosquito-borne viral disease. Studies have reported a strong correlation between weather, the abundance of Aedes aegypti, the vector of DHF virus, and dengue incidence. However, this conclusion has been based on the general climate pattern of wide regions. In general, however, the human population, level of infrastructure, and land-use change in rural and urban areas often produce localized climate patterns that may influence the interaction between climate, vector abundance, and dengue incidence. Thoroughly understanding this correlation will allow the development of a customized and precise local early warning system. To achieve this purpose, we conducted a cohort study, during January-December 2017, in 16 districts in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. In the selected areas, local weather stations and modified light mosquito traps were set up to obtain data regarding daily weather and the abundance of adult female Ae. aegypti. A generalized linear model was applied to analyze the effect of local weather and female adult Ae. aegypti on the number of dengue cases. The result showed a significant non-linear correlation among mosquito abundance, maximum temperature, and dengue cases. Using our model, the data showed that the addition of a single adult Ae. aegypti mosquito increased the risk of dengue infection by 1.8%, while increasing the maximum temperature by one degree decreased the risk by 17%. This finding suggests specific actionable insights needed to supplement existing mosquito eradication programs.

Reproductive Potential and Population Parameters of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Reared on Tofu Dreg

<b>Background and Objectives:</b> Black Soldier Fly (BSF), <i>Hermetia illucens</i> (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has long been studied primarily in terms of their important role in organic waste management. This species has a special ability to digest a variety of organic matter, from vegetable waste, food waste, decaying animal tissues to livestock manure and then convert to nutritional biomass for animal feed. The different types of feed during the larval period will affect the life history of black soldier fly. This study was aimed to determine the development, survival, population parameters and reproductive potential of the BSF reared on tofu dreg by the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The treatments of immature stages were constructed under laboratory conditions and the adult stage were reared at a semi-outdoors screenhouse with full sunlight. <b>Results:</b> The intrinsic rates of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproduction rate (R<sub>0</sub>) and mean generation time (T) were 0.0713 per day, 1.0739 per day, 23.95 offspring and 43.705 days, respectively. The result indicated that the maximum reproductive value of females occurred at 42 days. The overall development time from egg to adult stage of the BSF was 52.2±1.6 days. <b>Conclusion:</b> The BSF can perform optimal development, survival rate and reproductive potential when reared on tofu dreg.

Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): Activity on Oil Palm Flower in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Elaeidobius kamerunicus </i>Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) is a weevil pollinator oil palm flower, <i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq. (Arecales: Arecaceae) Jacq. Male and female inflorescences attracted the weevil, male inflorescences appeared to provides nectar and pollen but female inflorescences seemed provides the weevils with nectar. The objective of this research was to determine the dynamics of<i> E. kamerunicus </i>activity in pollinating oil palm flowers in Kumai, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The population of <i>E. kamerunicus </i>that visited male flowers was calculated by taking a sample of 9 spikelets from male inflorescences, while the number of <i>E. kamerunicus </i>that come to female inflorescence was calculated by counting the weevil around the flower. <b>Results:</b> The results of this study showed that peak activity of <i>E. kamerunicus</i> on oil palm flowers<i> </i>occurred between 11.00-12.45. The male flowers blossomed occurred for 6-7 days to complete their inflorescence, while those of the females completed their cycle for 4-5 days. The oviposition of <i>E. kamerunicus </i>females fluctuated from 05.00-18.00. The number of females oviposits in the flower peaked at 09.00. Temperature and maximum light intensity had a positive correlation with the overall density of <i>E. kamerunicus</i> and oviposition by female weevils. The Minimum light intensity affects the abundance and visitation of <i>E. kamerunicus</i> on oil palm flowers. <b>Conclusion:</b> The abundance of <i>E. kamerunicus</i> population in Kumai was established and could give possibility resulting in the better fruit set of oil palm. Conservation efforts can be conducted by maintaining the abundance of the population, especially on the days and hrs of peak abundance of weevils.

Bioconversion of Fermented Barley Waste by Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera; Stratiomyidae)

Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are widely used as bioconverter agents for various organics waste, and BSF pupae are often used as fodder for poultry and fish, because the BSF pupae have a high protein content. This study focused on applying BSFL as a bioconversion agent of the fermented barley waste to convert it to larvae biomass. Prior to application, barley waste was fermented either using effective microorganisms-4 (EM4), leachate, and water for seven days. The fermented barley waste was applied as feeding material for BSFL at the rate of 100 mg/larvae/days. As control commercial chicken fed (CF) was applied as feeding material at a similar feeding rate. During this study, waste reduction index (WRI), and efficiency of digested feed (ECD) were calculated, and the protein content in the BSF prepupae was analyzed. The results of this study showed that BSFL fed with CF produces the shortest development time (27 days), and high consumption rate. BSFL fed with barley waste fermented with EM4 (BE) and Leachate (BL) produces a larval period of 31 and 30 days respectively, and statistically those were not significantly different from control. This study showed that treatments of BE and BL, produced a very high larval survival rates, 98.67% and 97.00% respectively, and those two treatments were not statistically different from the control (96.67%). Although the control treatment resulted in a higher WRI compared to the other treatments, but the ECD of BE and BL treatments were higher than the ECD of the control. From this study, it can be concluded that BSFL has a good ability to convert fermented barley waste as well as controls, and the prepupae has a high protein content (42%), so BSFL fed with fermented barley waste has the opportunity to be used as a fed for poultry and fish.

Ovitrap surveillance of dengue vector mosquitoes in Bandung City, West Java Province, Indonesia

Larval surveillance is the central approach for monitoring dengue vector populations in Indonesia. However, traditional larval indices are ineffective for measuring mosquito population dynamics and predicting the dengue transmission risk. We conducted a 14-month ovitrap surveillance. Eggs and immature mosquitoes were collected on a weekly basis from an urban village of Bandung, namely Sekejati. Ovitrap-related indices, namely positive house index (PHI), ovitrap index (OI), and ovitrap density index (ODI), were generated and correlated with environmental variables, housing type (terraced or high-density housing), ovitrap placement location (indoor or outdoor; household or public place), and local dengue cases. Our results demonstrated that Aedes aegypti was significantly predominant compared with Aedes albopictus at each housing type and ovitrap placement location. Ovitrap placement locations and rainfall were the major factors contributing to variations in PHI, OI, and ODI, whereas the influences of housing type and temperature were subtle. Indoor site values were significantly positively correlated to outdoor sites’ values for both OI and ODI. OI and ODI values from households were best predicted with those from public places at 1- and 0-week lags, respectively. Weekly rainfall values at 4- and 3-week lags were the best predictors of OI and ODI for households and public places, respectively. Monthly mean PHI, OI, and ODI were significantly associated with local dengue cases. In conclusion, ovitrap may be an effective tool for monitoring the population dynamics of Aedes mosquitoes, predicting dengue outbreaks, and serving as an early indicator to initiate environmental clean-up. Ovitrap surveillance is easy for surveyors if they are tasked with a certain number of ovitraps at a designated area, unlike the existing larval surveillance methodology, which entails identifying potential breeding sites largely at the surveyors’ discretion. Ovitrap surveillance may reduce the influence of individual effort in larval surveillance that likely causes inconsistency in results.

The dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes vectors, has been continuously spreading in tropical and subtropical countries, causing illness and fatality. Given the lack of a cost-effective dengue vaccine, the vector control approach for reducing the Aedes population remains the key method for mitigating dengue transmission. For a successful vector control program, an effective vector surveillance system is crucial for precisely predicting the spatial and temporal risk of a dengue outbreak. The ovitrap system improves data collection efficiency, aiding long-term dengue vector monitoring activities. This study is one of the few long-term dengue vector surveillance programs in Indonesia and provides compelling evidence of the need to improve the existing conventional larval surveillance system. The results demonstrated that two dengue vector mosquitoes, A. aegypti and A. albopictus, were present in the study area, and A. aegypti was more prevalent than A. albopictus. We observed an interactive relationship between ovitrap placement and rainfall in the dynamics of ovitrap-related indices; understanding this relationship allows for timely initiation of vector control and intervention strategies. We conclude that the ovitrap surveillance system is a sensitive tool for monitoring the population dynamics of Aedes vectors, predicting dengue outbreaks, and potentially improving community-based conventional larval surveillance.

Ovitrap Preference in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The adult female of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) usually performs oviposition near decaying organic matter in cracks found in dry areas. In mass-rearing facilities or on a laboratory scale, females usually lay eggs on the provided ovitrap which is made of various types of materials. This study was aimed to observe the female preferential behaviour for ovitrap types during the oviposition period. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The study was conducted in a semi-outdoor screen house with direct sunlight. The ovitrap materials used were: Dry leaves, wood, cardboard and plastic (infraboard). The parameters calculated in this study were ovitrap preference, oviposition duration, the number and weight of the eggs, fertility of eggs, development time and mortality of offspring. <b>Results:</b> The BSF females preferred the wood ovitrap to other ovitrap types. This was indicated by the high number of females visits, the number of egg-laying females and the total number of eggs on the wood ovitrap. Eggs found in the plastic ovitrap had the highest mortality compared to eggs found in the other ovitraps. <b>Conclusion:</b> The difference of ovitrap material affected female visitation preferences, the oviposition frequency and the duration of egg-laying of female BSF but did not affect offspring development time in any of the stages (egg-adults).

Down-regulation of complement genes in lipopolysaccharide-challenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to Indonesian propolis

Although propolis has been reported for having anti-inflammatory activities, its effects on complement system has not been much studied. This research was conducted to find out the effects of Indonesian propolis on the expression levels of C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL, and C6 in zebrafish larvae which were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Counting of macrophages migrating to yolk sac and liver histology were carried out. Larvae were divided into four groups: CON (cultured in E3 medium only), LPS (cultured in a medium containing 0.5 μg/L LPS), LPSIBU (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then treated with 100 μg/L ibuprofen for 24 hours), and LPSPRO (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then immersed in 14,000 μg/L propolis for 24 hours) groups. The results showed that complement gene expression in larvae from the LPSIBU and LPSPRO groups were generally lower than in larvae from the LPS group. The number of macrophage migrations to the yolk in the LPSPRO group was also lower than in the LPS group. Histological structure of liver in all groups were considered normal. This study shows that Indonesian propolis has the potential to be used as an alternative to the substitution of NSAIDs.

Propolis Can Improve Caudal Fin Regeneration in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Induced by The Combined Administration of Alloxan and Glucose

Hyperglycemia, a primary symptom in diabetes mellitus, is associated with difficulties in wound healing and regeneration. This condition is due to the length of the inflammatory phase and free radicals. Furthermore, there is evidence that molecular pathogenesis is involved in impaired wound healing in diabetics. As an animal model, zebrafish have many shared orthologous genes with human that are involved in protein regulation of wound healing and regeneration. Little is known about natural drugs that may be used to treat complications of wound healing in diabetes. Propolis, however, is known to consist of various organic compounds such as phenols and flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This research aims to study propolis' effect on caudal fin regeneration and relative expression of several genes belonging to Hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and Wnt signaling hyperglycemic (HG) zebrafish. GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity testing were performed on ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP). Caudal fin regeneration was analyzed using ImageJ; blood glucose levels were measured; and relative gene expression analysis of shha, igf2a, bmp2b, and col1a2 was performed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction method with the β-actin housekeeping gene. Impairment of caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish hyperglycemia was characterized by a low percentage of regeneration and decreased relative gene expression. EEP at 15 ppm could increase the percentage of caudal fin regeneration and the expression of shha, igf2a, bmp2b, and col1a2. Based on the results, it appears that phenols and flavonoids from the EEP can improve the caudal fin regeneration of HG zebrafish.

Effect of Fermented Kangkong Seed (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) on Characteristics and Histology of Female Quail Reproductive Organs

Quail has a high reproductive ability, which can reach 3 to 4 generations a year. The quail also have high eggs productivity and capable of producing 250-300 eggs/quail/year. Egg production is closely related to the reproductive system and feed. It is necessary to know the effect of feeding fermented kangkong on the characteristics and histology of the quail reproductive organs. The increase in livestock population should be balanced with an increase in the availability of feed. Kangkong seeds waste (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) is rejected seeds from seed factories that have the potential to become alternative feed ingredients because it contains about 13.46% protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermented kangkong seed feed (Bikafer) on the characteristics of reproductive tract organs and histology of quail oviducts because feeds affect the development of the reproductive tract and quail egg production.  This study used a completely randomized design method (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were as follows: R0 = commercial feed, R1 = 0%  (Bikafer), R2 = 7.5% (Bikafer), R3 = 15% (Bikafer) ,R4 = 22.5% (Bikafer). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05) and the Kruskal-Wallis test, while histological observations were described descriptively. The results showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of the uterus, vaginal length, and isthmus weights. The histology of the quail reproductive tract developed well and showed the tunica mucosal tissue, serous tunica, muscular tunica, goblet cells, epithelium, and tubular gland cells.

Spatial and temporal analysis of hospitalized dengue patients in Bandung: demographics and risk

Background

Bandung, the fourth largest city in Indonesia and capital of West Java province, has been considered a major endemic area of dengue, and studies show that the incidence in this city could increase and spread rapidly. At the same time, estimation of incidence could be inaccurate due to a lack of reliable surveillance systems. To provide strategic information for the dengue control program in the face of limited capacity, this study used spatial pattern analysis of a possible outbreak of dengue cases, through the Geographic Information System (GIS). To further enhance the information needed for effective policymaking, we also analyzed the demographic pattern of dengue cases.

Methods

Monthly reports of dengue cases from January 2014 to December 2016 from 16 hospitals in Bandung were collected as the database, which consisted of address, sex, age, and code to anonymize the patients. The address was then transformed into geocoding and used to estimate the relative risk of a particular area’s developing a cluster of dengue cases. We used the kernel density estimation method to analyze the dynamics of change of dengue cases.

Results

The model showed that the spatial cluster of the relative risk of dengue incidence was relatively unchanged for 3 years. Dengue high-risk areas predominated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bandung, while low-risk areas were found mostly in its western and northeastern regions. The kernel density estimation showed strong cluster groups of dengue cases in the city.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated a strong pattern of reported cases related to specific demographic groups (males and children). Furthermore, spatial analysis using GIS also visualized the dynamic development of the aggregation of disease incidence (hotspots) for dengue cases in Bandung. These data may provide strategic information for the planning and design of dengue control programs.

Study on Sex Determination and Impact of Sex Ratio to Reproduction Success in Black Soldier Fly

Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) is an insect spe-cies utilized as the converter of organic wastes into biomass applicable as a potential replacement of protein and lipid sources of animal feed and other industrial use. The limiting factor for the sus-tainability of this activity is the number of eggs produced as all processes started from the egg. Variable of quality of the substrate eaten during the larval stage and the proportion of males and fe-males are among the decisive factors for egg production. The pur-poses of this study were to understand the impact of the substrate to the production of a particular sex, to developed a simple method by comparing the weight and size of the pupae to distinguished between male and female, and to find the best sex ratio to produce the highest number of eggs. In this study, two types of substrates (balance proportion of macronutrient and high in protein and lipid were applied as feeding material for larvae. The weight and length of each pupa produced were measured and the pupae kept inside separated containers to find the morphological differences between male and female pupae. Adult insects produced from pupae then used for study on the effect of sex ratio on reproduction success. The adults kept inside 1 x 1 x 1 m screen cages with 3 groups of sex ratio (male : female) which were 50%:50% (P1), 60%:40% (P2), and 40%:60% (P3). The probability of sex was analyzed by logistic regression while the number of eggs estimated by the weight of the egg batch. The result showed substrate used in this study is not affect the sex ratio of adult flies, weight of pupae as the best predictor for sex of the adult flies, and the best ratio of male and female for egg production was 40:60. 

Production of propolis and honey from Tetragonula laeviceps cultivated in Modular Tetragonula Hives

Propolis and honey produced by stingless bees are regarded as high economic value products due to their bioactive components, which are significantly influenced by conditions at the cultivation location. This study investigated the effect of cultivation location on the amount and quality of propolis and honey produced by Tetragonula laeviceps cultivated in Modular Tetragonula Hives. Fifteen bee colonies were cultivated for at least three months in coffee plantations at two different locations, namely Cibodas and Cileunyi Wetan, Indonesia. The propolis was harvested from the hives and then evaluated to compare product quality from each location. The average production of propolis in both locations was found to lie in the range of 4.26–4.54 g/colony/month with a flavonoid content of 11.4–14.8 mg/g qE. Meanwhile, the average production of honey in both locations after eight months of cultivation was found to lie in the range of 0.93–1.44 g/colony/month. The vitamin C content of the honey obtained from both locations was 17.2–69.5 mg/100 g with an IC₅₀ of 1188–1341 mg/L, in terms of its ability to inhibit the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. This study shows that cultivation of stingless bees on a coffee plantation in the studied locations has the potential to provide sustainable production of propolis and honey from T. laeviceps.

Effect of Water Temperature to Survival and Development of Larvae of Two Local Aedes Aegypti Strains

  Global warming has been reported in last decades. Chang-es in average Earth’s temperature may affect the physiology of many insect species, especially the ones which act as a human disease vec-tor, like Aedes aegypti. In this study, the effect of increasing water temperature on physiological components related to development period, sex ratio, and body size of two distinctively strains, VCRU (Vector Control Research Unit) and Pangandaran. Thirty larvae of each strain kept inside distilled water with the temperature of 25°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C, 40°C which replicated three times. Observa-tions were conducted until all larvae metamorphed into adults or all larvae dead. Development rate and time were analyzed by frequency dependent mean. The result showed that the optimum temperature for larvae development of VCRU strain was 27-30°C with a survival rate of 84% while it was 30°C for Pangandaran strain, with the surviv-al rate of 83%. Larvae of both strains showed 100% mortality rate when kept inside a container with water temperature exceed 33°C. Both strains showed the highest and the lowest male:female ratio at similar water temperature which were 33°C and 30°C, respec-tivelly. Highest and lowest ratio of VCRU was 1.25 and 0.6, respec-tively, while it was 1.4 and 0.6 for Pangandaran. In general, larvae lived in increasing water temperature showed reducing wing width. 

Growth Performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Fed on Some Plant Based Organic Wastes

Insect larvae, such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL: Hermetia illucens) are currently being considered as an alternative source of protein for poultry and aquaculture industry while in the same time apply as agent to manage organic wastes. In order to achieve both roles it is necessary to develop an appropriate farming methodology and understand the impact of different feeding source for the insect production. The study explored the effect of three local plant based organic wastes as feedstocks to growth of the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on horse manure (HM), vegetable wastes (VW), and tofu dreg (TD) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight and total prepupal yield in grams content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and ability to reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. The result showed all materials suitable as feeding material for black soldier fly. Difference on physical properties and chemical content affected the development time, harvested biomass, efficiency of digestivity, and efficiency of biomass production which is unique for each type of waste. This study provide base line information for future development of plant based organic waste management.

Efficiency of local Indonesia honey bees (Apis cerana L.) and stingless bee (Trigona iridipennis) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pollination

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is considered as one of major agricultural commodity of Indonesia farming. However, monthly production is unstable due to lack of pollination services. Common pollinator agent of tomatoes is bumblebees which is unsuitable for tropical climate of Indonesia and the possibility of alteration of local wild plant interaction with their pollinator. Indonesia is rich with wild bees and some of the species already domesticated for years with prospect as pollinating agent for tomatoes. This research aimed to assess the efficiency of local honey bee (Apis cerana L.) and stingless bee (Trigona iridipennis), as pollinator of tomato. During this research, total visitation rate and total numbers of pollinated flowers by honey bee and stingless bee were compared between them with bagged flowers as control. Total fruit production, average weight and size also measured in order to correlated pollination efficiency with quantity and quality of fruit produced. Result of this research showed that A. cerana has slightly higher rate of visitation (p>0.05) and significantly shorter handling time (p < 0.05) than T. iridipennis due to their larger colony demand and low reward provide by tomato flowers. However, honey bee pollinated tomato flowers more efficient pollinator than stingless bee (80.3 and 70.2% efficiency, respectively; p < 0.05) even though the average weight and size of tomatoes were similar (p>0.05). Based on the results, it is concluded that the use of Apis cerana and Trigona spp., for pollinating tomatoes in tropical climates could be an alternative to the use of non-native Apis mellifera and bumblebees (Bombus spp.). However, more researches are needed to evaluate the cost/benefit on large-scale farming and greenhouse pollination using both bees against other bee species and pollination methods.