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Min JL, Hemani G, Hannon E, Dekkers KF, Castillo-Fernandez J, Luijk R, Carnero-Montoro E, Lawson DJ, Burrows K, Suderman M, Bretherick AD, Richardson TG, Klughammer J, Iotchkova V, Sharp G, Al Khleifat A, Shatunov A, Iacoangeli A, McArdle WL, Ho KM, Kumar A, Söderhäll C, Soriano-Tárraga C, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Kazmi N, Mason D, McRae AF, Corcoran DL, Sugden K, Kasela S, Cardona A, Day FR, Cugliari G, Viberti C, Guarrera S, Lerro M, Gupta R, Bollepalli S, Mandaviya P, Zeng Y, Clarke TK, Walker RM, Schmoll V, Czamara D, Ruiz-Arenas C, Rezwan FI, Marioni RE, Lin T, Awaloff Y, Germain M, Aïssi D, Zwamborn R, van Eijk K, Dekker A, van Dongen J, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Xu CJ, Barturen G, Català-Moll F, Kerick M, Wang C, Melton P, Elliott HR, Shin J, Bernard M, Yet I, Smart M, Gorrie-Stone T, Shaw C, Al Chalabi A, Ring SM, Pershagen G, Melén E, Jiménez-Conde J, Roquer J, Lawlor DA, Wright J, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Esko T, Milani L, Metspalu A, Perry JRB, Ong KK, Wareham NJ, Matullo G, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Caspi A, Arseneault L, Gagnon F, Ollikainen M, Kaprio J, Felix JF, Rivadeneira F, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH, Uitterlinden AG, Jaddoe VWV, Haley C, McIntosh AM, Evans KL, Murray A, Räikkönen K, Lahti J, Nohr EA, Sørensen TIA, Hansen T, Morgen CS, Binder EB, Lucae S, Gonzalez JR, Bustamante M, Sunyer J, Holloway JW, Karmaus W, Zhang H, Deary IJ, Wray NR, Starr JM, Beekman M, van Heemst D, Slagboom PE, Morange PE, Trégouët DA, Veldink JH, Davies GE, de Geus EJC, Boomsma DI, Vonk JM, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Huang RC, Pennell CE, van Meurs J, Ikram MA, Hughes AD, Tillin T, Chaturvedi N, Pausova Z, Paus T, Spector TD, Kumari M, Schalkwyk LC, Visscher PM, Davey Smith G, Bock C, Gaunt TR, Bell JT, Heijmans BT, Mill J, Relton CL. Genomic and phenotypic insights from an atlas of genetic effects on DNA methylation. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1311-1321. [PMID: 34493871 PMCID: PMC7612069 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing genetic influences on DNA methylation (DNAm) provides an opportunity to understand mechanisms underpinning gene regulation and disease. In the present study, we describe results of DNAm quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analyses on 32,851 participants, identifying genetic variants associated with DNAm at 420,509 DNAm sites in blood. We present a database of >270,000 independent mQTLs, of which 8.5% comprise long-range (trans) associations. Identified mQTL associations explain 15-17% of the additive genetic variance of DNAm. We show that the genetic architecture of DNAm levels is highly polygenic. Using shared genetic control between distal DNAm sites, we constructed networks, identifying 405 discrete genomic communities enriched for genomic annotations and complex traits. Shared genetic variants are associated with both DNAm levels and complex diseases, but only in a minority of cases do these associations reflect causal relationships from DNAm to trait or vice versa, indicating a more complex genotype-phenotype map than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Koen F Dekkers
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - René Luijk
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Carnero-Montoro
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kimberley Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Bretherick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johanna Klughammer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gemma Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen M Ho
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Soriano-Tárraga
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Giralt-Steinhauer
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nabila Kazmi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David L Corcoran
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karen Sugden
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexia Cardona
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Cugliari
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Clara Viberti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Lerro
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richa Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sailalitha Bollepalli
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pooja Mandaviya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yanni Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosie M Walker
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vanessa Schmoll
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Arenas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Faisal I Rezwan
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tian Lin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yvonne Awaloff
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marine Germain
- INSERM UMR_S 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dylan Aïssi
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Zwamborn
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelot Dekker
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- CiiM and TWINCORE, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barturen
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesc Català-Moll
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Phillip Melton
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- School of Global Population Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Idil Yet
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melissa Smart
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | | | - Chris Shaw
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jordi Jiménez-Conde
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
- Piemonte Centre for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - France Gagnon
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division on Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison Murray
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Women's, Family and Child Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health (Section of Epidemiology), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla S Morgen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Ramon Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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