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Moresco A, Penfold LM, Jankowski G, McCain S, Crook E, Faliano A, Crane J, Wack RF, Goodnight A, Han S. Reproductive suppression of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) under managed care using a GnRH immunological product. Zoo Biol 2021; 41:65-73. [PMID: 34529298 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Giraffe present unique contraception challenges as males persistently pursue females during estrus. Year-round pursuit during frequent recurring estrus can pose significant risk under slippery conditions. Complete ovarian suppression is a useful tool in giraffe because it eliminates estrous behavior, interest from the male, and controls reproduction. Effective reproduction control in giraffes has been achieved with porcine zona pellucida, oral melengestrol acetate, and depot medroxy-progesterone acetate. However, these methods allow some degree of folliculogenesis and estrous behavior. Improvest® is a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) immunological product that elicits antibodies against GnRH and abrogates the effects of endogenous GnRH. This study evaluated the efficacy of Improvest® for gonadal suppression in seven females and one male giraffe by monitoring steroid hormones. Seven female giraffe were treated intramuscularly with an initial dose, a booster at 4 weeks and maintenance boosters at 3-month intervals (600 µg/dose) for 12 months. Six females were on supplemental contraception during the induction phase because separation from males was not possible. In the male (treated with 400 µg), testosterone concentrations decreased after the second injection. However, even with low serum testosterone concentrations, mounting (of nontreated females) behavior was still observed occasionally. Ovarian activity was suppressed in all treated females and interest by the males stopped; supplemental contraceptives (during the induction phase) did not impede the effect of Improvest®. After 15.3 months (seven doses), Improvest® was discontinued in three females which no longer needed contraception. In these females, ovarian activity was noted approximately 90 days after the last dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M Penfold
- Southeastern Zoo Alliance for Reproduction and Conservation, White Oak, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sushan Han
- Microbiology Immunology Pathology, Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Krol L, Vernau W, Mutlow AG, Brady SM, Wack RF, Kubly S, Zwingenberger AL, Culp WTN, Palm C, Rebhun RB. Unusual splenic B-cell lymphoma in two related Sumatran tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:1288-1293. [PMID: 33269968 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.12.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 14-year-old 120-kg (264-lb) sexually intact male Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and its 10-year-old 130-kg (286-lb) sexually intact male offspring were housed separately and evaluated independently after experiencing weeks of ongoing malaise, weight loss, and anorexia. CLINICAL FINDINGS Both animals were immobilized and anesthetized for physical examinations and diagnostic testing. Complete blood counts revealed leukopenia and anemia in both tigers. Splenomegaly was identified on abdominal ultrasonography. Cytologic examination and immunohistochemical staining of splenic samples confirmed intermediate to large B-cell lymphoma; no evidence of lymphoma in surrounding organs was noted. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The sire was treated with lomustine and prednisolone. This tiger was euthanized 21 months after initiation of treatment because of chronic progressive renal disease. The male offspring was treated with l-asparaginase but did not respond to the treatment. A splenectomy was performed, and malaise and anorexia resolved. No further chemotherapy was administered, and the male offspring was instead maintained on a low dose of prednisolone. Thirty-two months after diagnosis, the male offspring was still considered to be in remission. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this was the first known report of the diagnosis and management of a splenic B-cell lymphoma in a tiger. Both tigers achieved positive clinical responses and long-term survival by means of different treatment modalities. The finding of such an unusual neoplasm in a male tiger and its male offspring was noteworthy, raising the possibility of a genetic predisposition for this lymphoma type.
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Scherer RD, Hansen EC, Joseph M, Wack RF. Estimating relationships between size and fecundity in the threatened giant garter snake in seminatural and agricultural wetlands. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Consulting Environmental Biologist Sacramento California
| | - Max Joseph
- Earth Lab University of Colorado Boulder Colorado
| | - Raymund F. Wack
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California
- Sacramento Zoo Sacramento California
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Brady SM, Burgdorf-Moisuk A, Silverman S, Wack RF. Successful Treatment of Suspected Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in a Mealy Amazon Parrot (Amazona farinose). J Avian Med Surg 2017; 30:368-373. [PMID: 28107068 DOI: 10.1647/2015-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 25-year-old, male mealy Amazon parrot (Amazona farinose) with a history of polycythemia, hepatomegaly, and epistaxis was evaluated for progressive lethargy and anorexia. Clinical laboratory testing revealed severe polycythemia (71%), hypophosphatemia (1.6 mg/dL), and mild hypokalemia (2.8 mEq/L). Radiographs showed marked hepatomegaly and loss of air sac space. Despite supportive treatments, the bird's condition deteriorated, and it developed ataxia, was unable to fly, and became oxygen dependent. An echocardiogram, including an air bubble study, revealed a right-to-left atrial shunt and presumed pulmonary arterial hypertension. The bird was started on periodic phlebotomy (5-10 mL/kg q6wk) to reduce packed cell volume and sildenafil citrate (2.5 mg/kg PO q8h) for treatment of suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension. One week later, the patient was weaned off oxygen, and 24 days after initial presentation, the parrot was returned to its outdoor exhibit. Intermittent periods of increased respiratory rate and effort have been reported but have resolved without additional treatments. Epistaxis, once common in this bird, has not been noted since initiating treatment with sildenafil citrate 15 months ago.
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Brady S, Harrison T, Williams C, Evola M, Wack RF. Diagnostic evaluation and treatment of a Chinese crocodile lizard (
Shinisaurus crocodilurus
) with seizures. Vet rec case rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Brady
- Veterinary HousecallsSan ClementeCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineZoological MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tara Harrison
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineAvian and ExoticsRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Colette Williams
- University of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineNeurologyDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria Evola
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineImagingRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Raymund F Wack
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Brady
- Veterinary HousecallsSan ClementeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Zoological MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tara Harrison
- Exotic Animal Medicine ServiceNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Carlos O Rodriguez
- Department of Surgical and Radiological ScienceUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Raymund F Wack
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Delk KW, Wack RF, Burgdorf-Moisuk A, Palm CA, Zwingenberger A, Glaiberman CB, Ferguson KH, Culp WTN. Percutaneous ureteral stent placement for the treatment of a benign ureteral obstruction in a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Zoo Biol 2015; 34:193-7. [PMID: 25653150 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old, 113 kg intact male Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) was evaluated for weight loss, polydipsia, and intermittent hematuria. The tiger was immobilized for diagnostic testing including blood work, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound. Laboratory testing demonstrated macro- and microhematuria, azotemia, and an increased urine protein:creatinine ratio. Abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral ureterolithiasis as well as hydronephrosis and ureteral dilation. Ultrasonography performed 5 months later revealed worsening of the right-sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter and a decrease in the severity of dilation on the left side presumably from passage of the left-sided ureteral calculi. Nephroureteral decompression via the placement of a stent was elected. A pigtail ureteral catheter (8.2 French diameter) was placed in the right ureter via an antegrade percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound and fluoroscopic-guidance. Following stent placement, macrohematuria resolved although microhematuria was noted in opportunistic urine samples. Five months after stent placement, the azotemia had mildly progressed, the urine protein:creatinine ratio was improved, the right hydronephrosis and hydroureter had completely resolved, and the ureteral stent remained in the appropriate position. The tiger had clinically improved with a substantial increase in appetite, weight, and activity level. Ureteral stenting allowed for nephroureteral decompression in the captive large felid of this report, and no complications were encountered. Ureteral stenting provided a minimally invasive method of managing ureteral obstruction in this patient and could be considered in future cases due to the clinical improvement and low morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie W Delk
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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Kinney ME, Chinnadurai SK, Wack RF. Cholecystectomy for the Treatment of Mycobacterial Cholecystitis in a Pacific Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-23.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Kinney
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California–Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and the Sacramento Zoo, 3930 West Land Park Drive, Sacramento, CA 95822, USA
| | - Sathya K. Chinnadurai
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California–Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and the Sacramento Zoo, 3930 West Land Park Drive, Sacramento, CA 95822, USA
| | - Raymund F. Wack
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California–Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and the Sacramento Zoo, 3930 West Land Park Drive, Sacramento, CA 95822, USA
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Phair KA, Larsen RS, Wack RF, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pypendop BH. Determination of the minimum anesthetic concentration of sevoflurane in thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1350-5. [PMID: 22924715 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) and compare MAC obtained via mechanical and electrical stimulation. ANIMALS 15 healthy thick-billed parrots. PROCEDURES Anesthesia was induced in each parrot by administration of sevoflurane in oxygen. An end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of 2.5% was established in the first bird. Fifteen minutes was allowed for equilibration. Then, 2 types of noxious stimulation (mechanical and electrical) were applied; stimuli were separated by 15 minutes. Responses to stimuli were graded as positive or negative. For a positive or negative response to a stimulus, the target end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of the subsequent bird was increased or decreased by 10%, respectively. The MAC was calculated as the mean end-tidal sevoflurane concentration during crossover events, defined as instances in which independent pairs of birds evaluated in succession had opposite responses. A quantal method was used to determine sevoflurane MAC. Physiologic variables and arterial blood gas values were also measured. RESULTS Via quantal analysis, mean sevoflurane MAC in thick-billed parrots determined with mechanical stimulation was 2.35% (90% fiducial interval, 1.32% to 2.66%), which differed significantly from the mean sevoflurane MAC determined with electrical stimulation, which was 4.24% (90% fiducial interval, 3.61% to 8.71%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sevoflurane MAC in thick-billed parrots determined by mechanical stimulation was similar to values determined in chickens and mammals. Sevoflurane MAC determined by electrical stimulation was significantly higher, which suggested that the 2 types of stimulation did not induce similar results in thick-billed parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Phair
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kinney ME, Wack RF, Grahn RA, Lyons L. Parthenogenesis in a Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria). Zoo Biol 2012; 32:172-6. [PMID: 23086743 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 22-year-old captive Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria) gave birth to four offspring after being housed with a vasectomized male. Sexual reproduction as a result of failed prior vasectomy, recanalization of the vas deferens, or prolonged sperm storage was ruled out using the clinical history, histopathology, and gross necropsy. Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers were genotyped in the male, female, and four offspring. None of the offspring possessed a diagnostic STR allele present in the potential sire. In addition, all offspring were homozygous at each STR locus evaluated, supporting parthenogenetic reproduction. This is the first report of parthenogenesis in a Brazilian rainbow boa and has implications for the conservation of reptiles maintained in captive breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Kinney
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95822, USA.
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11
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Brenner DJ, Larsen RS, Dickinson PJ, Wack RF, Williams DC, Pascoe PJ. Development of an Avian Brachial Plexus Nerve Block Technique for Perioperative Analgesia in Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)*. J Avian Med Surg 2010; 24:24-34. [DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-24.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Brenner DJ, Larsen RS, Pascoe PJ, Wack RF, Williams DC, Dickinson PJ. Somatosensory evoked potentials and sensory nerve conduction velocities in the thoracic limb of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1476-80. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mercado JA, Larsen RS, Wack RF, Pypendop BH. Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in captive thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:189-94. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
An adult male black-necked swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus) was evaluated for a routine physical examination and West Nile virus vaccination. Nine days later, the swan was hospitalized for weakness, dehydration, tremors, and leukocytosis. Gradual clinical improvement was seen over a 2-wk course of supportive care. However, the animal became acutely weak and was found dead. Histopathology revealed severe granulomatous pneumonia and air sacculitis with dissemination to the liver, spleen, intestine, and coelom. Mycobacterial infection was confirmed by identification of acid-fast bacilli within tissue sections and by polymerase chain reaction. Concurrent West Nile virus infection was identified in sections of brain by using immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Brenner
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Fallacara DM, Monahan CM, Morishita TY, Wack RF. Fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial pathogens and a survey of intestinal parasites in free-living waterfowl. Avian Dis 2001; 45:128-35. [PMID: 11332473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Free-living waterfowl residing in metropolitan parks in central Ohio were surveyed for the fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Pasteurella multocida. In addition, a survey for intestinal parasites was also conducted in these same waterfowl to determine parasite burdens in free-living waterfowl. Prevalences of 67%, 50%, and 0.2% of E. coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella spp., respectively, were observed for all waterfowl species. Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from the sampled population. Salmonella java was isolated from one mallard duck. Statistically, there was a significantly higher E. coli isolation rate for mallard ducks than for Canada geese, but no difference was observed for C. jejuni isolation rates between waterfowl species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the disk diffusion method and multidrug resistance was exhibited for penicillin G, lincomycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, and bacitracin. In addition, the prevalence of endoparasites in these sampled waterfowl ranged from 5% to 66%. Protozoan oocysts were most prevalent followed by nematode ova. No trematode or cestode ovum was recovered from this sampled population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Fallacara
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Anderson NL, Wack RF, Calloway L, Hetherington TE, Williams JB. Cardiopulmonary Effects and Efficacy of Propofol as an Anesthetic Agent in Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga irregularis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.5818/1076-3139.9.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Anderson
- 1. Department Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences 104 Botany and Zoology Building, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Raymund F. Wack
- 2. The Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Drive, Box 400, Powell, OH 43065
| | - Liz Calloway
- 2. The Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Drive, Box 400, Powell, OH 43065
| | - Thomas E. Hetherington
- 1. Department Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences 104 Botany and Zoology Building, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Joseph B. Williams
- 1. Department Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences 104 Botany and Zoology Building, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
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Anderson NL, Wack RF, Hatcher R. Hematology and clinical chemistry reference ranges for clinically normal, captive New Guinea snapping turtle (Elseya novaeguineae) and the effects of temperature, sex, and sample type. J Zoo Wildl Med 1997; 28:394-403. [PMID: 9523632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Median values and confidence intervals for hematology and serum and plasma chemistry parameters were established for 29 male and female healthy New Guinea snapping turtles (Elseya novaeguineae) held at 24.5 degrees C and 30.0 degrees C. Creatine kinase, albumin, potassium, and phosphorus values were significantly higher at 24.5 degrees C than at 30.0 degrees C. Glucose, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, total carbon dioxide, and chloride values were significantly higher at 30.0 degrees C than at 24.5 degrees C. Cholesterol and calcium values were significantly higher in females than in males. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and bilirubin were significantly higher in males than in females, and bile acid values were significantly higher in serum than in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA
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Wack RF, Jones AA. Suspected neonatal isoerythrolysis in two Baird's tapirs (Tapirus bairdii). J Zoo Wildl Med 1997; 28:285-9. [PMID: 9365941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) calves born at the Columbus Zoo from the same sire and dam developed hemolytic anemia that was consistent in history and clinical signs with neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). One calf developed severe, fatal hemolytic anemia after being fed maternal colostrum, and the other developed moderate hemolytic anemia after being fed equine colostrum. No cross-reactivity was demonstrated between sire and dam blood samples, and both tapirs possessed serum antibodies reactive against equine blood group Ca and antigens reactive with several equine blood group D antibodies. Electrophoresis demonstrated significant genetic diversity between tapir and equine blood proteins. Agglutination testing demonstrated strong reactivity between a far greater percentage of equine colostrum samples when tested against sire and dam tapir blood (61% and 65%, respectively) than would be expected for equine blood (2%). These data are suggestive of a diagnosis of NI but are not definitive. Further study is required to determine whether NI occurs in tapirs and whether equine colostrum is harmful to tapir calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wack
- Columbus Zoological Gardens, Powell, Ohio 43065, USA
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Wack RF, Eaton KA, Kramer LW. Treatment of gastritis in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). J Zoo Wildl Med 1997; 28:260-6. [PMID: 9365937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) had a clinical history of chronic spiral bacteria-associated gastritis and three cheetahs had no clinical history of gastritis. Gastric biopsies were obtained from all six cheetahs prior to treatment for gastritis and 3 wk and 1 yr posttreatment. The cheetahs were treated with tetracycline hydrochloride 500 mg p.o. q.i.d., metronidazole 250 mg p.o. q.i.d., and bismuth subsalicylate 300 mg p.o. q.i.d. Each drug was administered concurrently for 7 days. Following this treatment, each cheetah was maintained on 300 mg bismuth subsalicylate p.o. s.i.d. for 1 yr. The three cheetahs with a history of gastritis were culture positive for Helicobacter acinonyx and remained positive during the entire study. The three cheetahs with no clinical history of gastritis were culture negative for H. acinonyx, but gastric biopsies revealed Gastrospirillum-like bacteria (tentatively named Helicobacter heilmannii) pretreatment. Gastric biopsies were negative for H. heilmannii on subsequent examinations. Although the treatment did not eradicate H. acinonyx, it did provide symptomatic relief from the vomiting, anorexia, and weight loss associated with clinical gastritis. The use of endoscopically guided gastric mucosal biopsies for urease testing and histopathologic examination of Warthin-Starry-stained sections is a sensitive and specific method of diagnosing spiral bacteria-associated gastritis. Treatment of spiral bacteria-associated gastritis in cheetahs should include the rational use of antibiotics (tetracycline or amoxicillin and metronidazole), bismuth compounds, and omeprazole and evaluation of husbandry methods to reduce stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wack
- Columbus Zoo, Powell, Ohio 43065, USA
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Wack RF, Kramer LW, Anderson NL. Cardiomegaly and Endocardial Fibrosis in a Secretary Bird (Sagittarius Serpentarius). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.2307/27671121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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