1
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Deng L, Dourado M, Reese RM, Huang K, Shields SD, Stark KL, Maksymetz J, Lin H, Kaminker JS, Jung M, Foreman O, Tao J, Ngu H, Joseph V, Roose-Girma M, Tam L, Lardell S, Orrhult LS, Karila P, Allard J, Hackos DH. Nav1.7 is essential for nociceptor action potentials in the mouse in a manner independent of endogenous opioids. Neuron 2023; 111:2642-2659.e13. [PMID: 37352856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in Nav1.7, a voltage-gated sodium channel, cause congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) in humans, demonstrating that Nav1.7 is essential for the perception of pain. However, the mechanism by which loss of Nav1.7 results in insensitivity to pain is not entirely clear. It has been suggested that loss of Nav1.7 induces overexpression of enkephalin, an endogenous opioid receptor agonist, leading to opioid-dependent analgesia. Using behavioral pharmacology and single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we find that overexpression of enkephalin occurs only in cLTMR neurons, a subclass of sensory neurons involved in low-threshold touch detection, and that this overexpression does not play a role in the analgesia observed following genetic removal of Nav1.7. Furthermore, we demonstrate using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and in vivo electrophysiology that Nav1.7 function is required for the initiation of C-fiber action potentials (APs), which explains the observed insensitivity to pain following genetic removal or inhibition of Nav1.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunbin Deng
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Huang
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly L Stark
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victory Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meron Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Karila
- Cellectricon AB, Neongatan 4B, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Julien Allard
- E-Phys, CRBC, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Salem K, Reese RM, Alarid ET, Fowler AM. Progesterone Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Cellular Glucose and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Breast Cancer. J Endocr Soc 2022; 7:bvac186. [PMID: 36601022 PMCID: PMC9795483 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Positron emission tomography imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) is used clinically for initial staging, restaging, and assessing therapy response in breast cancer. Tumor FDG uptake in steroid hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and physiologic FDG uptake in normal breast tissue can be affected by hormonal factors such as menstrual cycle phase, menopausal status, and hormone replacement therapy. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the progesterone receptor (PR) in regulating glucose and FDG uptake in breast cancer cells. Methods and Results PR-positive T47D breast cancer cells treated with PR agonists had increased FDG uptake compared with ethanol control. There was no significant change in FDG uptake in response to PR agonists in PR-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, MDA-MB-468 cells, or T47D PR knockout cells. Treatment of T47D cells with PR antagonists inhibited the effect of R5020 on FDG uptake. Using T47D cell lines that only express either the PR-A or the PR-B isoform, PR agonists increased FDG uptake in both cell types. Experiments using actinomycin D and cycloheximide demonstrated the requirement for both transcription and translation in PR regulation of FDG uptake. GLUT1 and PFKFB3 mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were increased after progestin treatment of T47D cells. Conclusion Thus, progesterone and progestins increase FDG uptake in T47D breast cancer cells through the classical action of PR as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Ligand-activated PR ultimately increases expression and activity of proteins involved in glucose uptake, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Salem
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Amy M Fowler
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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3
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Villemure E, Terrett JA, Larouche-Gauthier R, Déry M, Chen H, Reese RM, Shields SD, Chen J, Magnuson S, Volgraf M. A Retrospective Look at the Impact of Binding Site Environment on the Optimization of TRPA1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1230-1237. [PMID: 34413952 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonists have generated broad interest in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of both pain and asthma. Over the past decade, multiple antagonist classes have been reported in the literature with a wide range of structural diversity. Our own work has focused on the development of proline sulfonamide and hypoxanthine-based antagonists, two antagonist classes with distinct physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic (PK) trends. Late in our discovery program, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies revealed two different antagonist binding sites: a membrane-exposed proline sulfonamide transmembrane site and an intracellular hypoxanthine site near the membrane interface. A retrospective look at the discovery program reveals how the different binding sites, and their location relative to the cell membrane, influenced the optimization trajectories and overall drug profiles of each antagonist class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack A. Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Martin Déry
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montréal, Québec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shannon D. Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Terrett JA, Chen H, Shore DG, Villemure E, Larouche-Gauthier R, Déry M, Beaumier F, Constantineau-Forget L, Grand-Maître C, Lépissier L, Ciblat S, Sturino C, Chen Y, Hu B, Lu A, Wang Y, Cridland AP, Ward SI, Hackos DH, Reese RM, Shields SD, Chen J, Balestrini A, Riol-Blanco L, Lee WP, Liu J, Suto E, Wu X, Zhang J, Ly JQ, La H, Johnson K, Baumgardner M, Chou KJ, Rohou A, Rougé L, Safina BS, Magnuson S, Volgraf M. Tetrahydrofuran-Based Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) Antagonists: Ligand-Based Discovery, Activity in a Rodent Asthma Model, and Mechanism-of-Action via Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3843-3869. [PMID: 33749283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective calcium-permeable ion channel highly expressed in the primary sensory neurons functioning as a polymodal sensor for exogenous and endogenous stimuli and has generated widespread interest as a target for inhibition due to its implication in neuropathic pain and respiratory disease. Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 small molecule antagonists, leading to the discovery of a novel tetrahydrofuran-based linker. Given the balance of physicochemical properties and strong in vivo target engagement in a rat AITC-induced pain assay, compound 20 was progressed into a guinea pig ovalbumin asthma model where it exhibited significant dose-dependent reduction of inflammatory response. Furthermore, the structure of the TRPA1 channel bound to compound 21 was determined via cryogenic electron microscopy to a resolution of 3 Å, revealing the binding site and mechanism of action for this class of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel G Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Martin Déry
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Francis Beaumier
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Luce Lépissier
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ciblat
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Aijun Lu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Yunli Wang
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Andrew P Cridland
- Charles River Laboratories, 8/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart I Ward
- Charles River Laboratories, 8/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neurosciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neurosciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neurosciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Justin Q Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hank La
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matt Baumgardner
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kang-Jye Chou
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lionel Rougé
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian S Safina
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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5
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Balestrini A, Joseph V, Dourado M, Reese RM, Shields SD, Rougé L, Bravo DD, Chernov-Rogan T, Austin CD, Chen H, Wang L, Villemure E, Shore DGM, Verma VA, Hu B, Chen Y, Leong L, Bjornson C, Hötzel K, Gogineni A, Lee WP, Suto E, Wu X, Liu J, Zhang J, Gandham V, Wang J, Payandeh J, Ciferri C, Estevez A, Arthur CP, Kortmann J, Wong RL, Heredia JE, Doerr J, Jung M, Vander Heiden JA, Roose-Girma M, Tam L, Barck KH, Carano RAD, Ding HT, Brillantes B, Tam C, Yang X, Gao SS, Ly JQ, Liu L, Chen L, Liederer BM, Lin JH, Magnuson S, Chen J, Hackos DH, Elstrott J, Rohou A, Safina BS, Volgraf M, Bauer RN, Riol-Blanco L. A TRPA1 inhibitor suppresses neurogenic inflammation and airway contraction for asthma treatment. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211821. [PMID: 33620419 PMCID: PMC7918756 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of effective therapies, a substantial proportion of asthmatics continue to have uncontrolled symptoms, airflow limitation, and exacerbations. Transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1) agonists are elevated in human asthmatic airways, and in rodents, TRPA1 is involved in the induction of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Here, the discovery and early clinical development of GDC-0334, a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 antagonist, is described. GDC-0334 inhibited TRPA1 function on airway smooth muscle and sensory neurons, decreasing edema, dermal blood flow (DBF), cough, and allergic airway inflammation in several preclinical species. In a healthy volunteer Phase 1 study, treatment with GDC-0334 reduced TRPA1 agonist-induced DBF, pain, and itch, demonstrating GDC-0334 target engagement in humans. These data provide therapeutic rationale for evaluating TRPA1 inhibition as a clinical therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Victory Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lionel Rougé
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel D Bravo
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tania Chernov-Rogan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel G M Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Vishal A Verma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., BDA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., BDA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurie Leong
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Chris Bjornson
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathy Hötzel
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Vineela Gandham
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jens Kortmann
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan L Wong
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jose E Heredia
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonas Doerr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Kai H Barck
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard A D Carano
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Han Ting Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bobby Brillantes
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Department of Product Development Biometric Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Simon S Gao
- Department of Clinical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin Q Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Liuxi Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph H Lin
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian S Safina
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca N Bauer
- Department of OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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6
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Reese RM, Dourado M, Anderson K, Warming S, Stark KL, Balestrini A, Suto E, Lee W, Riol-Blanco L, Shields SD, Hackos DH. Behavioral characterization of a CRISPR-generated TRPA1 knockout rat in models of pain, itch, and asthma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:979. [PMID: 31969645 PMCID: PMC6976688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels has garnered significant attention by the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, TRP channels showing high levels of expression in sensory neurons such as TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8, have been considered as targets for indications where sensory neurons play a fundamental role, such as pain, itch, and asthma. Modeling these indications in rodents is challenging, especially in mice. The rat is the preferred species for pharmacological studies in pain, itch, and asthma, but until recently, genetic manipulation of the rat has been technically challenging. Here, using CRISPR technology, we have generated a TRPA1 KO rat to enable more sophisticated modeling of pain, itch, and asthma. We present a detailed phenotyping of the TRPA1 KO rat in models of pain, itch, and asthma that have previously only been investigated in the mouse. With the exception of nociception induced by direct TRPA1 activation, we have found that the TRPA1 KO rat shows apparently normal behavioral responses in multiple models of pain and itch. Immune cell infiltration into the lung in the rat OVA model of asthma, on the other hand, appears to be dependent on TRPA1, similar to was has been observed in TRPA1 KO mice. Our hope is that the TRPA1 KO rat will become a useful tool in further studies of TRPA1 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Keith Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Søren Warming
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly L Stark
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Wyne Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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7
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Reese RM, Harrison MM, Alarid ET. Grainyhead-like Protein 2: The Emerging Role in Hormone-Dependent Cancers and Epigenetics. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1275-1288. [PMID: 30958537 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the grainyhead-like transcription factor (GRHL) family is composed of three nuclear proteins that are responsible for driving epithelial cell fate: GRHL1, GRHL2, and GRHL3. GRHL2 is important in maintaining proper tubulogenesis during development and in suppressing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Within the last decade, evidence indicates both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic roles for GRHL2 in various types of cancers. Recent studies suggest that GRHL2 may be especially important in hormone-dependent cancers, as correlative relationships exist between GRHL2 and various steroid receptors, such as the androgen and estrogen receptors. Acting as a pioneer factor and coactivator, GRHL2 may directly affect steroid receptor transcriptional activity. This review will highlight recent discoveries of GRHL2 activity in cancer and in maintaining the epithelial state, while also exploring recent literature on the role of GRHL2 in hormone-dependent cancers and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa M Harrison
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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8
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Chen H, Volgraf M, Do S, Kolesnikov A, Shore DG, Verma VA, Villemure E, Wang L, Chen Y, Hu B, Lu AJ, Wu G, Xu X, Yuen PW, Zhang Y, Erickson SD, Dahl M, Brotherton-Pleiss C, Tay S, Ly JQ, Murray LJ, Chen J, Amm D, Lange W, Hackos DH, Reese RM, Shields SD, Lyssikatos JP, Safina BS, Estrada AA. Discovery of a Potent (4R,5S)-4-Fluoro-5-methylproline Sulfonamide Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Antagonist and Its Methylene Phosphate Prodrug Guided by Molecular Modeling. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3641-3659. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Jun Lu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Po-wai Yuen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Shawn D. Erickson
- Small Molecule Research, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Drug Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Martin Dahl
- Small Molecule Research, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Drug Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Christine Brotherton-Pleiss
- Small Molecule Research, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Drug Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Desiree Amm
- Ion Channels Group, Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wienke Lange
- Ion Channels Group, Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Fischbach-Weiss S, Reese RM, Janak PH. Inhibiting Mesolimbic Dopamine Neurons Reduces the Initiation and Maintenance of Instrumental Responding. Neuroscience 2017; 372:306-315. [PMID: 29248527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesolimbic dopamine perturbations modulate performance of reward-seeking behavior, with tasks requiring high effort being especially vulnerable to disruption of dopamine signaling. Previous work primarily investigated long-term perturbations such as receptor antagonism and dopamine depletion, which constrain the ability to assess dopamine contributions to effort expenditure in isolation from other behavior events, such as reward consumption. Also unclear is if dopamine is required for both initiation and maintenance when a sequence of multiple instrumental responses is required. Here we used optogenetic inhibition of midbrain TH+ neurons to probe the role of dopamine neuron activity during instrumental responding for reward by varying the time epoch of neural inhibition relative to the time of response initiation. Within a fixed-ratio procedure, requiring eight nosepoke responses per reinforcer delivery, or a progressive ratio (PR) procedure, in which within-session response requirements increased exponentially, inhibiting dopamine neurons while mice were engaged in response bouts decreased the probability of continued responding. If inhibition occurred during each attempted bout, the effect was to decrease total responses, and thus amount of rewards earned, over a session. In contrast, if inhibition was applied only during some bouts, mice increased the number of bouts initiated to earn control levels of reward. Inhibiting dopamine neurons while mice were not responding decreased the probability of initiating an instrumental response but had no effect on the amount of effort exerted over the entire session. We conclude that midbrain dopamine signaling promotes initiation of instrumental responding and maintains motivation to continue ongoing bouts of effortful responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fischbach-Weiss
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Sciascia JM, Reese RM, Janak PH, Chaudhri N. Alcohol-Seeking Triggered by Discrete Pavlovian Cues is Invigorated by Alcohol Contexts and Mediated by Glutamate Signaling in the Basolateral Amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2801-12. [PMID: 25953360 PMCID: PMC4864656 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental context in which a discrete Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) is experienced can profoundly impact conditioned responding elicited by the CS. We hypothesized that alcohol-seeking behavior elicited by a discrete CS that predicted alcohol would be influenced by context and require glutamate signaling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Male, Long-Evans rats were allowed to drink 15% ethanol (v/v) until consumption stabilized. Next, rats received Pavlovian conditioning sessions in which a 10 s CS (15 trials/session) was paired with ethanol (0.2 ml/CS). Entries into a port where ethanol was delivered were measured. Pavlovian conditioning occurred in a specific context (alcohol context) and was alternated with sessions in a different context (non-alcohol context) where neither the CS nor ethanol was presented. At test, the CS was presented without ethanol in the alcohol context or the non-alcohol context, following a bilateral microinfusion (0.3 μl/hemisphere) of saline or the AMPA glutamate receptor antagonist NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium salt) in the BLA (0, 0.3, or 1.0 μg/0.3 μl). The effect of NBQX (0, 0.3 μg/0.3 μl) in the caudate putamen (CPu) on CS responding in the non-alcohol context was also tested. The discrete alcohol CS triggered more alcohol-seeking behavior in the alcohol context than the non-alcohol context. NBQX in the BLA reduced CS responding in both contexts but had no effect in the CPu. These data indicate that AMPA glutamate receptors in the BLA are critical for alcohol-seeking elicited by a discrete CS and that behavior triggered by the CS is strongly invigorated by an alcohol context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Sciascia
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadia Chaudhri
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale (CSBN/GRNC), Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Room SP 244, Montreal, QC H4B-1R6, Canada, Tel: +1 514 848 2424 x 2216, Fax: +1 514 848 4545, E-mail:
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11
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Millan EZ, Reese RM, Grossman CD, Chaudhri N, Janak PH. Nucleus Accumbens and Posterior Amygdala Mediate Cue-Triggered Alcohol Seeking and Suppress Behavior During the Omission of Alcohol-Predictive Cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2555-65. [PMID: 25872917 PMCID: PMC4569945 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological mechanisms that influence behavior in the presence of alcohol-associated stimuli involve processes that organize behavior during the presence of these cues, and separately, regulation of behavior in their absence. However, little is known about anatomical structures that might mediate this regulation. Here we examined nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) as a possible neural substrate mediating behavior modulation triggered by the presence and absence of alcohol-associated environmental cues and contexts. We also examined subregions of basal amygdala nuclei- rostral basolateral (BLA) and basal posterior (BAP)- as they provide a major source of glutamatergic input to the AcbSh. Animals were trained to associate an auditory conditioning stimulus with alcohol in a discriminative context and then subsequently tested for conditioned port-entries across contexts either previously associated or not associated with alcohol. We found that, on test to the alcohol cue alone, AcbSh inactivation prevented conditioned port-entries in contexts that either were associated with alcohol or were novel, while also increasing unconditioned port-entries during the intertrial intervals. When tested to alcohol-reinforced cues, AcbSh inactivation produced more cue-trial omissions and elevated unconditioned port-entries. Interestingly, BLA and BAP inactivation produced dissociable effects. BAP but not BLA increased unconditioned port-entries, while both manipulations prevented conditioned port-entries during the alcohol-cue. We conclude that AcbSh is necessary for modulating control over behavior otherwise guided by the presence of alcohol-predictive environmental stimuli and contexts. Moreover, this role may involve integration of functionally segregated inputs from rostral and posterior portions of basal amygdala nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zayra Millan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Dunning Hall, room 224, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, Tel: +1 707 400 3135, Fax: +1 410 516 0494, E-mail:
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cooper D Grossman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadia Chaudhri
- Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology/Groupe de recherche en neurobiologie comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Fanelli RR, Klein JT, Reese RM, Robinson DL. Dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum exhibit distinct phasic neuronal activity during alcohol self-administration in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2637-48. [PMID: 23763702 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of alcoholism may involve a shift from goal-directed to habitual drinking. These action control systems are distinct in the dorsal striatum, with the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) important for goal-directed behavior and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) required for habit formation. Goal-directed behavior can be modeled in rats with a fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule, while a variable interval (VI) schedule promotes habitual behavior (e.g. insensitivity to contingency degradation). Using extracellular recordings from chronically implanted electrodes, we investigated how DMS and DLS neurons encoded lever-press responses and conditioned cues during operant alcohol self-administration in these two models. In rats self-administering 10% alcohol on an FR schedule, the DMS neuronal population showed increased firing at the onset of start-of-session stimuli. During self-administration, the most prominent phasic firing patterns in the DMS occurred at the time of reinforcement and reinforcement-associated cues, while the most prominent phasic activity in the DLS surrounded the lever response. Neural recordings from an additional cohort of rats trained on a VI schedule revealed a similar pattern of results; however, phasic changes in firing were smaller and differences between the medial and lateral dorsal striatum were less marked. In summary, the DMS and DLS exhibited overlapping but specialized phasic firing patterns: DMS excitations were typically time-locked to reinforcement, while DLS excitations were generally associated with lever responses. Furthermore, the regional specificities and magnitudes of phasic firing differed between reinforcement schedules, which may reflect differences in behavioral flexibility, reward expectancy and the action sequences required to procure reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Fanelli
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Zarcone JR, Hellings JA, Crandall K, Reese RM, Marquis J, Fleming K, Shores R, Williams D, Schroeder SR. Effects of risperidone on aberrant behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: I. A double-blind crossover study using multiple measures. Am J Ment Retard 2001; 106:525-38. [PMID: 11708938 DOI: 10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0525:eoroab>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone was evaluated in the treatment of aberrant behavior (e.g., aggression, self-injury) in 20 individuals with developmental disabilities. A double-blind, crossover design was used to compare risperidone with placebo in a 22-week trial with a 6-month follow-up phase. Based on a 50% reduction in mean Aberrant Behavior Checklist--Community total scores, 50% of the participants were identified as responders. Naturalistic observations of a subset of five individuals showed that for 4 out of 5 participants, risperidone was effective in reducing aberrant behavior. Side effects included weight gain (84% of participants) and sedation (40% of participants). The advantages of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the effects of medication on aberrant behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zarcone
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045-2903, USA.
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14
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Abstract
A treatment package consisting of a DRO procedure, token fines, and prompted relaxation was used to reduce the agitated-disruptive behavior of a person with autism and mental retardation living in a community group home. The agitated-disruptive behaviors (cursing, hitting, kicking, throwing objects, and verbal threats) were measured during three different activities in a group home. The baseline rates of the agitated-disruptive behavior during one of these activities was relatively low, during another was moderate, and during the third was high. DRO procedures were partially implemented by a peer with Down syndrome and mental retardation during a portion of the study. Effects of the DRO procedures were as follows: During each activity an initial reduction of agitated-disruptive behavior was dependent on choosing an appropriate DRO interval, with shorter DRO intervals required during activities in which the baseline rates of the agitated-disruptive behavior were higher. Once shorter DRO intervals had been used to reduce agitated-disruptive behavior, longer DRO intervals were effective in maintaining those reductions. Reductions were maintained for up to 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Reese
- Child Development Unit-Kansas UAP and Department of Human Development and Family Life, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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15
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Schroeder SR, Rojahn J, Reese RM. Brief report: reliability and validity of instruments for assessing psychotropic medication effects on self-injurious behavior in mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord 1997; 27:89-102. [PMID: 9018584 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025825322955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S R Schroeder
- Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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Reese RM, Serna L. Planning for generalization and maintenance in parent training: parents need I.E.P.s too. Ment Retard 1986; 24:87-92. [PMID: 3702671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Reese RM. Ensuring the right to minimally adequate habilitation: a proposed role for human rights committees. Ment Retard 1984; 22:142-6. [PMID: 6727648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Reese RM, Stanton WW, Daley JM. Identifying market segments within a health care delivery system: a two stage methodology. J Health Care Mark 1983; 2:10-23. [PMID: 10256328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Abstract
Electron impact studies of multiple ionization processes in helium, neon, argon, and xenon appear to support theoretical conclusions that the threshold probability for n-fold ionization is proportional to the nth power of the electron energy in excess of the threshold energy. The probability law applies, for the cases studied, over a considerable energy range that, for all but He2+, includes the possible onset of more than one mode of ionization. The presence of a Boltzmann spread in the energy of the electron beam or specific focusing effects due to ion source geometry are found to affect only the foot of the probability curve. By the use of certain assumptions, an estimate is also made of the departure from a 3P ionization probability curve resulting from onset of ionization to the 1D and 1S states.
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