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AbdelMassih A, Agha H, El-Saiedi S, El-Sisi A, El Shershaby M, Gaber H, Ismail HA, El-Husseiny N, Amin AR, ElBoraie A, Ayad A, Menshawey E, Sefein F, Osman II, Moursi M, Hanafy M, Abdelaziz MS, Arsanyous MB, Khaled-Ibn-El-Walid M, Tawfik MG, Habib M, Mansour ME, Ashraf M, Khattab MA, Alshehry N, Hafez N, ElDeeb NE, Ashraf N, Khalil N, AbdElSalam NI, Shebl N, Hafez NGA, Youssef NH, Bahnan O, Ismail P, Kelada P, Menshawey R, Saeed R, Husseiny RJ, Yasser R, Sharaf S, Adel V, Naeem Y, Nicola YNF, Kamel A, Hozaien R, Fouda R. The role of miRNAs in viral myocarditis, and its possible implication in induction of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines-induced myocarditis. Bull Natl Res Cent 2022; 46:267. [PMID: 36415483 PMCID: PMC9672617 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports of unheeded complications secondary to the current mass international rollout of SARS-COV-2 vaccines, one of which is myocarditis occurring with the FDA fully approved vaccine, Pfizer, and others. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT Certain miRNAs (non-coding RNA sequences) are involved in the pathogenesis in viral myocarditis, and those miRNAs are interestingly upregulated in severe COVID-19. We hypothesize that the use of mRNA-based vaccines may be triggering the release of host miRNAs or that trigger the occurrence of myocarditis. This is based on the finding of altered host miRNA expression promoting virus-induced myocarditis. SHORT CONCLUSION In conclusion, miRNAs are likely implicated in myocarditis associated with mRNA vaccines. Our hypothesis suggests the use of miRNA as a biomarker for the diagnosis of mRNA vaccine-induced myocarditis. Additionally, the interplay between viral miRNA and the host immune system could alter inflammatory profiles, hence suggesting the use of therapeutic inhibition to prevent such complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine AbdelMassih
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatrics’ Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12411, Cairo, Egypt
- Pediatric Cardio-Oncology Clinic, Children Cancer Hospital of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Agha
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatrics’ Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12411, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sonia El-Saiedi
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatrics’ Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12411, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal El-Sisi
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatrics’ Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12411, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Meryam El Shershaby
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanya Gaber
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Habiba-Allah Ismail
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadine El-Husseiny
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pixagon Graphic Design Agency, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Reda Amin
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly ElBoraie
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Ayad
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa Menshawey
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fady Sefein
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ihab Osman
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai Moursi
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maram Hanafy
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam Sherif Abdelaziz
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariem Badr Arsanyous
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam Khaled-Ibn-El-Walid
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Gamal Tawfik
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Menna Habib
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mina Ehab Mansour
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mirette Ashraf
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ayman Khattab
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada Alshehry
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada Hafez
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naheel Essam ElDeeb
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nirvana Ashraf
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Khalil
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noheir Ismail AbdElSalam
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura Shebl
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nouran Gamal Ali Hafez
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Hatem Youssef
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Odette Bahnan
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Passant Ismail
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter Kelada
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rahma Menshawey
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana Saeed
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Jalal Husseiny
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Yasser
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safa Sharaf
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Veronia Adel
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youstina Naeem
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youstina Nagy Farid Nicola
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamel
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rafeef Hozaien
- Student and Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda Fouda
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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AbdelMassih AF, Menshawey R, Hozaien R, Kamel A, Mishriky F, Husseiny RJ, Hanoura AM, Yacoub E, AlShehry N, Menshawey E, El-Husseiny N, Yasser R, Arsanyous M, Nathan L, Seyam M, Massoud D, Ali N, Kassim A, AmanAllah M, Elsayed R, Sheashaa H, Husseiny Y, Hassan NH, Badr K, Elkhateb A, Fouad V, Elfishawy M, Medhat O, Mustafa M, Khalil N, Elsayed R, Nada Y, Elshawarbi P, Abdelmoneim N, Gamal N, Messiha M, Ghazy M, Abdelfatah E, Nasry F, Gayed R, Eesa M, Luis M, Eskandar E, Yacoub S, Saud A, Rajab M, Abdelaziz M, Elgamal N, Jaber H, Tayssir S, Michael M, Sabry A, Shehata J, Abdelaziz R, Rateb S, El-Maghraby A, Mahjoub Y, Amr A, Mabrouk A, Kelada P, Ragab S, Eltaher B, Hassan Galal R, Aly OM, Aly T, AbdelHaleem R, ElShaarawy A, Mohamed O. The potential use of lactate blockers for the prevention of COVID-19 worst outcome, insights from exercise immunology. Med Hypotheses 2021; 148:110520. [PMID: 33561624 PMCID: PMC7840393 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the decline in Physical Activity (PA) due to COVID-19 restrictions in the form of government mandated lockdowns and closures of public spaces, the modulatory effect of physical exercise on immunity is being heavily revisited. In an attempt to comprehend the wide discrepancy in patient response to COVID-19 and the factors that potentially modulate it, we summarize the findings relating PA to inflammation and immunity. A distinction is drawn between moderate intensity and high intensity physical exercise based on the high lactate production observed in the latter. We hypothesize that, the lactate production associated with high intensity anaerobic exercise is implicated in the modulation of several components of the innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we also summarize these immunomodulatory effects of lactate. These include increasing serum IL-6 levels, the main mediator of cytokine storms, as well as affecting NK cells, Macrophages, Dendritic cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The implications of high lactate levels in athletic performance are highlighted where athletes should undergo endurance training to increase VO2 max and minimize lactate production. Tumor models of hypoxia were also reported where lactate levels are elevated leading to increased invasiveness and angiogenesis. Accordingly, the novel lactate blocking strategy employed in cancer treatment is evaluated for its potential benefit in COVID-19 in addition to the readily available beta-blockers as an antagonist to lactate. Finally, we suggest the diagnostic/prognostic purpose of the elevated lactate levels that can be determined through sweat lactate testing. It is the detrimental effect of lactate on immunity and its presence in sweat that qualify it to be used as a potential non-invasive marker of poor COVID-19 outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatrics' Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt; Pediatric Cardio-Oncology Department, Children Cancer Hospital of Egypt (57357), Egypt.
| | - Rahma Menshawey
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rafeef Hozaien
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamel
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Fady Mishriky
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Reem J Husseiny
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Elaria Yacoub
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nada AlShehry
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Esraa Menshawey
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nadine El-Husseiny
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Egypt; Pixagon Graphic Design Agency, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Yasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariem Arsanyous
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Lauren Nathan
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Seyam
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Doaa Massoud
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nada Ali
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Assem Kassim
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mostafa AmanAllah
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rokaya Elsayed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hesham Sheashaa
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yousef Husseiny
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Hatem Hassan
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Kirollos Badr
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Elkhateb
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Verina Fouad
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mayada Elfishawy
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Omar Medhat
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mai Mustafa
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Noha Khalil
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rawan Elsayed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Youssef Nada
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Passant Elshawarbi
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdelmoneim
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nada Gamal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mariam Messiha
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Marihan Ghazy
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Emmy Abdelfatah
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Febronia Nasry
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ramy Gayed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Marian Eesa
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Merna Luis
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Estfana Eskandar
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shenoda Yacoub
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Alaa Saud
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Maram Rajab
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mariam Abdelaziz
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nadine Elgamal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hutaf Jaber
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sara Tayssir
- Pediatric Residency Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mark Michael
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sabry
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Joseph Shehata
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rania Abdelaziz
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sherry Rateb
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Maghraby
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yara Mahjoub
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Alaa Amr
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Amin Mabrouk
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Peter Kelada
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shahd Ragab
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Basant Eltaher
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Rahma Hassan Galal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Omnya Mahmoud Aly
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Taquwa Aly
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rana AbdelHaleem
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Areeg ElShaarawy
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Omnia Mohamed
- Sports Medicine, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Cairo University, Egypt
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