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Akande OW, Elimian KO, Igumbor E, Dunkwu L, Kaduru C, Olopha OO, Ohanu DO, Nwozor L, Agogo E, Aruna O, Balogun MS, Aderinola O, Ahumibe A, Arinze C, Badaru SO, Nwachukwu W, Dada AO, Erameh C, Hamza K, Mohammed TB, Ndodo N, Obiekea C, Ofoegbunam C, Ogunbode O, Ohonsi C, Tobin EA, Yashe R, Adekaiyaoja A, Asuzu MC, Audu RA, Bello MB, Bello SO, Deeni YY, Disu Y, Joseph G, Ezeokafor C, Habib ZG, Ibeh C, Ike IF, Iwara E, Luka-Lawal RK, Namara G, Okwor T, Olajide L, Ilesanmi OO, Omonigho S, Oyiri F, Takpa K, Ugbogulu NU, Ibekwe P, Oladejo J, Ilori E, Ochu CL, Ihekweazu C. Epidemiological comparison of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, February 2020-April 2021. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-007076. [PMID: 34794956 PMCID: PMC8602923 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With reports of surges in COVID-19 case numbers across over 50 countries, country-level epidemiological analysis is required to inform context-appropriate response strategies for containment and mitigation of the outbreak. We aimed to compare the epidemiological features of the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System data of the first and second epidemiological waves, which were between 27 February and 24 October 2020, and 25 October 2020 to 3 April 2021, respectively. Descriptive statistical measures including frequencies and percentages, test positivity rate (TPR), cumulative incidence (CI) and case fatality rates (CFRs) were compared. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out in STATA V.13. Results There were 802 143 tests recorded during the study period (362 550 and 439 593 in the first and second waves, respectively). Of these, 66 121 (18.2%) and 91 644 (20.8%) tested positive in the first and second waves, respectively. There was a 21.3% increase in the number of tests conducted in the second wave with TPR increasing by 14.3%. CI during the first and second waves were 30.3/100 000 and 42.0/100 000 respectively. During the second wave, confirmed COVID-19 cases increased among females and people 30 years old or younger and decreased among urban residents and individuals with travel history within 14 days of sample collection (p value <0.001). Most confirmed cases were asymptomatic at diagnosis during both waves: 74.9% in the first wave; 79.7% in the second wave. CFR decreased during the second wave (0.7%) compared with the first wave (1.8%). Conclusion Nigeria experienced a larger but less severe second wave of COVID-19. Continued implementation of public health and social measures is needed to mitigate the resurgence of another wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Wuraola Akande
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria .,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Kelly Osezele Elimian
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ehimario Igumbor
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Lauryn Dunkwu
- Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Kaduru
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,IQVIA, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Omowunmi Olopha
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Dabri Olohije Ohanu
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Lilian Nwozor
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Agogo
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Resolve to Save Lives, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Aruna
- International Health Regulations (IHR) Strengthening Project, Global Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Olaolu Aderinola
- Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Ahumibe
- Public Health Laboratory Services, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Arinze
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Sikiru Olanrewaju Badaru
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - William Nwachukwu
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | | | - Cyril Erameh
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Khadeejah Hamza
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Tarik Benjamin Mohammed
- Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Ndodo
- Public Health Laboratory Services, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Celestina Obiekea
- Public Health Laboratory Services, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Chinenye Ofoegbunam
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ogunbode
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Cornelius Ohonsi
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | | | - Rimamdeyati Yashe
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Adekaiyaoja
- Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Michael C Asuzu
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Rosemary Ajuma Audu
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Department of Microbiology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Center for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Shaibu Oricha Bello
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Yahaya Deeni
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria.,Centre for Environmental and Public Health Research and Development, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Yahya Disu
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Gbenga Joseph
- Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Chidiebere Ezeokafor
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Zaiyad Garba Habib
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Christian Ibeh
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emem Iwara
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Rejoice Kudirat Luka-Lawal
- Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Geoffrey Namara
- World Health Organization, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Tochi Okwor
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Lois Olajide
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafunke Olufemi Ilesanmi
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,World Health Organization, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Omonigho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ferdinand Oyiri
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Koubagnine Takpa
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS), Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Nkem Usha Ugbogulu
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Priscilla Ibekwe
- Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - John Oladejo
- Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Elsie Ilori
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe Lucia Ochu
- Prevention Programmes & Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria COVID-19 Research Coalition, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.,Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
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Dan-Nwafor C, Ochu CL, Elimian K, Oladejo J, Ilori E, Umeokonkwo C, Steinhardt L, Igumbor E, Wagai J, Okwor T, Aderinola O, Mba N, Hassan A, Dalhat M, Jinadu K, Badaru S, Arinze C, Jafiya A, Disu Y, Saleh F, Abubakar A, Obiekea C, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Naidoo D, Namara G, Muhammad S, Ipadeola O, Ofoegbunam C, Ogunbode O, Akatobi C, Alagi M, Yashe R, Crawford E, Okunromade O, Aniaku E, Mba S, Agogo E, Olugbile M, Eneh C, Ahumibe A, Nwachukwu W, Ibekwe P, Adejoro OO, Ukponu W, Olayinka A, Okudo I, Aruna O, Yusuf F, Alex-Okoh M, Fawole T, Alaka A, Muntari H, Yennan S, Atteh R, Balogun M, Waziri N, Ogunniyi A, Ebhodaghe B, Lokossou V, Abudulaziz M, Adebiyi B, Abayomi A, Abudus-Salam I, Omilabu S, Lawal L, Kawu M, Muhammad B, Tsanyawa A, Soyinka F, Coker T, Alabi O, Joannis T, Dalhatu I, Swaminathan M, Salako B, Abubakar I, Fiona B, Nguku P, Aliyu SH, Ihekweazu C. Nigeria's public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic: January to May 2020. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020399. [PMID: 33274062 PMCID: PMC7696244 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Oladejo
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Elsie Ilori
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuma Umeokonkwo
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Laura Steinhardt
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ehimario Igumbor
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John Wagai
- World Health Organisation, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tochi Okwor
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Nwando Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Assad Hassan
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mahmood Dalhat
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
- Resolve to Save Lives Resolve to Save Lives (Vital Strategies), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kola Jinadu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Yahya Disu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Saleh
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saleh Muhammad
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oladipupo Ipadeola
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Alagi
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Agogo
- Resolve to Save Lives Resolve to Save Lives (Vital Strategies), Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Chibuzo Eneh
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Ope-Oluwa Adejoro
- Tony Blair Institute, Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, London, UK
| | - Winifred Ukponu
- George Town University Center for Global Health Practice and Impact, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Olusola Aruna
- Public Health England International Health Regulations (IHR) Strengthening Project, British High Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Yusuf
- Nigeria Port Health Services, Federal Ministry of Health Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Akeem Alaka
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Rhoda Atteh
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Virgile Lokossou
- ECOWAS Regional Center for Disease Surveillance and Control, Abuja-Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Abudulaziz
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Bimpe Adebiyi
- Department of Hospital Services, Federal Ministry of Health Abuja, Federal Secretariat Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Akin Abayomi
- Lagos State Ministry of Health Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Sunday Omilabu
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos Teaching Hospital Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Lukman Lawal
- Health and Human Services Secretariat Federal, Capital Territory Administration, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Kawu
- Health and Human Services Secretariat Federal, Capital Territory Administration, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Tomi Coker
- Ogun State Ministry of Health Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olaniran Alabi
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Federal Secretariat Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tony Joannis
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Dalhatu
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mahesh Swaminathan
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sani H Aliyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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