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Robert S Frederick

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Despres HW, Mills MG, Schmidt MM, Gov J, Perez Y, Jindrich M, Crawford AML, Kohl WT, Rosenblatt E, Kubinski HC, Simmons BC, Nippes MC, Goldenberg AJ, Murtha KE, Nicoloro S, Harris MJ, Feeley AC, Gelinas TK, Cronin MK, Frederick RS, Thomas M, Johnson ME, Murphy J, Lenzini EB, Carr PA, Berger DH, Mehta SP, Floreani CJ, Koval AC, Young AL, Fish JH, Wallace J, Chaney E, Ushay G, Ross RS, Vostal EM, Thisner MC, Gonet KE, Deane OC, Pelletiere KR, Rockafeller VC, Waterman M, Barry TW, Goering CC, Shipman SD, Shiers AC, Reilly CE, Duff AM, Madruga SL, Shirley DJ, Jerome KR, Pérez-Osorio AC, Greninger AL, Fortin N, Mosher BA, Bruce EA. Surveillance of Vermont wildlife in 2021-2022 reveals no detected SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Sci Rep 2023;13:14683. [PMID: 37674004 PMCID: PMC10482933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open

Abstract

Previous studies have documented natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 in various domestic and wild animals. More recently, studies have been published noting the susceptibility of members of the Cervidae family, and infections in both wild and captive cervid populations. In this study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in mammalian wildlife within the state of Vermont. 739 nasal or throat samples were collected from wildlife throughout the state during the 2021 and 2022 harvest season. Data was collected from red and gray foxes (Vulpes vulples and Urocyon cineroargentus, respectively), fishers (Martes pennati), river otters (Lutra canadensis), coyotes (Canis lantrans), bobcats (Lynx rufus rufus), black bears (Ursus americanus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 via quantitative RT-qPCR using the CDC N1/N2 primer set and/or the WHO-E gene primer set. Surprisingly, we initially detected a number of N1 and/or N2 positive samples with high cycle threshold values, though after conducting environmental swabbing of the laboratory and verifying with a second independent primer set (WHO-E) and PCR without reverse transcriptase, we showed that these were false positives due to plasmid contamination from a construct expressing the N gene in the general laboratory environment. Our final results indicate that no sampled wildlife were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and highlight the importance of physically separate locations for the processing of samples for surveillance and experiments that require the use of plasmid DNA containing the target RNA sequence. These negative findings are surprising, given that most published North America studies have found SARS-CoV-2 within their deer populations. The absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in populations sampled here may provide insights in to the various environmental and anthropogenic factors that reduce spillover and spread in North American's wildlife populations.

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Affiliation(s)

Hannah W Despres Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Margaret G Mills Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Madaline M Schmidt Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Jolene Gov Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Yael Perez Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Mars Jindrich Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Allison M L Crawford Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Warren T Kohl Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Elias Rosenblatt Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Dr, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Hannah C Kubinski Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Benjamin C Simmons Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Miles C Nippes Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Anne J Goldenberg Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Kristina E Murtha Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Samantha Nicoloro Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Mia J Harris Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Avery C Feeley Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Taylor K Gelinas Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Maeve K Cronin Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Robert S Frederick Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Matthew Thomas Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Meaghan E Johnson Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
James Murphy Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Elle B Lenzini Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Peter A Carr Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Danielle H Berger Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Soham P Mehta Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Christopher J Floreani Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Amelia C Koval Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Aleah L Young Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Jess H Fish Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Jack Wallace Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Ella Chaney Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Grace Ushay Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Rebecca S Ross Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Erin M Vostal Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Maya C Thisner Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Kyliegh E Gonet Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Owen C Deane Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Kari R Pelletiere Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Vegas C Rockafeller Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Madeline Waterman Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Tyler W Barry Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Catriona C Goering Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Sarah D Shipman Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Allie C Shiers Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Claire E Reilly Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Alanna M Duff Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Sarah L Madruga Wildlife and Fisheries Society, Wildlife Society Chapter, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
David J Shirley Department of Engineering, Faraday, Inc., Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
Keith R Jerome Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
Ailyn C Pérez-Osorio Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Alexander L Greninger Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
Nick Fortin Fish and Wildlife Department, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Rutland, VT, 05701, USA
Brittany A Mosher Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Dr, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Emily A Bruce Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.

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Despres HW, Mills MG, Schmidt MM, Gov J, Perez Y, Jindrich M, Crawford AML, Kohl WT, Rosenblatt E, Kubinski HC, Simmons BC, Nippes MC, Goldenberg AJ, Murtha KE, Nicoloro S, Harris MJ, Feeley AC, Gelinas TK, Cronin MK, Frederick RS, Thomas M, Johnson ME, Murphy J, Lenzini EB, Carr PA, Berger DH, Mehta SP, Floreani CJ, Koval AC, Young AL, Fish JH, Wallace J, Chaney E, Ushay G, Ross RS, Vostal EM, Thisner MC, Gonet KE, Deane OC, Pelletiere KR, Rockafeller VC, Waterman M, Barry TW, Goering CC, Shipman SD, Shiers AC, Reilly CE, Duff AM, Shirley DJ, Jerome KR, Pérez-Osorio AC, Greninger AL, Fortin N, Mosher BA, Bruce EA. Surveillance of Vermont wildlife in 2021-2022 reveals no detected SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.25.538264. [PMID: 37162835 PMCID: PMC10168257 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]

Affiliation(s)

Hannah W. Despres Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
Margaret G. Mills Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Madaline M. Schmidt Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
Jolene Gov Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Yael Perez Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Mars Jindrich Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Allison M. L. Crawford Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Warren T. Kohl Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Elias Rosenblatt Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Dr Burlington, VT 05405, USA
Hannah C. Kubinski Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
Benjamin C. Simmons Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Miles C. Nippes Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Anne J. Goldenberg Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Kristina E. Murtha Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Samantha Nicoloro Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Mia J. Harris Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Avery C. Feeley Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Taylor K. Gelinas Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Maeve K. Cronin Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Robert S. Frederick Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Matthew Thomas Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Meaghan E. Johnson Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
James Murphy Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Elle B. Lenzini Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Peter A. Carr Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Danielle H. Berger Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Soham P. Mehta Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Christopher J. Floreani Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Amelia C. Koval Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Aleah L. Young Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Jess H. Fish Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Jack Wallace Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Ella Chaney Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Grace Ushay Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Rebecca S. Ross Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Erin M. Vostal Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Maya C. Thisner Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Kyliegh E. Gonet Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Owen C. Deane Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Kari R. Pelletiere Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Vegas C. Rockafeller Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Madeline Waterman Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Tyler W. Barry Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Catriona C. Goering Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Sarah D. Shipman Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Allie C. Shiers Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Claire E. Reilly Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
Alanna M. Duff Wildlife and Fisheries Society, University of Vermont, Wildlife Society Chapter
David J. Shirley Faraday, Inc. Department of Engineering. Burlington VT, 05405
Keith R. Jerome Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
Ailyn C. Pérez-Osorio Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
Alexander L. Greninger Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
Nick Fortin Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Fish & Wildlife Department, Rutland, VT 05701
Brittany A. Mosher Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Dr Burlington, VT 05405, USA
Emily A. Bruce Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA

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