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Krupa L, Niemiec E, Jadwisiak A, Krawczyk M, Staroń R. Successful EUS-guided Hepaticogastrostomy in a Patient with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma after Right Hemihepatectomy and Roux-en-Y Anastomosis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2022; 31:10. [PMID: 35306558 DOI: 10.15403/jgld-4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Krupa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszów, Rzeszów; Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Edyta Niemiec
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Anna Jadwisiak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszów, Rzeszów; Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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Krupa Ł, Staroń R, Dulko D, Łozińska N, Mackie AR, Rigby NM, Macierzanka A, Markiewicz A, Jungnickel C. Importance of Bile Composition for Diagnosis of Biliary Obstructions. Molecules 2021; 26:7279. [PMID: 34885858 PMCID: PMC8659177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the cause of a biliary obstruction is often inconclusive from serum analysis alone without further clinical tests. To this end, serum markers as well as the composition of bile of 74 patients with biliary obstructions were determined to improve the diagnoses. The samples were collected from the patients during an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The concentration of eight bile salts, specifically sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glycochenodeoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, and sodium taurochenodeoxycholate as well as bile cholesterol were determined by HPLC-MS. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and bilirubin were measured before the ERCP. The aim was to determine a diagnostic factor and gain insights into the influence of serum bilirubin as well as bile salts on diseases. Ratios of conjugated/unconjugated, primary/secondary, and taurine/glycine conjugated bile salts were determined to facilitate the comparison to literature data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were determined, and the cut-off values were calculated by determining the point closest to (0,1). It was found that serum bilirubin was a good indicator of the type of biliary obstruction; it was able to differentiate between benign obstructions such as choledocholithiasis (at the concentration of >11 µmol/L) and malignant changes such as pancreatic neoplasms or cholangiocarcinoma (at the concentration of >59 µmol/L). In addition, it was shown that conjugated/unconjugated bile salts confirm the presence of an obstruction. With lower levels of conjugated/unconjugated bile salts the possibility for inflammation and, thus, neoplasms increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Krupa
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.K.); (R.S.)
- Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.K.); (R.S.)
- Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Dulko
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
| | - Natalia Łozińska
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
| | - Alan R. Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.R.M.); (N.M.R.)
| | - Neil M. Rigby
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.R.M.); (N.M.R.)
| | - Adam Macierzanka
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology Intercollegiate, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Christian Jungnickel
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
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Dulko D, Staroń R, Krupa L, Rigby NM, Mackie AR, Gutkowski K, Wasik A, Macierzanka A. The bile salt content of human bile impacts on simulated intestinal proteolysis of β-lactoglobulin. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110413. [PMID: 34112416 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal hydrolysis of food proteins has been portrayed in scientific literature to predominantly depend on the activity and specificity of proteolytic enzymes. Human bile has not been considered to facilitate proteolysis in the small intestine, but rather to assist in intestinal lipolysis. However, human bile can potentially influence proteins that are largely resistant to gastric digestion, and which are mainly hydrolysed after they have been transferred to the small intestine. We used purified and food-grade bovine milk β-lactoglobulin (βLg) to assess the impact of bile salts (BS) on the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of this protein. Quantitative analysis showed that the proteolysis rate increased significantly with increasing BS concentration. The effect was consistent regardless of whether individual BS or real human bile samples, varying in BS concentrations, were used. The total BS content of bile was more important than its BS composition in facilitating the proteolysis of βlg. We also show that the impact of human bile observed during the digestion of purified βLg and βLg-rich whey protein isolate can be closely replicated by the use of individual BS mixed with phosphatidylcholine. This could validate simple BS/phosphatidylcholine mixtures as human-relevant substitutes of difficult-to-obtain human bile for in vitro proteolysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dulko
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lukasz Krupa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Neil M Rigby
- University of Leeds, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Mackie
- University of Leeds, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Macierzanka
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Mazgaj R, Lipiński P, Edison ES, Bednarz A, Staroń R, Haberkiewicz O, Lenartowicz M, Smuda E, Jończy A, Starzyński RR. Marginally reduced maternal hepatic and splenic ferroportin under severe nutritional iron deficiency in pregnancy maintains systemic iron supply. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:659-670. [PMID: 33684239 PMCID: PMC8251567 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The demand for iron is high in pregnancy to meet the increased requirements for erythropoiesis. Even pregnant females with initially iron‐replete stores develop iron‐deficiency anemia, due to inadequate iron absorption. In anemic females, the maternal iron supply is dedicated to maintaining iron metabolism in the fetus and placenta. Here, using a mouse model of iron deficiency in pregnancy, we show that iron recycled from senescent erythrocytes becomes a predominant source of this microelement that can be transferred to the placenta in females with depleted iron stores. Ferroportin is a key protein in the molecular machinery of cellular iron egress. We demonstrate that under iron deficiency in pregnancy, levels of ferroportin are greatly reduced in the duodenum, placenta and fetal liver, but not in maternal liver macrophages and in the spleen. Although low expression of both maternal and fetal hepcidin predicted ferroportin up‐regulation in examined locations, its final expression level was very likely correlated with tissue iron status. Our results argue that iron released into the circulation of anemic females is taken up by the placenta, as evidenced by high expression of iron importers on syncytiotrophoblasts. Then, a substantial decrease in levels of ferroportin on the basolateral side of syncytiotrophoblasts, may be responsible for the reduced transfer of iron to the fetus. As attested by the lowest decrease in iron content among analyzed tissues, some part is retained in the placenta. These findings confirm the key role played by ferroportin in tuning iron turnover in iron‐deficient pregnant mouse females and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Olga Haberkiewicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Ewa Smuda
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
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Staroń R, Rzucidło M, Macierzanka A, Krawczyk M, Gutkowski K, Krupa L. Unresectable malignant obstructive jaundice: a 2-year experience of EUS-guided biliary drainage. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2021:bmjspcare-2020-002335. [PMID: 33653733 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endoscopic biliary drainage is a first-line treatment in patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. In most cases the drainage is conducted using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or endosonography-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) represents therapeutic options after unsuccessful ERCP. Here we report on 2 years experience in the management of patients diagnosed with malignant biliary obstruction using EUS-BD. METHODS Retrospective data were collected on patients who underwent EUS-BD due to malignant biliary obstruction at our centre between April 2016 and April 2018. Only patients who had two unsuccessful attempts of ERCP prior to EUS-BD were included. We analysed the technical success (ie, creation of anastomosis and successful placement of a stent) and complication rate of EUS-BD, and monitored changes in serum bilirubin and liver function tests after 2 days, and at least 2 weeks, following the procedure. RESULTS Screening of 1781 ERCP procedures performed in our department during the inclusion period led to the identification of 31 patients (18 women, age range 51-92 years, 58% with pancreatic cancer) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Hepaticogastrostomy and choledochoduodenostomy were performed in 12 and 19 patients, respectively. The technical success rate was 97% and the complication rate was 12.9%. EUS-BD resulted in a significant decrease in serum bilirubin (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS EUS-BD represents a reasonable therapeutic option after unsuccessful ERCP in patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Possible complications have to be kept in mind and this procedure should be performed at centres experienced in ERCP and EUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Staroń
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Specialist Voivodeship Hospital Frederic Chopin in Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rzucidło
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Specialist Voivodeship Hospital Frederic Chopin in Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Adam Macierzanka
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk, Województwo pomorskie, Poland
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Centre, Saarland University, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Specialist Voivodeship Hospital Frederic Chopin in Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Krupa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Specialist Voivodeship Hospital Frederic Chopin in Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland
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6
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Macierzanka A, Ménard O, Dupont D, Gutkowski K, Staroń R, Krupa L. Colloidal transport of lipid digesta in human and porcine small intestinal mucus. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109752. [PMID: 33292935 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal mucus transport of food-derived particulates has not been extensively studied, despite mucus being a barrier nutrients need to cross before absorption. We used complex dispersions of digesta obtained from simulated, dynamic gastrointestinal digestion of yogurt to examine the penetrability of human and porcine mucus to the particles formed of lipolysis products. Quantitative, time-lapse confocal microscopy revealed a sieve-like behaviour of the pig jejunal and ileal mucus. The digesta diffusivity decreased significantly over the first 30 min of mucus penetration, and then remained constant at ca. 5 × 10-12 m2 s-1 (approx. 70% decrease from initial values). A non-significantly different penetrability was recorded for the ileal mucus of adult humans. The digesta diffusion rates in neonatal, jejunal mucus of 2 week old piglets were 5-8 times higher than in the three different types of adult mucus. This is the first report that validates the mucus of fully-grown pigs as a human-relevant substitute for mucus permeation studies of nutrients/bio-actives and/or complex colloidal dispersions (e.g., post-digestion food particulates, orally-administrated delivery systems).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Macierzanka
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Sciences, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
| | - Olivia Ménard
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 Rue de St. Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Didier Dupont
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 Rue de St. Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lukasz Krupa
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
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Kluz M, Staroń R, Krupa Ł, Partyka M, Polkowski M, Gutkowski K. Successful endosonography-guided radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic insulinoma. Pol Arch Intern Med 2019; 130:145-146. [DOI: 10.20452/pamw.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bednarz A, Lipiński P, Starzyński RR, Tomczyk M, Nowak W, Mucha O, Ogórek M, Pierzchała O, Jończy A, Staroń R, Śmierzchalska J, Rajfur Z, Baster Z, Józkowicz A, Lenartowicz M. Role of the kidneys in the redistribution of heme-derived iron during neonatal hemolysis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11102. [PMID: 31366967 PMCID: PMC6668426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate intravascular hemolysis is a common condition in newborns. It is followed by the accumulation of bilirubin, which is a secondary product of the activity of heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of heme released from disrupted erythrocytes and taken up by hepatic macrophages. Although these cells are a major site of enzymatic heme breakdown in adults, we show here that epithelial cells of proximal tubules in the kidneys perform the functions of both heme uptake and catabolism in mouse neonates. A time-course study examining mouse pups during the neonatal period showed a gradual recovery from hemolysis, and concomitant decreases in the expression of heme-related genes and non-heme iron transporters in the proximal tubules. By adjusting the expression of iron-handling proteins in response to the disappearance of hemolysis in mouse neonates, the kidneys may play a role in the detoxification of iron and contribute to its recirculation from the primary urine to the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mateusz Tomczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Witold Nowak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Mucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Pierzchała
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Julia Śmierzchalska
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Department of Molecular and Interfacial Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Baster
- Department of Molecular and Interfacial Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Krupa Ł, Staroń R, Pająk J, Lammert F, Krawczyk M, Gutkowski K. Secondary systemic amyloidosis diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2019; 27:101-102. [PMID: 29557423 DOI: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.271.kru] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Krupa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit of Specialist District Hospital in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit of Specialist District Hospital in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jacek Pająk
- Department of Histopathology, Silesian Medical University Hospital, Katowice, Poland
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany;Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit of Specialist District Hospital in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Krupa Ł, Staroń R, Partyka M, Gutkowski K. Dislocation of a metal stent to the lumen of a large infected pseudocyst: questions addressing the next steps in management. Authors' reply. Pol Arch Intern Med 2018; 128:631-633. [DOI: 10.20452/pamw.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Staroń R, Krupa Ł, Partyka M, Lammert F, Krawczyk M, Gutkowski K. EUS-guided reconstruction of the biliary system in a patient post right hemihepatectomy. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:863-864. [PMID: 29866631 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Staroń
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Krupa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Partyka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland; Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Center for Preclinical Research Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1 in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland; Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Poland
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Krupa Ł, Lorenc J, Staroń R, Partyka M, Chmielarz Ł, Gutkowski K. Endosonography‑guided treatment of a large infected pseudocyst sustained after posttraumatic acute pancreatitis in a critically ill patient. Pol Arch Intern Med 2018; 128:317-318. [PMID: 29870031 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ogórek M, Lenartowicz M, Starzyński R, Jończy A, Staroń R, Doniec A, Krzeptowski W, Bednarz A, Pierzchała O, Lipiński P, Rajfur Z, Baster Z, Gibas-Tybur P, Grzmil P. Atp7a and Atp7b regulate copper homeostasis in developing male germ cells in mice. Metallomics 2018; 9:1288-1303. [PMID: 28820536 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of copper homeostasis is critical for all cells. As learned from mice with disturbed copper metabolism, this trace element is also important for spermatogenesis. The experiments conducted in yeasts have demonstrated that appropriate copper level must be preserved to enable meiosis progression; however, increased copper level is toxic for cells. This study aims to analyze the expression profile of Atp7a and Atp7b and other genes encoding copper-related proteins during spermatogenesis in mice. Using the transcripts and protein detection techniques, we demonstrate that within seminiferous tubuli, ATP7A is mainly present in early meiotic germ cells (leptotene to pachytene spermatocytes) and in Sertoli cells (SCs). During spermatogenesis, the progression Atp7a expression profile corresponds to Slc31a1 (encoding copper importer CTR1) and Atox1 (encoding chaperon protein, which delivers copper from CTR1 to ATP7A and ATP7B) expression, suggesting that male germ cells retrieve copper and ATP7A protects them from copper overdose. In contrast, ATP7B protein is observed in SCs and near elongated spermatids; thus, its function seems to be related to copper extraction during spermiogenesis. This is the first study to give a comprehensive view on the activity of copper-related genes during spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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14
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Krupa Ł, Staroń R, Wojnicka-Stolarz M, Lepiech J, Gutkowska D, Gutkowski K. Endoscopy ultrasound‑guided hepatogastrostomy as an alternative treatment in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma and failure of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Pol Arch Intern Med 2018; 128:60-61. [PMID: 29385116 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Milczarek A, Starzyński RR, Styś A, Jończy A, Staroń R, Grzelak A, Lipiński P. A drastic superoxide-dependent oxidative stress is prerequisite for the down-regulation of IRP1: Insights from studies on SOD1-deficient mice and macrophages treated with paraquat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176800. [PMID: 28542246 PMCID: PMC5438123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) is a cytosolic bifunctional [4Fe-4S] protein which exhibits aconitase activity or binds iron responsive elements (IREs) in untranslated regions of specific mRNA encoding proteins involved in cellular iron metabolism. Superoxide radical (O2.-) converts IRP1 from a [4Fe-4S] aconitase to a [3Fe-4S] „null” form possessing neither aconitase nor trans-regulatory activity. Genetic ablation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), an antioxidant enzyme that acts to reduce O2.- concentration, revealed a new O2.--dependent regulation of IRP1 leading to the reduction of IRP1 protein level and in consequence to the diminution of IRP1 enzymatic and IRE-binding activities. Here, we attempted to establish whether developmental changes in SOD1 activity occurring in the mouse liver, impact IRP1 expression. We show no correlation between hepatic SOD1 activity and IRP1 protein level neither in pre- nor postnatal period probably because the magnitude of developmental fluctuations in SOD1 activity is relatively small. The comparison of SOD1 activity in regards to IRP1 protein level in the liver of threeSOD1 genotypes (Sod1+/+, Sod1+/- and Sod1-/-) demonstrates that only drastic SOD1 deficiency leads to the reduction of IRP1 protein level. Importantly, we found that in the liver of fetuses lacking SOD1, IRP1 is not down-regulated. To investigate O2.--dependent regulation of IRP1 in a cellular model, we exposed murine RAW 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages to paraquat, widely used as a redox cycler to stimulate O2.-production in cells. We showed that IRP1 protein level as well as aconitase and IRE-binding activities are strongly reduced in macrophages treated with paraquat. The analysis of the expression of IRP1-target genes revealed the increase in L-ferritin protein level resulting from the enhanced transcriptional regulation of the LFt gene and diminished translational repression of L-ferritin mRNA by IRP1. We propose that O2.--dependent up-regulation of this cellular protectant in paraquat-treated macrophages may counterbalance iron-related toxic effects of O2.-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Milczarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Styś
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzelak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Iron is essential for all mammalian cells, but it is toxic in excess. Our understanding of molecular mechanisms ensuring iron homeostasis at both cellular and systemic levels has dramatically increased over the past 15 years. However, despite major advances in this field, homeostatic regulation of iron in the central nervous system (CNS) requires elucidation. It is unclear how iron moves in the CNS and how its transfer to the CNS across the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, which separate the CNS from the systemic circulation, is regulated. Increasing evidence indicates the role of iron dysregulation in neuronal cell death observed in neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective cortical czynand spinal motor neuron dysfunction that results from a complex interplay among various pathogenic factors including oxidative stress. The latter is known to strongly affect cellular iron balance, creating a vicious circle to exacerbate oxidative injury. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of ALS is confirmed by therapeutic effects of iron chelation in ALS mouse models. These models are of great importance for deciphering molecular mechanisms of iron accumulation in neurons. Most of them consist of transgenic rodents overexpressing the mutated human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Mutations in the SOD1 gene constitute one of the most common genetic causes of the inherited form of ALS. However, it should be considered that overexpression of the SOD1 gene usually leads to increased SOD1 enzymatic activity, a condition which does not occur in human pathology and which may itself change the expression of iron metabolism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gajowiak
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Agnieszka Styś
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Robert Staroń
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
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17
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Gajowiak A, Styś A, Starzyński RR, Bednarz A, Lenartowicz M, Staroń R, Lipiński P. Mice Overexpressing Both Non-Mutated Human SOD1 and Mutated SOD1(G93A) Genes: A Competent Experimental Model for Studying Iron Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:82. [PMID: 26778957 PMCID: PMC4701970 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. Up to 10% of ALS cases are inherited (familial, fALS) and associated with mutations, frequently in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Rodent transgenic models of ALS are often used to elucidate a complex pathogenesis of this disease. Of importance, both ALS patients and animals carrying mutated human SOD1 gene show symptoms of oxidative stress and iron metabolism misregulation. The aim of our study was to characterize changes in iron metabolism in one of the most commonly used models of ALS – transgenic mice overexpressing human mutated SOD1G93A gene. We analyzed the expression of iron-related genes in asymptomatic, 2-month-old and symptomatic, 4-month-old SOD1G93A mice. In parallel, respective age-matched mice overexpressing human non-mutated SOD1 transgene and control mice were analyzed. We demonstrate that the overexpression of both SOD1 and SOD1G93A genes account for a substantial increase in SOD1 protein levels and activity in selected tissues and that not all the changes in iron metabolism genes expression are specific for the overexpression of the mutated form of SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gajowiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Styś
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka, Poland
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18
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Staroń R, Van Swelm RPL, Lipiński P, Gajowiak A, Lenartowicz M, Bednarz A, Gajewska M, Pieszka M, Laarakkers CMM, Swinkels DW, Starzyński RR. Urinary Hepcidin Levels in Iron-Deficient and Iron-Supplemented Piglets Correlate with Hepcidin Hepatic mRNA and Serum Levels and with Body Iron Status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136695. [PMID: 26323096 PMCID: PMC4556373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among livestock, domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is a species, in which iron metabolism has been most intensively examined during last decade. The obvious reason for studying the regulation of iron homeostasis especially in young pigs is neonatal iron deficiency anemia commonly occurring in these animals. Moreover, supplementation of essentially all commercially reared piglets with iron entails a need for monitoring the efficacy of this routine practice followed in the swine industry for several decades. Since the discovery of hepcidin many studies confirmed its role as key regulator of iron metabolism and pointed out the assessment of its concentrations in biological fluids as diagnostic tool for iron-related disorder. Here we demonstrate that urine hepcidin-25 levels measured by a combination of weak cation exchange chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (WCX-TOF MS) are highly correlated with mRNA hepcidin expression in the liver and plasma hepcidin-25 concentrations in anemic and iron-supplemented 28-day old piglets. We also found a high correlation between urine hepcidin level and hepatic non-heme iron content. Our results show that similarly to previously described transgenic mouse models of iron disorders, young pigs constitute a convenient animal model to explore accuracy and relationship between indicators for assessing systemic iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Staroń
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Department of Molecular Biology, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rachel P. L. Van Swelm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LGEM 830), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Department of Molecular Biology, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- * E-mail: (RRS); (PL)
| | - Anna Gajowiak
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Department of Molecular Biology, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pieszka
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Kraków, Poland
| | - Coby M. M. Laarakkers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LGEM 830), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine W. Swinkels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LGEM 830), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Department of Molecular Biology, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- * E-mail: (RRS); (PL)
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19
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Lenartowicz M, Starzyński RR, Krzeptowski W, Grzmil P, Bednarz A, Ogórek M, Pierzchała O, Staroń R, Gajowiak A, Lipiński P. Haemolysis and perturbations in the systemic iron metabolism of suckling, copper-deficient mosaic mutant mice - an animal model of Menkes disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107641. [PMID: 25247420 PMCID: PMC4172471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological interaction between copper and iron is best exemplified by the decreased activity of multicopper ferroxidases under conditions of copper deficiency that limits the availability of iron for erythropoiesis. However, little is known about how copper deficiency affects iron homeostasis through alteration of the activity of other copper-containing proteins, not directly connected with iron metabolism, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). This antioxidant enzyme scavenges the superoxide anion, a reactive oxygen species contributing to the toxicity of iron via the Fenton reaction. Here, we analyzed changes in the systemic iron metabolism using an animal model of Menkes disease: copper-deficient mosaic mutant mice with dysfunction of the ATP7A copper transporter. We found that the erythrocytes of these mutants are copper-deficient, display decreased SOD1 activity/expression and have cell membrane abnormalities. In consequence, the mosaic mice show evidence of haemolysis accompanied by haptoglobin-dependent elimination of haemoglobin (Hb) from the circulation, as well as the induction of haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the hepcidin-ferroportin regulatory axis is strongly affected in mosaic mice. These findings indicate that haemolysis is an additional pathogenic factor in a mouse model of Menkes diseases and provides evidence of a new indirect connection between copper deficiency and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzeptowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Pierzchała
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Anna Gajowiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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20
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Abstract
Heme, a ferrous iron protoporphyrin IX complex, is employed as a prosthetic group in a number of diverse heme proteins that participate in important cellular and systemic physiological processes. Provision of an adequate amount of iron for heme biosynthesis is one of the elemental hallmarks of intracellular iron homeostasis. In the cell the bioavailability of iron for the two main iron biological pathways--heme synthesis and the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters ([Fe-S])--is mainly regulated by the IRP/IRE posttranscriptional system. The biogenesis of [Fe-S] centers is crucial for heme synthesis because these co-factors determine the activity of IRP1 and that of ferrochelatase, an enzyme responsible for the insertion of an iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme. On the other hand, delivery of iron for heme and hemoglobin synthesis in erythroblasts, precursors of erythrocytes in bone marrow, is an indispensable element of body iron homeostasis. This process relies on the recovery of iron from senescent red blood cells through the enzymatic degradation of heme molecules and recycling of iron to the circulation. Molecular coordination of these processes involves the activity of heme oxygenase 1, IRP1 and IRP2 as well as the functioning of the hepcidin-ferroportin regulatory axis. Recent studies show in mammals the existence of an expanded system of proteins involved in the transport of intact heme molecules at the cellular and systemic levels. The biological role of this system is of particular importance when the concentration of free heme reaches a toxic level in the body (intravascular hemolysis) as well as locally in cells having intensive heme metabolism such as erythroblasts and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lipiński
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Agnieszka Styś
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Anna Gajowiak
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
| | - Robert Staroń
- Zakład Biologii Molekularnej, Instytutu Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN w Jastrzębcu
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